 Ok, Mike Liesh to inter养 my gas and talk about the next theme session of the world of senses, and I can continue that from that last. Thank you. Yes, a bit of a change of pace, all really to demonstrate really the diversity of this community and the rather embarrassingly community that requires this to for me to meet a colleague of my own from Lancaster. a wnaeth i ni i gyfieithio yng Nghymru'r Gweithredu sy'n ddiogelio i ddweud yng nghymru yn gyflafod. Felly, rydyn ni'n gweithio ein cyd-dyn nhw'n ffordd, mae'n dweud yng Nghymru yn ymddangos cyd-dyn nhw'n gweithio yng nghymru. Rwy'r cyd-dyn nhw'n gwneud ymddangos gyda cyfosig o'r cychwynnyn o'r cyfosigio yng Nghymru, ond o'r cyfosig o'r cyffredin, ond nid yn ddigwydd o'r newid yng nghymru, LEBL Cosmic Radiation Neutron Monitor so a lot of my research is around detecting radiation at any time, mainly neutrons or mainly neutrons. It's a collaboration that involves the UK Atomic Energy Agency who were doing a lot of our modelling efforts, Myrion Technologies who were supplying a lot of the instrumentation for this technology and our end-user at the end of the day is gonna be the meta-fix, a'r byw'r cyfnod ynghylch yn ystod. Rwy'n rhan o'r 5 rhesu o'r Uneddaeth yn ymgyrch o'r uneddaeth gwneud y cyfnodau i ddweud y byd, i ymgyrch yn ymgyrch a'r cyfnodau ac mae'n rheswm yn ymgyrch i'r rywbeth sy'n ei ddweud sut ystod i ddod i ddweud y bydd y 5 o'r 10 milion pwn sy'n ei cael ei ddweud o gwybod o'r projagau, yn cyfnodd o'r modlwch a risg o swydd. Mae 11 prograns o projexu yn total, 6 ydym yn fwyaf Nirk, sydd yn ffocwsio yn moddol, yn fwyaf moddol, ac y ddweud y 5 ydym yn fwyaf STFC. Mae'r main amser o'r gwswymau consortium yn ffocwsio o gwaith raddio ac yn ymgyrch yn y cyfnod ymwyaf, ac mae'r risg yw'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod o'r cyfnod yn ymgyrch. Under that is aircraft systems aviation, communication, navigation, power grids, so it's the space where it transforms to overload, where it is cross anti continents. Trans Images connections and other ground level systems. So much so, so it's space where there exist on the UK national risk register. This is a list of perceived risks, ydy'r hyn sy'n bryd? Felly, y gallwn y same yw'r hyn mae'r hyn sy'n bryd yn bryd yn bryd, ond cyd-wyrd, ysgol, yw'r hyn sy'n bryd, o'r wneud, yw'r hyn ymgyrch, yw'r hyn yn bryd, yw'r hyn a'r hyn sy'n bryd. Mae'r cyffredin cyfligau a wneud yn ei ddrwng. Felly, mae'r cyffredin cyffredin cyffredin cyffredin rydych yn llinodol, mae'n ceisio i siaradau ei wneud, ac os ydych yn fwyb Ty Gridwch, rydych yn llinodol, rydych yn chystwych yn siarad, ac rydych yn llinodol, ym mwyro. Rydych yn sylweddol yn ei chynion, mewn ffordd dysgu, ac rydych yn meddwl i niolion. Mae'r bodyn rhyw ymchwil yn adrodd o'r tuwn, mewn edrych yn llinodol, ond rydych yn llinodol, mae'n ddefnyddiad i fflusio'r cyfnodol, sydd wedi gweithio'r gweithio'r cyd-fynol. mae'n hynny'n ddweud ymgylch yn ysgrifftol. Ond yna'r ysgrifftol yn y gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio, rydyn ni'n gwybod y prynsbol a'r status yw'r cyfrifiadau sy'n gweithio'r cyfrifiadau a'r gweithio'r cyfrifiadau yn ystafell ar y 50-tym. ar myös dod yr un, oherwydd ein cyfrifiadau yn ystafell ar y cyfrifiadau sydd hefyd yn ddweud. That's an example of one of the large BF3s used. LND say they still make something that's equivalent, but getting hold of these detectors is pretty tricky now. Of the current network, they feed into the neutron monitor database and this is a screenshot from that website showing where each of these monitors are located. It's about 50 of them still operational Efallai, yn ymlaen i Eulwf yn Finland, a i'r ddorb yn Belgiaf, ac yn ddorb, yn ymlaen, yn ymlaen i'r ddorb, felly mae'r ddweud yn cydroedd. Erbyn hynny, rydym yn rhoi bod modelau ddweud o instrumentau sy'n ei bod yn ymlaen i ddweud cyngor. A byddwn i'n ffordd, mae'n ddweud y modelau yn cael ei ddweud o'r rhun addysgol. Yn ddweud a yw'n mynd yn cael ei ddweud, ac yn ymlaen i Eulwf, yn ymlaen i Eulwf, yn y context ddaeth. Felly, we're taking a three-slide side step, that's the Tom Twister to test me, just to talk a little bit about neutrons, that's not a neutron, that's an atom that consists of some neutrons and protons and electrons, but the neutron is a similar size to the proton. It's got zero electric charge, which means it easily penetrates matter, so it'll go through the electron cloud under the terms, and you can interrogate the nucleus of material. And so that makes it very useful for a whole host of applications, but it also makes it really difficult to detect. And so to detect neutrons, you need an intermediary medium to induce an electric charge. And the way we do that is we use something, a material with a high cost cross-section to neutrons, and typically that's helium-3. It's widely used because of its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section. This is the reaction that happens, and neutron comes in, is absorbed by the helium-3. That produces tritium, a nitrogen and a proton, which is your ionizing particle to use in an ionization chamber. It has to be in gas form because it's a noble gas, and so you can't make a solid compound that's fabricated. And as a result of the 9-11 incident, there was a big uptick in the use of helium-3, the security and safeguards applications, at around about the same time that nuclear weapons treaty came into play, and helium-3 is a five-product of nuclear weapons production. So just as we realized we had a limited supply of helium-3, the demand for helium-3 went up, the security applications, and so the cost of helium-3 went up. So about 10 years ago, there was a massive scare in the community, safeguards and security community, that we can't afford helium-3 and it's not going to sustain our needs and our requirements, and so the cost shot up, and people started to look at alternative detector technologies, and there's a whole host of research in alternative neutron detector technologies, but still nothing comes close to the detection efficiency, reliability, stability of helium-3, so it is still the key for detecting neutrons if you want to do it with a void in VA-3. So that's how it's structured, we've got a pressurised tube with helium-3 and some other gas inside, nano, cathode, incoming neutron is absorbed by that helium-3, we get an ionisation particle, a proton, and that is amplified as it travels through the gas, creates further ionisation and amplification, and then you get to detect a signal. Okay, and we would have a high voltage bias across the detector to create that electric field. So stepping back into the original slide deck now, our aim is to develop a new type of instrument that's networkable for monitoring neutrons at ground level. It's got to be an operational, which is quite key for the application requirements, this is a research tool, it's got to be an operational instrument that's going to serve the UK Met Office and be the UK's flagship only neutron detector present. It needs to be cheaper, more compact, and still capable of producing comparable results to NNM64. And then the hope and the impact and the ref impact would be that we see a major increase in monitoring worldwide and enhanced global capabilities. We're going to feed data into MOSWAP, which is the Met Office Space Weather Operations Centre, and that's a guy behind many monitors there, probably too many monitors for one person to keep an eye on, but anyway. So, good for time. Some of the methods that we employed, we had a look at all those other alternative technologies available for detecting neutrons based on our operational experience, based on the efficiency, the reliability, the availability, and borrowing heavily from nuclear security applications and safeguards applications, we opted for, we used that to influence our decision and we came back to using Helium 3. Before we go any further though, bottom left figure shows what we proposed, we said, look, let's see what other detector technology is out there, that means we can avoid the Helium 3, potentially avoid expensive Helium 3, and let's use them in one or two different arrangements, either directly drop them into the existing configuration of the NNM64, so that's the lead annuali with the winds shown on the left, so a different technology placed inside there, and some of the NNM64s have actually employed Helium 3, and then went back to BF3 because of the price scares, and then the other option is multiple detectors, smaller diameter, but a higher concentration, increasing the packing density directly in the moderating material, so that's a different look at the production, moderation and detection methodology of this technique. So we did that, we did an evaluation detectors, we considered boron coated straws as an alternative, we then did a modelling lead redesign, before we did that we took a benchmark, which is the top white figure to see how good the NNM64 was designed, how optimised it was for the massive lead, anything in the green box there shows something that's achieved a higher cap rate for a lower massive lead, so very few beat the NNM64 and that's probably a result of oversimplification of our model, so it did a good job, anything in the red you get high counting efficiency, but for a higher cost of lead, so it was very well designed. We then went to a parameterised model for the generation of thermal neutrons in the main detector location, optimised all of that, optimised the detector location, so it came up with an optimised design for Helium 3 detectors, which the NNM64 just replacing the BF3 for Helium 3 failed to do. We've done various experimental validations about simulations and we've got a good agreement and we've got many of those to show you today. The next thing we're looking to do in the next couple of months, or certainly by the end of this month, is sign off on an engineered solution and then go on to deployment at a Met Office field site in Canborn before the end of the year. So this is what we've achieved. We've got something that's a smaller footprint, smaller volume, less mass and it's cheaper than the NNM64. You can see how a neutron monitor footprint is the dark red box compared to the 6 tube NNM64, which was our benchmark. We estimate that it's 50% cheaper before we take into consideration the savings associated with housing a smaller instrument, not having to ship highly toxic BF3s and a smaller housing. We've achieved that by increasing the packing density of the detectors. That's what it looks like. And then I just want to finish with some promising results because we haven't actually got an instrument yet, but we've got something that's very similar to this instrument. This is an M50L passive neutron monitor loaned by Miriam Technologies. It's used for material, especially nuclear material assay, accountancy and security applications. We put it in a load of lead. We ran it for several weeks with and without lead and we got some data and then we compared that to the data that we saw from the neutron monitor database. So if we take a quick look at that, here's some of the monitors keel through to Young One in the existing global network based loosely or mostly on the NNM64. And then our N50L in the most right column. Now the two that stand out for having similarities is the keel to monitor two hours in terms of latitude, longitude, altitude, geomagnetic cut off. So it's those two that I'm looking to compare on the next slide. It's a much smaller monitor, our NN50L. So we've applied a scaling factor of 144 and you can see that it tracks the fluctuation scene on the NNM, the neutron monitor database for the different monitors. We're interested in looking at it compared to the keel, which is the black line. And the next slide will do some scaling of that. And this is for a 24 hour roll count rate. You can see how we get the amplification signal when we include the lead from the magenta in the bottom to the magenta at the top. So that's how it's going to be operated in the top there. Very quickly rounding up. That NN50L, which is helium three tubes in polyethylene monitor and moderator in lead is very similar to our design. It's about, it's seen 2.5 counts per second. The keel monitor is three times bigger than our benchmark six tube, and that's seen about 60 counts per second. Our proposed design is 18 times bigger than the NN50L, which takes us up to around about 40 counts per second, 45 counts per second for our proposed design. So we're getting close to the target. We're in the right order of magnitude, which is early positive data. And this is before all the optimization has been included. I'm conscious of time coming up to the minutes. We've made something smaller. We've got promising long count rate data with an analogue. We're going to deploy later this year and continue doing some validation to improve the fidelity of our models, including utilising the SDFC explanation source. So watch this face. The UK is going to have its own neutral monitor to provide you better cosmic radiation data for better calibration of your COSMET, of your soil moisture sensors and other things. Thank you very much. Can you explain a bit more detail about the impacts that such a ground level emissivity on that actually has? You kind of terrified me at least about the mistakes so many possible outcomes. So ground based stuff and some other stuff that's going on at Lancaster Research is you can induce a ground currents and railways use currents down the lines to determine where the train is located on the track so that you don't get trains running into each other. If you get a severe ground level enhancement event and currents induced in the earth's surface, you can get artificial currents on the railway track lines and signal them that those systems can fail, trains can be held up, trains can be released, trains crashing. That's what I'm saying. Wow, okay. That's Jim Wild of Lancaster more about that. It can take out transformers so you lose power. It can take out satellite navigation and communication so you're trying to repair the power grid without communication, without the internet, have an afternoon without the internet, have an afternoon without your mobile phone. We're so reliant on it. Was it silver linings? Okay. Thank you very much. There are more questions.