 Okay. So, good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, and my dear friends. I, Dr. Aniruddha Babar welcome you once again in another session, another webinar, which is organized by tetso.tox webinar series. Today, we have a very special guest, and he is Professor Dr. Amargad. Professor Amargad is a Vice Chancellor of Shobhit Institute of Technology, Stoicism of Engineering and Technology. He has 45 years of experience as a Professor of Microbiology. Professor Gurg was trained in England and Germany. He has published more than 125 research papers, supervised 40 PhD, participated in more than two dozen international conferences abroad, recipient of Young Scientist, Gold Medal of IBS, and Professor Hiradat Chakravati Award of Indian Science Congress. He also a recipient of Best Teacher Award of 2018, Global Average for Excellence in Educational Leadership of 2019. I was very blessed to have a opportunity to work with Professor Gurg, and I personally learned a lot. And I am very thankful to Professor Gurg that he has given time for us in his business in Europe. He has been delivering very nice talk over the world. He is a very big guy. Thank you so much, sir. And now the stage is yours. Please take your time. Thank you so much. So, should I now start? Sure, sir, please. Okay, now let me first share my screen. So, well dear friends, is it visible? Yes, sir. Yes, I am not visible. My screen is visible but on the side I think that I am not visible. Is it right? Yeah, you are visible in the small window. Second slide. My second slide is coming. Yes, sir. Yeah? Yes, sir. Okay. Okay, so dear friends, no problem. Let me first introduce myself that I am at present, the Vice Chancellor in Shobit Institute of Engineering and Technology. It is a Dean to be University under Section 3 of the UGC Act and at present, I am sectional president of Environmental Science Indian Science Congress also. And I am thankful to Dr. Andhrut. He has been my colleague when I was Pro Vice Chancellor in JNU Jaipur. He is a wonderful orator, a very good researcher, and an excellent teacher. And I admire him. And Dr. S. Krishnan has also joined together on this webinar. And I will say that he is extremely extraordinary researcher scholar. Yes. I have seen his wonderful research papers in history, in the top most journals. And he is a very fine and nice guy. So the today's topic which has been given to me is COVID-19, emergence, outbreak, and its management. You know, I am a professor of microbiology since last 45 years. So naturally, this topic is supposed to be close to my heart. During these last six months, everybody starting from five years of age up to more than 100 years of age, everybody has learned the name of COVID, coronavirus, COVID disease, and microbiology work. I am happy that now everyone knows microbiology. Microbiology, it is the study of the microbes. And these microbes, you know, that they are the wonderful organisms, viruses, I'm coming. These are the one of the smallest organisms. They are 10 to 100 times smaller than bacteria. If we come on this, oh okay. First, the second slide. What are viruses? Oh okay. But sir, we can see you. We can see you. You are seeing me? Yes, sir. In the left corner window, we can see you all of us. Okay, that's fine. That's fine. So the viruses, they are smaller organisms and 10 to 100 times smaller than bacteria. Most of you know the names of the bacteria or most of you have heard of the bacteria, but not of the viruses. The viruses, they are such type of the organisms that they can be seen only under the electron microscope. They are non-living. Now the question you will ask that if they are non-living, then why they are and how they are making the infection, how they are multiplying. Non-living, they are outside the cell. Once they go inside the cell, they infect the cell, then they become living. They become the living. It means then they start using the host machine to you and use the essential enzyme system of the host machine, make its own nucleic acid and ask the host machine to make the proteins. So it means that it is a hijacker. It is a kidnapper. When this virus it infects your cell, then it kidnaps your cells. It hijacks your all metabolic activities and it asks your cell to do what the virus wants. That is very interesting. So the outside the cell, it is non-living. Inside the cell it is living and partially living you can say because it use the host machinery, it direct, it control the host machinery and ask the host machinery to do the work for him. This may contain either DNA or RNA. Both nucleic acids are not present. Either of the two nucleic acid will be present. It will also contain the proteins. There in the center, there will be the nucleic acid and on the outside, on the sides, there will be the protein molecules or protein spikes or protein capsomere as you can say. That it is protected by the proteins and the capsomere or the capsid, it is made up of the polybaptide molecules and which protect the nucleic acid. Now this is the structure why I wanted to tell you that now in case of the COVID-19, many of the news on the television or in the newspapers or on the WhatsApp University you can say, within the WhatsApp news, you might be seeing that or you might have heard that when the summer will come, the virus will go. When this will come, then this will happen. This nucleic acid which is present in the center, it is well protected. My dear students and my fellow friends and my fellow colleagues, you should try to understand that it is not going to die. It has come in the environment, it will remain here. No virus, when it has come in the environment, it has never gone. Once it comes, it will live in this environment. The only thing is that its virulence may be reduced and our immunity may be improved. These are the two things. That is, some somewhat changes the virus will bring, somewhat changes you will bring and both will live to live together. Both will love to live together. You can say it that neither virus will go nor you will go. This virus is not a killer. It is not going to kill. Now you will ask me the question that why so many deaths throughout the world, including in India, this is because of the mismanagement. This is 100 percent because of the mismanagement. The virus is not a killer virus. Now this virus, it is also having a very thin layer of the lipids and what is the beauty of this lipid that it is binding the nucleic acid and the protein and we are taking the advantage of this lipid layer that when we want to deactivate it or when we want to make it non-virulent then we are using either the alcohol-based hand sanitizers or soap. So you can use either soap or you can use the hand sanitizers to sanitize your hands what they do that they dissolve the lipid layer and separate the protein layer from the nucleic acid and the structure of the virus is dismantled and when this structure of the virus is dismantled then it becomes inactivated you can say. Now these are the two things which are most popular or which are the popularity based on the media but it is not that only the alcohol-based sanitizer or soap is enough. Even the salts, normal kitchen salt, normal salt you can make, you can prepare its one percent solution, one spoon salt, you can pour in one glass of water, make a solution and you can use it. It will also be able to protect. So the salt water you can use or fit curry, alum, also you can use. So if you use the gargles using the salt and alum then your throat because the infection from where this infection can go can be through your mouth, through your nose, through your ears and through your eyes. These are the four entries from where this infection can go. Eyes and ear this is rare but the mouth and nose these are the most common and that is why you will find that most of the time when the material is being collected for testing then it is being collected from the nose inside or from the throat at this place. So if you are keeping your nose and throat infection free that is good in good condition then you will not get corona virus disease. So my dear friends I would like to advise you people that you at least do gargles in the morning, in the afternoon or in the evening or late night or at the night either with the salt or with the alum or by putting both, both together. So you will be able to protect yourself. Viruses they are able to infect all living forms whether they are plants, animals, humans or bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoans. They are such versatile organisms that they don't leave anyone. They don't leave anyone. For them everyone is equal. They have they are not differentiating anyone whether he is a he is a politician or administrator or anyone or whether Hindu or Muslim or Christian or Sikh or Isai or anyone. That is it is most secular virus or the viruses they also infect the plants. They also infect bacteria and the one of the very beauty of the virus don't think that all viruses are dangerous or all viruses are causing the disease. The purity of Ganges water it is because of the viruses. In the Ganges water there are bacteriophiles and these bacteriophiles are able to kill the dangerous bacteria and that is why the Ganges water if you keep for years, years, years in a closed bottle in your house it does not get spoiled. Even in seaways the cleaning of the seaways that eating of the dead full bacteria it is by the viruses. So don't think that the viruses are bad. There is no organism bad on this earth. Every organism is useful. Nature has not made anything which is bad for the ecosystem. Nature has made everything which is useful to the ecosystem which is useful to the environment which is useful for the survival of the life which is useful for the survival of the biosphere. I will come later on that why we are disturbing the biosphere. Now I come this what are this coronavirus because you people are very much hearing coronavirus COVID COVID COVID since last six months. So this coronavirus is a new virus. This is a very old virus the people it knows since last more than 100 years. It is known it is a large family of the viruses scientific names and it is it causing the disease in the humans and other animals since last several years and the human and human coronavirus generally it caused mild illness cold cold cough and cold many times most of you might have heard and most of you might have got infection also with the cold. I know am I fine with the English or should I use the bilingual? Sir it's okay English should be better sir. No no for me it's okay I'm fine with both the languages. Sir it's okay whatever it is. Okay so previously coronavirus it was it included SARS and MERS. Now I come on this history that how this had emerged in 2003 if many of the people remember then in 2003 SARS virus came. MERS virus came all these two viruses again they came from the China. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and in this case also the respiration is severely affected. Now this COVID-19 which has been given the name I will come on that that why it has been given this name and this is also a coronavirus and it is a new strain of the coronavirus that has not been previously identified in the humans. In I'm saying that previously not identified in the humans it means that this virus is not new it was living somewhere in animals somewhere in animals and from animals it has come to the human that is new but the virus is not new. So the most likely that this virus is reservoir its reservoir is considered as bats. This bats it is considered that it is living in these in the pets in the pets of these bats and in the pangolins I will show their diagram but it is believed that this virus had jumped from these two species to the human through some intermediate host it still we do not know that what is the which one is the intermediate host. The studies with this coronavirus and the MERS virus they suggest that this virus can remain on surfaces for several days from two hours to nine days on different surfaces and different things and now the scientists have found that it can also survive for few hours in air. 239 scientists from 32 countries they work together that is series of experiments they belong to the different fields somewhere from the physics some from chemistry some microbiology some biology some zoology and several people they conducted several type of the experiments and now they have demonstrated that this virus can be spread even through the air that is why now WHO and most of the governments they are recommending that no meeting of many pupils should be conducted in closed room. Closed room which are having poor ventilation they are the source of infection so as they are the source of spread of this disease so please please please don't organize any activity in closed room particularly when you speak then during the speak the many of the air droplets they come from your mouth and these air droplets are containing the virus and they can go up to a distance of six feet under the normal conditions if the atmosphere is dry there is a air current then the distance may be moved so that is why WHO and the most of the scientists they are recommending that we should maintain at least a distance of six feet because when we are speaking then during the speaking whatever comes out from our mouth the air droplets these air droplets can travel up to a maximum distance of six feet and why we should wear the mask that we are wearing the mask then the virus or air droplets which are in the air they will not enter to your mouth and they will not be able to infect you this is the philosophy of this is the science of this is the basic principle behind this that why should use we use the six feet distance and why we should use the mask if we are using the six feet distance and if we are using the mask then 90 percent we can protect ourselves only 10 percent there are the chances that still you may get infection because it is not necessary that every time 24 hours you will maintain the distance with everyone with every situation and you will 24 hours you will be at the mask everywhere and even some of the viral particles they can go into your through the nose to your body by by various means various various systems it has been now calculated I tell you the principle behind this when we are respiring then during the respiration from our nose 20 viral particles per minute they are coming when we are speaking then per minute from our normal speech 200 virus particles they are coming and when we are loudly speaking singing or giving a speech like may I am giving you to so 2000 virus particles can come in one minute and 1000 particles viral particles are enough to cause infection so if you are living in a close contact of a person who is talking for more than four minutes then you are likely to be infected if you are living in contact of a person who is infected for more than 20 minutes if he is infected and if you are close to him then there are the chances and you are not speaking and he is not speaking then also there are the chances of infection so that is why now it is recommended that we should try to avoid the contact with the people we should try to avoid that avoid the talking with the people we should try to avoid to sitting sitting close to the people now many people they say that shake hand because why the hands are the most infected parts of the body because many times what happens we will be putting our hands on the mouth of our nose and all this so the hands they are the most contaminated or contaminated part of our body that is why it is recommended that we should we should wash the hands very frequently and we should not shake hands at all thanks to our sanatan dhar thanks to our indian culture where it has been taught that namaste now the word has realized and the entire word is now using this symbol of respect so now i come that SARS-CoV-2 this is the name or the covid-19 this is now very interesting point i would like to discuss with you people many of the people they are thinking that why it has spread in the whole of the world and could it have been stopped yes it could have been stopped there are reports that in september 2019 in Wuhan city of china the infection first took place before this i would like to tell you one very important story that how it happens in 2003 and 2005 for when this SARS virus came and the MERS virus came it was also from Wuhan city it was also from china and then and then in Wuhan there is a world-famous institute of virology that is the top most institute of virology so the scientists they decided that in institute of virology in Wuhan there should be a team of the expert virologists and these experts virologists should think and should see that this SARS virus which is coming from the beds which is residing in the beds this should be investigated and how we can prepare the vaccine against it that is why the many of the experiments for the genetical changes and for all these things they started in the Wuhan institute of virology and that was the center of the study and that is why now the people because this virus it has come from Wuhan it has been noticed in Wuhan and from Wuhan it has spread to the entire world that is why the most of the scientists they are putting a question that it might be that it has it has been escaped from the Wuhan institute of virology but god knows better that what is the fact i'm telling you some of the scientific facts which are present in the scientific literature in september 2019 china government they knew it very well that the infection why this virus had started and this virus is new and this virus named its name was given SARS-CoV-2 it is the same virus only with slight genetical changes which was present in 2003 from china and now its name has been given as covid-19 by WHO although USA wanted to name it as the china virus but i think that nothing nothing is bad if the people would have accepted it as a china virus because we are having spanish flu we are having spanish virus marmar virus several other virus after the name of the city or after the name of the country although spanish flu it was not a flu at all it was it was not originating in spain but it was noticed over the world that's why it is called so it could have been named anything but it is now that the covid-19 it has been named and it is the SARS is the severe acute respiratory syndrome and MERS is the middle east respiratory syndrome that is they are related with the some sort of respiration problem and the same is with the SARS-CoV-2 there is the maximum genome of the SARS-CoV-2 is the same as that of the SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV-2 so the we are now coming that what size of the virus it may be this is the flu virus and might occur it is slightly bigger than this now i'm showing that these are the different cells you will find this the atom size this is the fluorine molecule protein molecule polio virus is the very small virus you will find about 12 to 15 nanometer and this is here you will find here somewhere you will find there's this coronavirus so that is about 200 to 300 nanometer mitochondria these are the different sizes calculated and seen under the electron microscope now emergence how it has it has emerged how it has this virus this is the bed you are seeing these beds these beds this virus normally it lives here this SARS SARS virus and from this place it has either transferred to this is the pangolin this is the photo of the pangolin and these are all these spikes and in this this virus lives so this has been reported this has been found that this virus is either from these beds or from the pangolins and from these pangolins and beds it has now come to the human why it has come to the human what are the regions now my dear friends you try to understand these are the beds these are the pangolins they also living on this biosphere they have also contributed for the formation of this biosphere they are also the part of this earth and now you are eating it you are eating it you are eating it eating it when you are eating it then this virus is living on this where this virus will go try to find a question answer to this you are eating the beds you are eating the pangolins where this virus is living and what you are doing you are eating the beds and pangolins without cooking wild raw meat so what will happen to this virus where it will go it will jump it will jump from these animals to the humans so it is thought that this virus had jumped from these beds and pangolins through some mammal or through some other animal which we still do not know to the humans so this this is the biodiversity threat when you are killing geo or jinedo this is a concept of the nature nature does not say that you kill anyone nature does not say that you destroy anyone the best example in this case is for the dinosaurs dinosaurs thought that we are the largest animal we are this this this and we can do anything whatever they be like and they started destroying everything in the nature so what the nature did okay well fine you are finished so the dinosaurs were finished so the thing is that don't try to eliminate any of these species which is present on this earth every species has contributed in the formation of this earth in the formation of this biosphere and therefore they all have the right to live in this on earth as much as you have don't think that this earth belongs to you this earth belongs to each and every species which has been responsible for the creation of this earth on which we are living today so this is that how this virus has emerged that is due to the biodiversity loss I will come on scientific principle that how this biodiversity loss contribute to the generation of the more and more infectious diseases now we have this the structure of the coronavirus this is the nucleic acid RNA and these are the protein capsomias and protein quotes you can say it this and this is the very fine very fine this lipid layer lipid layer over here and this lipid layer is responsible that when you are using this alcohol based sanitizer or soap then this lipid layer dismantle this structure now how this in fact that these protein quotes capsomias they get bind to your cells in the humans is ACEs two cells which are the receptor of the cells you can say it they bind over there and then what happens that this nucleic acid it goes into the cell this air all this structure it remains outside and only this nucleic acid goes into the cell and when it enters into the cell then in the cell what it does that it hijack your entire cell and it says to the entire cell okay well fine now you are under my control I have hijacked you I have you have to work whatever I say so now this nucleic acid will dictate the entire metabolism of the cell that you prepare my multiple copies of this nucleic acid and then RNA and then this protein and then this new virus is synthesized and in the cell when it is synthesized then the cell burst and the new virus new it again comes out and they again infect the new cells this is that how spread and prevention this is spread through the droplets air droplets or aerosol there is a difference between air droplets and aerosol aerosols are very minute very very minute drops of the air drops of the water in the air I will say it drops very minute drops of water in the air which are emitted which comes out during your respiration from your nose and the air droplets are the large droplets when you speak then along with your saliva some of the droplets they come out or when you sneeze then okay so the large amount of the aerosol air droplets they come in the air which are already having the virus and therefore they contaminate the contact it they contaminate the hands they contaminate the body they contaminate the surfaces and this is prevention how we can prevent we have already discussed that maintain the personal hygiene wear the mask and maintain a social distance and if you are keeping it then you will be able to be able to prevent it symptoms this is one of the very important when this virus came came in India or when it became became known to Indians you can say it if you see my facebook post you will find that on 25th of march that is after two days of the lockdown I had written a post as a microbiologist that in India 60 to 70 percent of the population will be asymptomatic why asymptomatic because the symptoms will not appear but the pupil will have the infection they will be the carrier in now the during last six months for four months the scientific investigation medical investigation and several other reports they have confirmed it last week when there was a survey in Delhi on Delhi population it has come that 25 percent of the population is already infected but but that survey also I am of the opinion very strong opinion that not 25 percent but 70 to 80 percent population was already infected has already infected and they have developed the immunity or they are having the asymptomatic most of the people and they are not showing the symptoms but they are having the infection these such type of the people are very dangerous they are asymptomatic for them but you do not know that how much immunity you have and when you will be very in very much close contact of these people then they may transmit the infection to you that is why the government of India and the WHO they are recommending that please please please take care don't shake hands maintain a social distance wear masks with everyone whether he is covid positive or whether he or she is covid negative because we do not know that the person to whom you are talking is asymptomatic or symptomatic so asymptomatic means that those people they do not show the symptoms but they are infected major symptoms what they are dry cough, headache, high fever, tiredness and the most important is shortening of breath most important but but the shortening of breath it is a symptom when it comes you have been left with little time it is a complicated complicated system it is a indicator of the complication but if you are careful and you are sensitive then you can realize that you are losing your breath that is why now it is recommended that the pupil should have an oxytometer and with the oxymeter you can measure the blood oxygen in your fingers in your fingers you can put the finger in that and then it will tell you that how much is the blood in your how much the how much is the oxygen in your blood and if the oxygen in the blood is more than 90 percent or 90 then you are fine and if it is critically low that is below 50 or something like that or below 60 something then it is serious and it is very serious and when you find that the oxygen level is going 70 or something like that then you should consult a doctor so the oxygen level when it starts decreasing because when it starts decreasing then even then at this time you may not feel that you are having the shortening of breath but your oxygen level is decreasing and that is why this oxygen level decrease it can be measured very easily anyone can measure and that will be a one of the good symptom or one of the good method of prediction of this then the less common symptoms are aches, pains, nasal congestion, conductivitis, sore throat, diarrhea, diarrhea is now the recently added as the major symptom loss of taste or smell it is a symptom which has been told by several patient who have who have been infected and the speech problem is also one of the symptom which is told how to diagnose there are two types of the test mostly one you are seeing that this is the antigen antibody test the base test which is very fast about 20 seconds or maximum 1 minute and these are generally used for the screening but basically as a microbiologist I don't agree with the with this antigen antibody test a test or a good test for diagnosis of the COVID-19 because in this case what happens that antibodies if you are testing the antigen then also it is bad and if you are testing the antibodies antibodies many times they form they are formed at a later stage and in the earliest days it will not give you the positive or negative test even if it does not give any information in those at the earliest stages and this is the one RT-PCR this is the molecular diagnostic test in molecular diagnostic test also it takes about four hours but it is the confirmatory test and what we do in this case we collect the sample from the nose or from the throat throat and this sample is put in one test tube for the extraction of the nucleic acid RNA because this is the RNA virus so for the extraction of the RNA and then this RNA is used for multiplication using the polymerase chain reaction and that is then then it is converted into DNA and then this DNA is used for the PCR chain reaction PCR reaction and then the last number of copies are formed and these are then identified using DNA sequence and the virus is confirmed confirmatory test it is done and it takes about four hours avoid coronavirus keep your throat and lungs infection free this is what I am saying from the very beginning if you see my posts even on the facebook post from the very first day when it started and when even it did not infect India or when it did it was not popular in India and when it was in China then also I had throat certain I had written certain posts and I had said that if you are keeping your throat and lungs infection free then you can get get rid of this and to keep your throat infection free you can use the gargles you can use warm water you can use warm tea or you can use some kala which is now press right or some things which have been pressed right by Ayush Mantral and many many things particularly this Giloy is ashwagandha mule tea and this lemongrass black pepper clove ginger is very important mint so several of these herbs they are all a tulsa these herbs are known which which are which will keep your throat infection free and to keep your lungs infection free you can take the regularly you can take the steam once a day or something like that so that your lungs will remain free so such there is a prevention these are the prevention aspects and if you use the prevention that is the via the mask maintain social distance and use card and all these things then it will it will give you the maximum level of the protection why infections from animals to women the studies so why animals say human can the infection are you right why it is coming why because what happens that there it has been now identified that there are 1.7 million unidentified viruses which are living in animals and they have the potential to infect the human life on transmission now what happens that when you are killing these wild animals when you are eating these wild animals particularly as raw raw meat then what happens that these viruses which are living and residing in these animals they get easily transferred to the humans and the one studies it shows that mostly now due to the more and more closer contact of the human with the wild animals it is the one of the cause you are destroying the forest you are destroying destroying the natural habitat of the wild animals you are building you are constructing the houses you are constructing the industries and you are doing doing all these things for that purpose and it means that when you are coming in very close contact of the wild animals and due to that that particular thing these wild the infections which are living in the wild and animals they are being transmitted or they are being transferred to the humans now it has been calculated by the environmentalist being the instrument of the environmental science and being the sectional president of the environmental science of the Indian science Congress it is my duty to appraise you people my dear friends that if you invest one dollar on protection of the nature or protection of the environment then the environment will return you nine dollars nine times this is the best investment this is the best investment if you are investing one dollar today in the environment then you will get nine dollars in return of it the maximum this is the nine times you can just see this is the so now it is estimated that biodiversity I am coming to some sort of now biodiversity that what is the biodiversity and why because of the loss of the biodiversity these infections are becoming more and more now the new scientific technology it has demonstrated that there are 8.7 million new carriers species on our planet previous estimate was three to 100 millions that is it was very highly variable highly variable unpredictable and the techniques were not very good and now the using the genetical techniques or the genotypes metagenomics using bioinformatics language and several things we have been able to find out that there are 8.7 million eukaryotic species sorry 1.4 million species of flora fauna and microbes have been examined and they have been named they have been classified that this is their now name 86 percent of the land species and 90 percent of the marine species remain undiscovered there is a large scope of study in microbiology if you are well worth and if you want that you can see that more than 80 percent of the information in microbiology even today we do not know the science is not this science of this particular branch of the science is not saturated is still much much much more science to be done now the biodiversity loss why this biodiversity is being lost what are the factors what are the regions such a rich diverse biodiversity 8.4 million species in this universe now these are being lost every year now what are the reasons one is the habitat loss habitat is being lost invasive species some other species are coming into the forest area and when these some species other species are coming they are invading your natural fauna flora and fauna and the other species are being eliminated or are being extinct over exploitation we are exploiting exploiting the nature too much and the pollution is the another factor and the climate changes the another and the most important factor is here this is the human activity human population growth increasing consumption reduction of the resource efficiency my dear friends you will wonder to know that 7.5 billion human population on this earth is having the highest amount of the biomass in comparison to the all other species and therefore the scientists are of the opinion that this biomass need to be need to be need to be reduced need to be just a just a minute so this human biomass need to be reduced and if it is not reduced then the nature will bring such type of the corona virus again again and again this is a virus this is a bar of the nature against the human for its continuous disturbance of the nature biodiversity dilution effect this is the scientific principle i would i would just try to put one question that does biodiversity loss aggravate transmission of infectious disease spread from animals to human now how it is yes this is due to the biodiversity dilution effect because when the number of these species are being reduced then where these organisms microorganisms bacteria or fungi or viruses or proto zones where they will go and live when you are reducing the number of species this number these these microbes are not being reduced my dear friends i would like to tell you one thing that the number of the microbes number of the viruses number of bacteria these are not being reduced these are increasing these these type these there are their species their genetical composition some of the some of the viruses some of the bacteria are having the same genetic composition over the billions of years i have shared one of the uh micro animal uh data train uh this is surviving on this earth since last more than 10 billion years the same animal micro animal in the marine water very small micro animal it is lagging and you you will find this one of the picture i have shared on my facebook amar ghar amar ghar this i have shared over there you can see that video it is so the microbes they are fascinating they are having the conjured region of the genetical composition and they are they are as such as they were billions of years ago their genetical composition has not changed and now you are changing the biodiversity so that is why they are changing there they i will give you only the two examples there is a one one example of the vest nile virus disease this is caused through the mosquito tulex uh pipeans and when a mosquito it bites the in the birds the infected birds and from that infected birds it it goes to the humans through the bite of the tulex and it has been calculated and it has been found that this uh tulex virus tulex mosquito uh it is present only in those areas where the biodiversity is less where the large number of species are present large number of the biodiversity is present there this mosquito does not bite does not bite the infected birds does not bite the birds and do not infect it remains on them the another uh example of the disease is the Lyme disease which is very common in us and this has also been calculated 5300 year old uh disease it is known since that time and it is also clearly found that it is present in those type of the areas where the biodiversity is less and due to the loss of the biodiversity in particular area of the one of the US it has it has grown up on this disease as it started developing during the recent years climate change also leads to the loss of the biodiversity one thing is that that we are destroying another thing is the climate is changing and due to the change of the climate the biodiversity is lost and that is also resulting in the increase of the transmission of the animal diseases to the humans experts they believe that there is no doubt that tunative diseases are on rise during the last 50 years after 1970 after 1970 and if you will trace then you will find that after 1970 most of the countries they have started aggressively on the industrialization of their countries and due to the industrialization this biodiversity is being lost and due to the loss of the biodiversity this uh a transmission of the infectious disease from animal humans humans are more at risk from the disappearance of the biodiversity because what will happen that biodiversity loss tends to increase the pathogen transmission across a wide range of the infectious disease systems this day Bernard College ecologist this is a one of the top most college of ecology and they have seen that when the biodiversity just when number of species i'm not i'm not talking about the density of a species i'm talking about the number of species a b c d e f that is different type of these species when the different type of these species are lost when there is only one or two types of these species are left and the number of microbes are more than these number of microbes more because they have to survive they will transfer or they will transmit or they will develop the mechanism to to cause the disease in these less number of the uh uh biodiversity less number of these species and that's why the biodiversity loss is mainly increasing the infectious disease now this is a paper which has been published in nature in December 2019 in nature you know that this is the highest rated journal journal in biology and we consider it as that any paper which is published in the nature it is the original and it is the final final words in science and there it has been found that two twenty thousand twenty six thousand five hundred species are threatened and they have been extinct and there is a network of the uh sixteen thousand scientists who have been able to show that 40 percent of the amphibian 33 percent of the rebuilding corals 25 percent of manals and 14 percent of the birds they are at stake and the most important thing is which I would like to emphasize over here and I have also uh done some work and we have found that 2.5 percent of the insects are being eliminated are being dropped every year in the ecosystem from this that is very very seriously insects and birds the loss of the insects and birds from the environment it is a one of the major cause of the biodiversity loss and suppose if you think that if there are no insects if there will be no insect my dear friends you will also be not there because the insects they are mainly responsible for the pollination for the every fruit and food crop what you eat there will be no cross pollination there will be no cross fertilization there will be no seed setting there will be no fruits if the insects are not there so don't kill them they are your friends they are the friends of the nature they are the friends of the ecosystem they are the friends of the biosphere and the biosphere ecosystem and your survival is only because of the insects so please please please don't kill them don't use the insecticide don't use the pesticides don't use the chemicals in the agriculture don't use them and try to make a village my suggestion is the sectional president of environmental science you know that now the forest are being reduced our culture is our our our greed greed is increasing now we want independent house we want a separate flat nuclear families every child wants a single room every child want a want a separate privacy and all these things the large number of the houses are constructed industries are constructed forests are being deforested forests are being cut down now if the forest will go away what will happen to this biosphere you think the entire entire life will be finished so what I have suggested and I'm propagating I'm requesting you all those who are listening to me that please please please try to develop small jungles small jungles or small forest now what I mean to say I until now you have you might have heard that jungles and forest are large areas large areas we are cutting small we do not want then what will happen so I am propagating this particular idea in the public since last three four months that we should have at least 10 to 25 percent of our residential or factory or our commercial area developed into the small jungles a small jungle I mean not the grass land not the grass lawn we are very fond of here that the buildings should be 50 50 male or 50 50 floors and there should be a good lawn on the on the base you are totally disturbing the ecosystem it is 100% wrong you are going up and cutting the forest to the down level this is the most dangerous culture which has been started by the builders and unfortunately our NGT is also not looking after this it must be made compulsory mandatory that every house will have to develop a 10 to 25 percent of the area into the small jungle of the small jungle of forest I mean that the vertical growth of the plants vertical growth of the tree they should be long in every house there should be there should be at least 10 trees if you are not having the 10 trees in the house then you have no right to live on this earth you have no right to respire from this from this air to get the oxygen if you cannot give it back to the environment so please try to develop the small jungles in your house in your areas of the residence and it protect to environment not only environment protect yourself I will say it don't I don't mind me to say that protect environment if you protect yourself this will be the congenial this will be the good good thing if you are using it and because this well this vertical canopy or vertical growth of the plants will give you a good amount of the oxygen and I tell you that do one experiment or go to some of the houses where there are the large trees are on the boundaries you will find that the temperature of these houses is two degree less they will use less air conditioning they will use less artificial environment for the survivor as we are increasing our comforts we are increasing the pressure on the environment so now I come to the second part that is the outbreak of the COVID do I have the time to continue so you may take few more minutes and conclude this so outbreak of the COVID I will go quickly because he is giving me the indicator that I am having only few minutes so outbreak of the COVID you are having that how this disease has increased slowly and slowly and at present now you will find that about 50,000 cases per day they are coming today I have seen now this COVID why you are worried about this COVID or why you are worried about the coronavirus there are several other viruses which have killed millions of millions of people now this is the seven deadly viruses which I am telling you that which which are killing every year this is the number of the deaths per year throughout the world 3.2 million just by the pneumonia and flu bacteria and viruses HIV 8 2.1 million Darial disease 1.9 tuberculosis 1.7 million malaria 1.1 million hepatitis B 1 million today is the hepatitis awareness day and before talking to you people I was having a two-hour session on the hepatitis awareness day and there we have seen that now the science or the WHO says that 325 million people are infected from the hepatitis and 1.3 million people are dying per year so we are why why why we are so so so worried about this coronavirus throughout the world that we have locked the through the entire world for the last six months entire economy has gone everybody is talking only about the corona corona corona and all these diseases we have forgotten while these are also there so please please please try to concentrate on the other diseases also this corona is not a killer virus it is this is media or the or the pharmaceutical companies or this is a this is the advertisement based system which is creating the panic so as a microbiologist I will suggest that don't panic it it has come it will go and try to live try to learn to live with this now I can that how we can manage it this management one thing I have said that six feet distance mask personal hygiene and the one thing here this is the Kada which is the Ayush mantra is also saying and if you see the post from our Sobit University we have also found and we have we have been recommending since last four months that you take the tea with black pepper clove tulsa lemon grass ginger mulati lemon honey ashwagandha ashwagandha and the other herbs and they will be able to give you a good protection they will induce the immunity now when it has come I will come on that last that which type of the vaccine will be able to work the 80 percent of the world population will shift it is now estimated that they will shift from animal-based diet to the plant-based diet so this is a great opportunity for the people to start doing this organic farming and yoga is one of now I am coming that how we can improve our immunity vitamin C is the one vitamin D is the another one and the zinc these three things are very important if we use these three things in our diet vitamin C vitamin D and with and the zinc if we make a balance then our immunity can develop and immunity can be strong and it will not be only against the COVID-19 but it will be against all types of the diseases so now I'm coming that how we can improve our immunity how we can manage the disease we can use the citrus fruits they are the rich in the vitamin C we can use the now this is a one one table which vitamin C reached table vegetables these and this is the rich source of the fruits vitamin C vitamin C and I will share this slide with you and you can share with the students and the other people and with your colleagues these are the different vegetables and fruits which are vitamin C rich this is the one very beautiful classification of the vegetables just you remember these six things if you are having heart disease eat all red vegetables and red fruits if you want to improve your immunity use all white vegetables and white fruits if you want your shining skin glowing skin you are fond of such type of the skin very good soft and good then you can use all yellow vegetables if you want to clean your body toxic you want to release and you want to get a good healthy body healthy style and the probiotic bacteria and all these use green this is the cleansing if you are having inflammation use orange orange type of that the liver disease or something the inflammation if you are feeling old and you want antioxidants if you want to delay aging use purple type of the vegetables spinach also you can use this is one of the wonderful thing which will which contain the beta carotene and antioxidants you can use kale you can use tomato fruit juice tomato juice tomato this is very good it is rich in vitamin A vitamin C iron and folate you can use watermelons this is the wonderful summer drink you can say it and it includes several things vitamin A vitamin C magnesium and drink very good immunobooster papaya is another immunobooster and it is having the one enzyme pepain and this pepain enzyme is digestive in nature and it is also a rich source of potassium and magnesium and folate these are the three very good very good and very important for the immunity also kiwi is the another fruit which is a rich source of the vitamin k and vitamin c and red bell pepper this red bell pepper is one very important very wonderful vegetable and it contains three times more vitamin as compared to the oranges so this red bell pepper but this red bell pepper don't cook them please try to cook them them by the steam under the steam if you are cooking in the under the steam then it's steam then then its vitamin c content is preserved and it remains good you can use broccoli broccoli is also very good and this is also to be cooked steam pumpkin seeds these are the one of the wonderful wonderful things these these seeds they are good for your bone health menopause system uninary health hair and skin mental health prostate health very good rich source of vitamin a c b 6 magnesium and zinc you can use sunflower seeds you can use strawberry you can use this mix carrot apples and orange you can use strawberry kiwi 6 you can use these three mix if you are using this mix they they give you the more protection they give you the variety of the things and they give you the good diet spinach this garlic is one of the wonderful cuisine every civilization in the word has realized several chemical components they are present and there is a weak evidence that it also helped to lower the blood pressure and it is a great immunogoster it has great immunogoster properties you can use in the morning cut into the three or four pieces and just swallow it with the water ginger is another wonderful wonderful wonderful ingredient i will say that this is containing the ginger all which is the anti cancerous in nature and it is also very good it is anti viral also and it protects against the cough and cold nausea and it is a wonderful wonderful gift of nature which should be eaten by everybody every day turmeric oh my dear good so many disease against so many disease just you take one spoon of turmeric in the night in the milk or in the warm water you will get rid of all these diseases the wonderful Ayurvedic drug you can say it is anti viral it is rheumatoid against cancer the rheumatoid arthritis several several diseases and it is also against this this coronavirus not the covid 19 it has not been yet demonstrated but it is against the against the same type of the virus families and this turmeric is wonderful drug you can say the yogurt is one of the very good thing which give you the protection which you which gives you a good source of the elements they are good source 15 milligram of vitamin each day you need and you can this is the vitamin E rich diet green tea also you can use green tea i know that you people where you are living in nagaland it is the wonderful place of the nature it is the rich source of the andrew gave me some of the very good herbs which i am using since last more than two years and and and they are giving a good good cleaning of the nose and it is a wonderful place nagaland i love and i like it the natural beauty and the green green tea of that that place the poultry chicken you can use vitamin c a b6 rich and the selfies also because you people live there so these are the some of the non-vest diets which i included just last night in the my presentation that you people will love it they are also very good and they also give you the protection and there are some mushrooms these mushrooms a large number of the mushroom they are also very good source of the nutrition complete food and they also provide a good good protection and increase your immunity now this is i think my almost the last slide now this is the one of the recent slide which i have collected from a source of the american society and now it is predicted that the drugs for this corona virus are already known or already existing in the present system and these are the various drugs which are having the potential potential i am saying it potential to treat the corona virus although the final treatment is not yet demonstrated but these drugs are having the antiviral properties and they are having a good potential and they should be used now these medicinal plants we can use and i would like to tell you one in a concluding remark that that is we people are looking forward about the vaccine which is most likely to come in the next six months or or so but the question is that this is a millionaire question millionaire dollar question million dollar question that whether this vaccine which will come in the market will be effective this time will tell because this is the RNA virus it is flexible it is changing its nature and more most important thing is this that the antibodies which are being formed against this virus they are short lived they are living for a short time in the body therefore the T cells because immunity is not only based on the antibodies it is also based on the T cells white blood cells and white blood cells are very important cells they are the macrophases and they eat the eat the virus and after eating they eliminate from the body so the effectiveness of this vaccine it will be mainly depend upon the T cells i am giving i have shared this and i have written and some of the scientists they are also agreeing with my viewpoint being a microbiologist but because this is a large virus and it is very difficult for the large virus to interact with the antibodies the antibody size is almost fixed or it is not variable and therefore when the virus is large then it is difficult for the antibody to interact and that's why this scientifically i think that this T cells will play a major role in this and your immunity boosting effect this ayurveda and the yoga will also play a very good role in the control and management of this COVID-19 or coronavirus disease so please love nature protect nature and try to maintain a balance between nature health and economy and i love naga land and i would love to see naga land and i know that beautiful place wonderful place natural place and you people are protecting the nature preserving the nature conserving the nature i have collected a large list of the plants medicinal plants from naga land and we are working in so with institute of engineering and technology we are working over them and we and i am of the opinion that you people are the great lover of the nature thank you very much thank you thanks thank you andrew thank you andrew babar and thank you to the college thank you to the people who have been listening to me patiently for i think i have taken a long time so i i should not close thank you very much thank you andrew thank you sir thank you thank you so much sir please kindly do not say that you have taken a lot of time because it has been very enlightening session and we are really happy that in your busy schedule you're able to take out some time for us i request you know the honorable participants in case if you have any question kindly please you may ask sir is ever ready to answer if there is any question all right if there is no question then i ask one question to you sir yes yes yes yes yes if you could if you could permit my old habit of asking questions sir i i i love to answer the questions because okay if the questions are not intelligent the person will not be intelligent he will he will not work very hard when when he's put to the difficult questions then only the person he tries to work more and more and more hard to this right sir sir i think this is a well debated question i want to raise a question about herd immunity see as you have rightly mentioned that there is no you know any a probability model which is in existence to check the probability of the vaccine of the medicine or any other thing so these are hypothesis that we are putting forward for discussion right so these are barely hypothesis so question is that whether those hypotheses will be work or not that time will decide but my question is whether during the course of time will the humanity or the herd immunity yes herd immunity yes it will develop because now the herd immunity that is the community immunity you can say it it develops when more than 70 percent of the population is exposed i'm not saying infected mind it try to try to differentiate between the word infection and exposure when more than 70 80 percent of the population is exposed to an infection to a infectious organism then this population develop the immunity that is they develop the antibodies they develop the T cells in the in the body and they provide the community immunity and now the the recent survey in Delhi which shows that 25 percent of the population is having the antibodies i am of the opinion as a microbiologist because this is the screening test and they are talking of the antibodies but had they tested the T cells then they might have been known that the much much larger population in Delhi or much much larger population in Maharas or elsewhere in any state is having a good amount of the exposure to this virus infection and they have developed the T cells because in this case the T cells are having the more or are giving the more immunity in comparison to the antibodies and therefore we should try to try to screen even for the T cells and T cells that is the T killer cells and T helper cells both because T killer cells they kill the virus or they eat the virus and they remove it and the T helper cells what they do they help to develop your system to develop your defense system to fight against these infectious agent so yes i do agree that that the hard immunity until the hard immunity develops they will not be able to protect because in see in case of Spain in case of Italy in England the hard immunity has already developed and now you will find that they that the population and the number of the cases they have reduced drastically reduced and in US still the time has to come and in India hard in in India i am of i am of very strong opinion that one thing is that the virus strain this virus strain which is which has entered in India it is not so dangerous it is not it is not so virulent as it was virulent in Italy or as it was virulent in Wuhan its virulence has decreased it virulence is less and the due to the vegetarian habit and due to the use of the large amount of the spices by Indians spices Indian kitchen Indian kitchen kitchen is giving the protection some sort of protection to the Indian population that is why our population is showing lesser number of the infectious persons in comparison to the other countries yes have i answered your question yes and Ruth uh how can we improve our immunity with ethno medicinal plants to bioinformative research how can we improve our immunity yes yes yes i have given you a long list i have given you a long 30 slides 25 30 slides they were on the immunoboosters that is we can concentrate on vitamin c vitamin d and zinc rich diet if we are we are we are focusing on the vitamin c vitamin d and zinc rich diet then these will improve our immunity i have shown you the some that many of the slides of the fruits vegetables on all these things these these all these slides they have one very should i show you the again or if you want i will share these slides with you people and you can share with your students with your colleagues and with the some people who are interested to know that which are the ingredients or which are the some of the things in these common herbs many many many herbs they are they are present in Nagaland many wonderful herbs i will say medicinal plants last time last time you gave me the wonderful wonderful small bottle thank you sir sir there is a third question this question is asked by Ms Nisha Dayesh college department of English her question is sir on the basis of what you shared with us can we say that keeping people in quarantine centers is causing more risk of making people get infected than preventing it isn't it dangerous and fall down oh my idea you you have you have raised a who has raised this question this is nisha nisha daya thank you very much because this is one of the very important question very close to my heart because we are advocating since day first that we should educate the pupil and we should allow the pupil the home quarantine quarantine is one of the most important aspect to deal with this coronavirus in 1918 spanish flew after the first world war it spread and then the pupil had heard the name of this lockdown but at that time this lockdown was not at the world level it was not in the world it was only in the few cities or few countries not in the entire world but this time what has happened that this time because the spread of this virus is throughout the world and the entire world is seeing the lockdown lockdown is the only and only solution to stop or to break the chain of this transmission this home quarantine we have been recommending since last four five months continuously and the what the biggest mistake the government of india has done i'm saying from your platform for the first time that we created the panic this electronic media created the panic in the pupil and the pupil they concealed they hide it in the house and they did not reveal the symptoms that has led to the multiplication of the infection had we created the awareness from the very first day in the pupil the media role was very very bad and very dangerous the media should have been very positive they should have educated the pupil that this is the virus and this virus is spread like this and how you can protect the most dangerous thing is that the media has invited the politicians who do not know abcd about the virus who do not know abcd about the microbiology and they were giving the beautiful one hour two hour lectures on that how to control this virus how to control this disease this is the most disgusting in a country like this civilized country it is not it should not be allowed at all i'm i'm very furious about it that what the mistake they have done the second mistake they have done that you lost the fir you catch this this this you catch him and you show him that if somebody is infected you project him like a criminal and that is the one of the very very sad thing you should have sympathy anybody could have been infected it is a natural infection you created a panic this is this virus is not a killer virus the only thing is that you should have created a well awareness that this is the virus like the other viruses now the now the now the people at this time they are not so much panic as they were before four months now the now this virus will go and the home quarantine should have been recommended home quarantine should have been allowed and when you do the home quarantine i have we have also prepared a home quarantine protocol and we had a two-day international meeting and from the international experts on our facebook of the shobat university we have projected this entire program and we have recommended that there should be a room separate room which should be attached with the toilet and the person can be asked to remain inside the room and he should keep all his belongings all his necessities in the room he should have a mobile he should have a laptop he should have an internet connection and he should be able to allow to talk to his friends to his family members and to the doctor and he should confine himself within the room he should listen music he should do creative activities he should watch television he should read write do some constructive thing divert his mind and and and should protect himself and then beside that when we are not having any medicine against it we are not having any vaccine against it what is wrong in the ayurvedic system what is wrong in the herbal herbal drugs to use they are not having any side effect you are not allowing the people to eat it what is wrong what is wrong with the mentality this this ayurvedic system for example tulsa, dillo, ashwagandha, muleti, lemon, lemongrass, black pepper, clove, mint these are known for anti-viral properties since millions of years our forefathers were using it they have been using it without any side effects I know some of my friends in Germany and USA and England who were positive who were found positive and they did not seek the admission in the hospital they confined themselves in their homes home quarantine home isolation and they they they took this kala but I'm telling you and they are now perfect perfectly alright so when we are not having any remedy for this then what was the wrong why you were criticizing why you were I'm not I'm not quoting I'm not propagating why you were stopping one person a noble person from hard war hard war who propagated or who brought some of the things that everybody was against him everybody from the international community everybody this media channel they were this was the pharmacy lobby which were which were working against him but what is he saying this the immunity booster and the immunity booster they are already known Gilo is known well known you can you can see any of the book of the Ayurveda since time immemorial it is the anti-viral tulsa is anti-viral what was wrong they should have been allowed they should be the people should I am using it my entire family is using my three-year-old granddaughter she she enjoys this kala tea in the evening any other question so this home quarantine should be allowed and should be propagated we have drawn a protocol also it is available on our show with the university website yes any other any other question and those questions who are left you can send me on my mail I will answer have to reveal your voice is breaking then right I think there is there should be a box in the for the chat sir it is there it is there yes yes I just now I saw the comment from Nisha also yeah sir there is one question about exercise yoga yes yes yoga is very good for the health very good for the immunity booster now now it is I say that most of the time you you see one ad that I get so most of the time you get this fog no nowadays yoga yoga meditation and Ayurveda what is going yoga meditation and Ayurveda yoga and meditation these two things are very important and they good they give you the immunity boosting effect they give you a good health they give you the mental peace they give you the give you the psychological treatment they give you the hormonal balance and they are the true immunity booster they conserve your energy meditation and next time if you like then we can have a session on importance of yoga and meditation and these meditation you know that this meditation is one of the thing that you can conserve energy positive energy thank you sir and then you conserve the positive energy then your aging is delayed our regime Rishi Muni were living for 300 400 years during the old days this is true science prove it because if you conserve the energy even today if you store the energy even today then then you can live for the for many years so the so the aging can be delayed by conserving the energy and the sir sir thank you and the yoga yoga will give you a good health will give you a good mental health I will say it sir thank you thank you so much for your time and today has been has been a very fruitful session very long session but what I believe was the content was very important and I'm really happy and much much gratitude to to to Professor Gark he's my godfather and I personally know him and thank you so much sir we will come back to you again with another subject I tell you he he has uh he uh Anruth has given a wonderful two volumes thesis to JNU in law which will be remembered for years to come in the JNU and that was the original piece I have read his thesis and it is related to the Naga land the heads up to you that you have studied the Naga land very minutely deeply and correctly you have emphasized and you have nicely predicated Krishna has also drawn some of the beautiful drawings about the Naga people hats hats to the to your people he has spoken so high about you people that I still whenever I get time I study because he has given the one set of his thesis to me also as a gift he's a he's a wonderful researcher and I will love to have him in my university I'm here I'm not going anywhere you come here sir you come here sir I'm not going to go anywhere thank you thank you so much for your time thank you for your energy and for your knowledge thank you sir thank you thank you thank you thank you very much thank you thanks to the participant and thanks to the those who asked me the question thank you very much thank you thank you thanks dear bye