 Interesting. I think we got sound very good Well, thank you and Merry Christmas to all of you as well and Yeah, Dave. I was actually born in Montreal and Canada is a place where they get these warm Chinooks blowing through Where the temperature goes from minus 60 all the way up to plus 20 and With that 80 degree temperature jump everybody goes outside in their t-shirts and shorts and bass and the warm 20-degree weather so and Down now is at the University of Toronto. We would play hockey outside of 15 below and yeah He didn't want to sit in a bench. You want to be playing the whole time Yeah, there was no place to keep warm so Understand of what you went through their date. So Last couple of weeks Two weeks ago. I was actually in paradise Paradise, California First time I've been to paradise I actually got to come back so Now I was teaching a course there a science and a faith course and I had these students from literally Hawaii the East Coast everywhere participating through this amazing zoom technology or I could see all their faces they could see me they could see my visuals and You know, it's amazing what you can do with this new technology in the teaching classes And so I did that for an entire weekend Talked to gave a couple of talks in a church and I'm still doing that course every Thursday night We continued the course So and then last Sunday. I was in Charleston, South Carolina We're basically a planning a major Gospel push throughout the Pacific Rim The plan is to go to, you know, Seoul and Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe Hong Kong Singapore and some of the big Chinese cities, Kuala Lumpur, etc with a Collection of incredible Bible manuscript facsimiles perfect facsimiles and I got to see them I for example, they duplicated the Isaiah scroll that's on display in Jerusalem and It's an exact duplicate all done with animal parchments and all done by hand where people actually put that You know, I can't imagine doing Hebrew by hand You know Greek is one thing but with Hebrew the thickness of the line counts and the degree of the line whether it's straight down or whatever and It looked like it was typeset. It was actually all done by hand But what they did is they got some of us to come Follow up and say Here's some reasons why we know the Bible as the authoritative inspired inerrant word of God And so I was commissioned to give the scientific evidence for that being the case That was wonderful. Just engaging people especially through the Q&A. It's just amazing the questions that the people ask So and while I was gone this book came out. It's the four views book that I participated in About nine months ago and it's four different positions on creation evolution and intelligent design by the four presidents of the Organizations answers and Genesis reasons to believe Biologos and the Discovery Institute And I think what I appreciated most was the opportunity to actually set the record straight On what we believe and why we believe what our mission is and why we take our mission Because reasons to believe has been widely misrepresented in terms of what we believe and what we're all about And this is an opportunity for me to basically say no We don't believe that we believe this and no our mission objective is this and not that and so I think that's going to be very helpful for us and Then all last week. I've never seen NASA push something as aggressively as they did I mean gee about ten days ago. They kept saying we're going to make a major announcement. You all got to listen We're going to release it on the Thursday. And so every day they were telling people, you know, we're going to You know make this major announcement biggest discovery ever and So finally came out on Thursday and it was the Kepler 90 planetary system So I just wanted to do a survey. I mean the way NASA's pushed us you think everybody's heard of Kepler 90 So how many of you have heard of Kepler 90? Okay, well a good third of you Two-thirds of you. This is probably the first time you're hearing about Kepler 90. Is that about right? Okay, so maybe all that NASA publicity didn't go as far as it would and I was kind of predicting that because NASA has done that so frequently that people are basically saying. Oh, yeah, it's just NASA again And so I think their Their marketing is actually starting to backfire and I'm concerned it'll backfire more based on the hype that they gave to this discovery now Here are some of the comments that were made about the discovery It's the first solar system just like ours and This is boosting the chances of finding alien life elsewhere in the universe Now, let me get to the bottom line. What was really discovered? What was really discovered? This was interesting. It was a partnership between NASA and Google Google basically said look we got these amazing algorithms and search engines How about if we simply mined the Kepler spacecraft data and see if we can squeeze more to the data than what you've been able to do with your not so Sophisticated software they didn't put it that way But yeah, I mean they were able to go through their software and say you know There's Kepler 90 system where you thought that you'd only had seven planets in it We found an eighth planet. So that was the thing We finally found a planetary system with eight planets just like the solar system The solar systems got eight now the Pluto's been demoted. We're down to just eight Okay, and now they found another sim that's planetary system with eight That's where all the similarity ends Same number of planets as we have but everything about the Kepler 90 system is radically different from our solar system But that's not what the hype said night So we just found a system just like ours as boosting the chances that we're going to find alien light elsewhere Now what I'm going to show you the next slide are the sizes of the Kepler 90 planets Relative of the sizes of the solar system planets, okay? So here's the comparison and What you notice is every one of the Kepler 90 planets is bigger than planet Earth. I Mean the smallest one is 20% of bigger in diameter now That also means its volume is going to be almost double the volume of the earth and so what you see are three small ones All about 30 20 to 30 percent bigger than the earth. They're the ones that are in close the next three are Almost the size of a Neptune in Uranus. It's a little bit smaller than Neptune in Uranus And then you got two Jupiter size ones farther out Now this is actually quite typical of extra solar planetary systems In fact, I wrote a blog that's up on my Facebook page and also on the reasons to bleep page Where a group of scientists? Analyzes 623 Multi-planet systems these are all the planetary systems where there's at least two or more planets in the system And they said what we've noticed in looking at that database is That an extra solar planetary systems the planets all tend to be the same size Unlike the solar system where they have all variety of different sizes you get tiny Mercury all the way up to Jupiter and You know the in terms of the mass differences It's literally a factor of a thousand difference between the smallest one and the biggest one Whereas what's typical in these extra planetary systems the planets all tend to be quite similar Now another trend that we're noticing is that the planets tend to get bigger as you go farther away from the Star and you especially see that in this system. So you got three very similar ones in close Three very similar ones a little farther away, and then you got to about the size of Saturn and Jupiter a little farther out So the biggest one is a little bit bigger than the Jupiter and the smallest one Is a little bit smaller than than Saturn now the other differences These eight planets are all jammed tightly together. They're not spread out So for example here are the solar systems eight planets So you see four in close and then you see the four gas giants quite a bit farther away I mean you've ever seen this before and often people think that it's kind of an even distribution Nothing like that at all Basically, you got four rocky planets in really close and then the gas giants go way out Here's a Neptune Literally more than three billion miles away from the Sun compared to the earth, which is 93 million miles away from the Sun Now what I'm going to do in the next slide is actually show you the Distribution of the distances relative to the solar system Okay. Yes Other screen okay point your other screen because it's where the camera works. Sorry. All right Okay, what you'll notice is all eight of Kepler 90s planets orbit The their star from about the distance of the earth all the way inward Okay, so here we got Mercury and notice you got four Kepler 90s planets Orbiting its star closer than Mercury orbits our star and here's Venus Venus is just a little bit farther away than the 7th planet So seven of the planets are orbiting their star closer than Venus orbits our Sun and Then the earth and the most distant planet are about the same distance from their host stars so This idea that they found a solar system or planetary system just like ours. It's really nowhere near like ours However, it's typical Which you see in Kepler 90 is quite typical of other multi-planet systems The planets all tend to be roughly the same size and they tend to be bunched tightly together Instead of being spread apart like they are in our solar system and this is yes. Go ahead Okay, their star is a bigger and brighter It's almost twice as bright as it's about 20 percent bigger in diameter about 20 percent more massive and It's almost double the brightness of the Sun And it will burn up much more rapidly than our Sun will it's an f-type star as opposed to a g-type star. Yes Well, I'm gonna get to that Okay, we're gonna talk about the Goldilocks zone because this is really the big problem with NASA's announcements About how the fact that we're on the verge of finding a planet that houses life. Yes The orbits are relatively stable However, it would be a big problem in that for example these inner ones are all going to be tidally locked But there's a there's a possibility that all of them are tidally locked so You know earth is just barely far enough away from the Sun not to be tidally locked In fact, if we wait long enough, we will be tidally locked 40 billion years from now. We will be tidally locked so Yeah, 40 billion so you you can put that on your appointment calendar. Yes Well, that's what's interesting is that 20 years ago when they are first discovering planets outside of our solar system They said yeah, they don't look anything like the planets in our solar system because we lack the technology Define planets as small and as distant from their stars. That's no longer the case They've actually found planets the size of Mercury. So the full mass range They've been able to find now. It is true that the greater the distance from the star The more difficult it is to detect the planets, but given that they found these planets We know there aren't Jupiter mass planets as far away from this star as Jupiter is from Mars because yeah They've got the capability detecting that Apparently that's the most distant large planets possible that they've said this in the release This system may wind up with more than eight planets because it's possible you could have small ones Orbiting farther away that we're not able to detect yet or there could be really tiny ones that are orbiting really close Not too likely because the orbit seem to be relatively stable and if you had a lot of other planets orbiting inside That wouldn't be the case Yes Okay, what tidally locked means is what you see with the moon The moon is tidally locked to the earth Which means okay here's how tidal locking works You got the earth here you got the moon here the moon's not that far away And so the gravity of the earth on the near side of the moon is stronger than the gravity on the far side and The difference in those gravitational pulls is enough to slow down the rotation period of the moon and That works until the rotation period is exactly equal to the revolutionary period and So the moon takes 29 days to go around the earth it takes 29 days to rotate once and Consequently we only see one side of the moon as it means by tidally locked all you get is just one side facing it So for example mercury and Venus are tidally locked now They're not perfectly locked like the moon is The moon has rigid just one face towards us all the time What has happened with mercury and Venus is that this tidal locking phenomena? Causes their rotation period to be as long or longer than the revolutionary period Which means for many months of the year just one side faces the Sun and So on mercury for example the front side is blistering hot the back side is super cold So that's what tidal locking means and yes, not a good thing for life Although there's been speculation that maybe life could exist at the twilight zone Some you might be old enough to remember that TV show called the twilight zone Okay, I think they still show that in some channels But yeah, the twilight zone of be that edge where you got tidal locking where you know You're on the front side in the back side, but right at the twilight area you could have the right temperature I'll show you why that doesn't work in a few minutes So yeah, but the plan is tidally locked. It's not a good candidate for life But I might as well jump into this Okay What NASA's been pushing literally since the first extra solar plan has been discovered is their quest to find planets And what they call the habitable zone You say what on earth do they mean by the habitable zone? Well, here's a diagram. It's that distance from the star Where like could conceivably exists now what they have here is what's called the liquid water habitable zone It's the distance from the star where there's a possibility That water could exist on the surface between zero degrees and 100 degrees centigrade or I think somebody was quoting Fahrenheit. Yeah, Dave was 32 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit And so that would be a range of distances and they say have a planet falls within that zone The temperature zone for liquid water Then there's a possibility that light could exist because we know one of the requirements for light is that there be liquid water Okay, yes Well, we're gonna get to that yeah The thickness of the zone depends on what you mean by liquid water We'll get to that but one of the things that you don't hear coming from NASA is that there's more than just one habitable zone I mean, yes water is a requirement another requirement is you have to have ultraviolet radiation They say well, doesn't that give you sunburn? Yes too much ultraviolet radiation Bad for human civilization too much for ultraviolet radiation could even be bad for bacteria Bacteria can handle a little more than we can but you need some ultraviolet radiation Why because some of the biochemical reactions that are essential for life to exist Require ambient ultraviolet radiation. So you need some but not too much So here are some of the other habitable zones. There's the ultraviolet habitable zone the liquid water habitable zone and if you want photosynthetic life There's a good reason why you would like to have photosynthetic life That has a zone independent of the liquid water and ultraviolet habitable zones There's a tropospheric ozone habitable zone And that's based on the fact that you need tropospheric ozone, but too much is Deadly too little is also deadly and rotation through the planet is something that must be fine tuned As well as the tilt of its rotation axis and then there's the tidal locking problem Then what's called the astrophere habitable zone and the latest one to be discovered as the atmospheric electric field habitable zone I'll go into these briefly But if you want the details all you need to do is go to reasons.org and put in habitable zones and three articles They'll pop up or explain this in more detail and give you citations the literature Well, let me go straight to what Dave was talking about There's a big debate on what exactly is the liquid water habitable zone And so the definition that's used by NASA most frequently is what I would call the ephemeral liquid water habitable zone and That would be the zone where you've got a possibility for liquid water Existing for a couple of months on at least a few square kilometers of the planet surface So yeah, that kind of lowers the requirement We're not talking about the possibility of liquid water over the whole of the planet Just simply whether you could get liquid water on a small piece of the planet That kind of opens the door or maybe in the twilight zone You could have a couple of square kilometers or liquid water can exist and yes in the case of Kepler 90 the star is bigger and burns up faster And so there's a time window and so the question is well, how long do you get to keep that liquid water? So as you can see if we're talking simply ephemeral water you could be 39% of the distance from a star like the Sun and still be in the liquid water habitable zone And they give you a point of comparison Mercury is 38% the distance of Earth from the Sun So just put out mercury a little tad further away It would be in the liquid water habitable zone and you can go twice the distance of the earth Astronomical unit is simply a unit we astronomers use which means a distance of the earth away from the Sun So you go double the distance that takes your way beyond Mars So with this definition You would have Venus Earth and Mars in the ephemeral liquid water habitable zone Okay, however, we're talking about liquid water that can remain on the planet for a few million years As opposed to a few weeks or a few months. You notice that the habitable zone shrinks down and I heard they want me over here and So what you realize is Just put the earth 1% closer to the Sun. It's outside the liquid water habitable zone But you can go as far away as 67% farther and you'd still be in the semi permanent liquid water habitable zone and that would include the orbit of Mars and there's some Evidence that indeed Mars four billion years ago There is a brief moment where it had liquid water on its surface, but it didn't last And so that's what we mean by semi permanent. So we actually have physical evidence that the Mars Indeed is in this semi permanent liquid water habitable zone But here's the one down here if you want liquid water to remain on the planet Over a significant fraction of the planet surface for more than a billion years Then the liquid water habitable zone really gets very very tiny. Yes Well, okay today a liquid drop of water evaporates in less than two seconds That's because the boiling point and the freezing point are the same on Mars So that's one reason why if you do get liquid water doesn't last long But yeah, Erty and Mars history and by Erty, I mean four billion years ago You had an atmosphere that was thicker than it has today a lot of carbon dioxide which would attract heat from the Sun and Would have actually made the planet warm enough that you could have liquid water on its surface The reason that was so ephemeral is the liquid water Reacted what the carbon dioxide made carbonic acid which then got converted into carbonates And so what you have on Mars is what's called the carbonate crisis Where the combination of carbon dioxide and liquid water leads to the leaching of the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere The water the atmosphere and the planet becomes cold and dry with very little atmosphere And you'll say how much time would that take? We're talking at most a few million years and maybe much faster than that They say why didn't that happen on the earth? Because in the earth there's a cycle that returns that carbon dioxide those carbonates back into water and Carbon dioxide there's a carbonate cycle going on on the earth because of our plate tectonic activity Which is not the case for Mars And so and you need that long-lasting strong plate tectonics to prevent the carbonate crisis So yeah, we do have carbonates on the earth, but there's a cycling that goes on and so we wind up having Water and carbon dioxide on a permanent basis Okay, now to show you this visually the difference for The ephemeral liquid water look how big the water habitable zone is And so this explains why you got NASA saying We think there are 40 billion habitable planets in our Milky Way galaxy. They're using this definition Well with that definition you're gonna have lots of planets in the liquid water habitable zone But if you're talking permanent liquid water, this is what the zone looks like and that is exaggerated This is what it really looks like Okay, now I can barely see it on my screen here if you turn the lights out you might be able to see it there But yeah, as you can see it's whispered in there it is. Yeah, you can actually see it there so That number of 40 billion is going to drop dramatically Once if you bring that habitable zone down to where it really does exist. Yes well What I tell people is When you see this on the internet you want to go to the peer reviewed papers They tend to be quite concerned. This is what we discovered. This is what we've not discovered The NASA announcements tend to hype it after all there I think they're motivated to try to get funding for their project And then you've got all these people writing blog articles these news outlets They hype it even more than NASA hypes it. So NASA didn't say That this is a habitable system. That's something that the other bloggers and media outlets did Or you know, this is just like our solar system. And so yeah, I've actually read the NASA announcement It's more subdued, but if you read the peer reviewed paper, it's much more subdued than that again And so you know when I write about this I always try to give you a link to the actual Discovery now in this case it hasn't been published yet So I wasn't able to give you the link But what I was able to do is actually describe all the features of this and incidentally hats off to Google Trying to pull a planet out of the database where you already got seven planets and messing up everything That's quite an achievement. So and you know Google is basically saying to NASA We're going to help you find more planets and they probably will that just this week Seven new planets have been found not because they've done any observing. It's simply mining the current database Yes, I got to get in the same line. I'll go to you first I'll go to you first, okay The only Very good point with tidal locking you will get a circular orbit and yeah So what you see for planets or orbiting closer to stars you typically get circular orbits once you get past that you get eccentricities which means the ellipticity of the orbit is much greater than what you see For any of the solar system planets except for Mercury Mercury has a slightly elliptical orbit, but typically you see elliptical Ellipticities even greater than that of Mercury, but that's one of the amazing thing of the solar system planets That's how remarkably circular they are in spite of the fact only two of them are tidally locked So yeah, you were next Well, let me bring you back to the actual slide here. Yeah, here it is 0.5% Change the distance of Earth by 0.5% you're outside that zone Yeah, yeah, just just half a percent is enough to disturb things What do you mean by semi permanent means you got the walk water for several million years Yeah, not just months, but you actually have a several million But again, we're not talking the whole planetary surface. They're okay if it's just part of the surface. Yes It doesn't So yeah, I mean typically if it's they're talking water on the whole planet best you're going to get marine light and you know another factor is You not only need to be a very fine-tuned distance from the star a Planets got to have surface continents and surface oceans Without that you can't recycle the nutrients that will maintain life for a long period of time So it's actually multiple requirements in order to have long-term life. Yes This is what they're talking about which explains why they get such a huge number of estimated Habitable planets for our solar system. That's for the galaxy. They're basically saying 40 billion habitable planets in our Milky Way galaxy Which explains why you got people like Stephen Hawking saying you know what we're messing up planet earth We need to be planning on going somewhere else and with 40 billion planets. There's lots of places to go Well, that's assuming that you got that kind of a wide zone if it's really like this And we're talking human beings. It really is like that Yeah, there's really nowhere to go. We better take care of this planet because there's no getting on spaceships and going to a different planet Yeah, go ahead That's right Well, what's amazing about our planetary system? It's been habitable for 3.8 billion years And I say what's amazing about that that's about the maximum the laws of physics will permit for the entire universe What does that mean? We're going to be soon outside the habitable zone for planet earth. I say why that doesn't sound so good And that's why you got people like Hawking saying hey the end of the line is here. We need to go somewhere else But here's the blessing By God putting us human beings here at the very end of the line We get to reap the treasure chest of 3.8 billion years of biodeposits and use those Biodeposits to build freeways skyscrapers automobiles This amazing high technology affluent Civilization we're enjoying today is thanks to the fact that God put us here last they put us here earlier We wouldn't have those resources to be able to have billions of people in the face of your yeah Your next Well, that's why I'm telling people you know go to the peer-reviewed literature You typically get the honest goods there because these people have to compete with one another and The other thing I noticed that I was dealing with a lot of biologists. He's a past couple of weeks And you know how there's idea that in biology got a toe the party line on physics and astronomy You're actually rewarded for not towing the party line And so challenging people's the standard ideas is really how you advance your career And so when you put it a peer-reviewed article, it will get challenged if there's any possibility of challenging it Yeah, we're already doing that Yeah, so yeah there for a few of the planets we can actually image the planets themselves And there's actually a space mission that's being planned. They'll be able to do that for thousands of planets But right now we're talking maybe 10 where that's been done Outside of our solar system, you know Well, actually they've even found planets in the Andromeda galaxy by using what's called microlensing Where you're using stars that are perfectly aligned with you to create gravitational lenses That allow you to magnify the image by many many times So and but where they've really done in fact, there's an astronomer attending this class from Caltech a few years ago His name is Eric Haggall that I cite him in one of my blog articles That's his research is to use gravitational lensing to see planets tens of thousands of light years away But where they're really reaping a big database is looking towards the center of our galaxy Because that's where the stars are densely packed and you got a high Possibility that you're going to have say two stars perfectly aligned with your telescope With a star behind it where planets are orbiting it where you can actually image the planets What's interesting when they've been able to do that is that they can actually detect what kind of atmosphere the planet has and How much water it has and for the ones that are most Earth like they're typically coming in with between two and 500 times as much water as the earth Not surprising because before the moon forming event earth also was super rich with water Thanks to the moon forming we then we lost almost all our water And so yeah, that's another thing that you need to take into account Is it's simply finding a planet with liquid water is not enough You need to find a planet that doesn't have too much liquid water because of the oceans are thousands of miles deep Which was a case for the pre-mortial earth you won't get continents Just too much water for continents ever to break the surface. Yes It is and that technology doesn't exist beyond our solar system So yeah, I mean they can kind of estimate what the surface temperature might be But to really get a good estimate of the surface temperature of the planet You also need to know the atmospheric components and so Often they're just guessing what the atmosphere is like and therefore saying yeah It might be the right temperature where liquid water could exist Now I do agree that if you got the right temperature you probably will have liquid water Simply because water is just so extremely abundant in universe. I think I've mentioned this before It's the third most abundant molecule in the universe the most abundant is hydrogen 2 The next most abundant is hydrogen 3 then water comes in third So the universe is soaking wet So this idea of following the water well everywhere you go You're gonna have water if you got the right temperature and if you don't have the right temperature You still have water. It'll just be frozen or vapor But yeah, the quest is to find places where there's liquid water, but yeah Your probability is reasonably high given the enormous quantity of water in universe. Yes They have not been detected an asteroid or comets they have been detected on the International Space Station surface However, the International Space Station orbits the earth not too far up and then there's plenty of birth bacteria They get up that high So it's not surprising and then other people said well, maybe the bacteria were there before they sent the stuff up I mean bacteria seems to be everywhere What they've been looking for are the building blocks of the bacteria so they're looking for things like amino acids nucleobases and sugars and so and They've been looking in these interstellar molecular clouds because that's the one place in our galaxy where they could be made In fact as an astronomer I can tell you we do know that the chemistry That's needed to make amino acids is operating inside these dense molecular clouds and Now the one that's been the most prolific and revealing Carbonaceous molecules is Sagittarius B2. It's a really big dense molecular cloud near the center of our galaxy and About a dozen years ago. They announced that they had found glycine in that molecular cloud That's the simplest of the 20 bioactive amino acids And the one that hurry and Miller was able to make and they're a flask experiment However, about five years ago four years ago that claim was withdrawn. It said we misidentified the spectral lines We did not find any glycine now The caveat is this they've been looking for glycine at you know one part or hundred million or greater and So we do know that glycine is not there at say one part per ten million It is there. It's it's at a much lower abundance level now Because we understand the chemistry of what's going on there there they will find glycine But it's probably at a part per billion And it's at a part per billion that's of no help to any origin of life model and In the same context they claim to found a nucleobase in that same molecular cloud And likewise that claim was withdrawn So as of today, we've yet to detect glycine any of the nucleobases And we've not detected any of the five or six carbon sugars that life needs Space sickness well They train the astronauts who are going to go into zero gravity By taking them on what's called the vomit comet Now those of you that are older will remember an airplane that was called the comet. It was a passenger prop plane They still have those NASA has a couple of those and what they do is they take people up in them And they go into a parabolic orbit Where for about a 42nd period you can be completely weightless and so that's how they train Astronauts they put them in the vomit comet, but they call it the vomit comet because the first few times you experience it you throw out Zero your body wasn't really designed for zero gravity And so your stomach strongly reacts when the gravity isn't there So fact there's an article on my website Where I basically said thank God for gravity and basically pointed out how we need one gene and Life gets pretty miserable when the gravity drops to say point eight or one point two We really need it the gravity to be exactly what it is on the surface of the earth for our bodies to be able to walk Fact what was fun as I took my younger son up to the NASA camp in the San Francisco area And they actually let you experience what it's like when you're walking in lunar gravity or Martian gravity They don't let you experience Jupiter gravity because that could do you some really serious harm So it's just lighter gravities, but it's the interesting experience is this you discover You can't walk if the gravity is much different than it was here on earth and Explains why when the astronauts went to the moon they didn't walk they did this bunny bounce It was the only way to stop themselves from falling over and doing themselves serious harm They also had to weigh them down with 250 pounds a gear That extra weight helped simulate a little bit of gravity and enable them to be able to hop short distances But notice the later Apollo missions They sent a vehicle up with them The reason why they gave them a vehicle they knew they couldn't walk a very far couldn't hop a very far distance without doing Themselves serious physical harm. So they would get out of the Apollo Spacecraft get into the vehicle then they would drive around The lunar module that's right. So that's why they put a vehicle on board It's because it really wasn't possible for them to explore a great distance Because of the gravity being so weak. Yes Gravity Well, let's see enigma of planet earth Because the density of a planet should go up as you go closer and closer to the star That's true, but you're not going to get tectonics unless you've got a very dense rocky planet Very heavy Well, but special about our planet earth it only has a lot of iron Which gives you the magnetic field you need to protect life. You have a huge abundance of uranium and thorium Means you'll see in the book improbable planet Compared to what we expect on other rocky planets in our galaxy We have six hundred and thirty times as much thorium per unit volume and three hundred and forty times as much uranium We are literally living on the uranium thorium champion of the universe And it's because of that huge abundance of uranium thorium We've had plate tectonic activity for four billion years and yet you need that if you ever have any hope of advanced life I have a chapter on that an improbable planet where I conclude This may be the only planet in the universe that has that feature of strong enduring plate tectonic activity You can but it won't be long lived Okay Is it possible to say that to establish that gradient you actually do have to have this How else do you establish the gradient other than by this impact of another body and I'm suggesting that as an additional criteria Yes You're on target And you also need the late heavy bombardment and eat all those early events in earth's history are necessary and You know the enigma is Mercury is not the densest body in the solar system. It should be but earth is a densest body in the solar system You look at how far away we are from the earth our density should be half of what it is that it isn't we actually have a density greater than that of mercury and so That's because of our unique history and this is what astronomers are gradually becoming to recognize is that we see in these Extra solar planetary systems is the norm. We have here our solar system is the exception Hey, I've only got another 15 minutes. Let me kind of get through this We've talked about the liquid harder habitable zone. There's the ultraviolet habitable zone And as I said, you need a certain wavelength and intensity of ultraviolet radiation Basically need long wavelength ultraviolet radiation at a certain intensity in order for critical Biochemicals to be synthesized so life is possible, but if you get too much ultraviolet radiation, then it sterilizes the planet the only stars That would have this ultraviolet radiation would be very young F type stars and G type stars That are younger than the Sun Now it's one reason why I'm saying we're ready here pretty quickly Because the Sun is now at the maximum age in which we can remain in the ultraviolet habitable zone as the Sun gets older We'll slip outside that ultraviolet habitable zone But almost all the stars are eliminated from being in the ultraviolet habitable zone Now you say how many? 97% of all the stars in our Milky Way galaxy You're not going to be in the ultraviolet habitable zone Now the situation is more serious than that because for life to be possible your planet has to be Simultaneously in the liquid water habitable zone and the ultraviolet habitable zone and for the vast majority of stars You get the water habitable zone here parmigas the other way around the ultraviolet habitable zone is here where the star is and The water habitable zone is over here. They don't overlap And they don't overlap the planet is not habitable. They both have to overlap Now if you want photosynthetic life It narrows the ultraviolet habitable zone. It's much narrower. You say well, maybe we just do it up photosynthetic life Well, as you see here, there's an advantage to photosynthetic life The metabolic rates are a thousand to ten million times higher than for non photosynthetic life So you have all your goal is to have non photosynthetic life You're okay, but it's only going to be microbes and it's going to be microbes that really don't do much They just kind of survive their whole existence is trying to survive so they're not able to multiply and They're also not going to be able to adapt or evolve and then there's a tropospheric ozone zone Which means that you have to be you know It's ultraviolet radiation in pinging on oxygen that makes ozone So you won't be in the ozone zone unless you got oxygen and that's one thing astronomers are doing They're looking for these planets that we can image and seeing if they can detect oxygen Because if you can't detect oxygen, you won't have ozone. You don't have ozone. You won't have life Because if you got too little ozone and you got life Biochemical smog builds up which kills the life. I Mean trees for example poor huge amounts of smog But it's thanks to tropospheric ozone that smog gets dealt with Now too much ozone means you won't be able to breathe You get respiratory failure if there's too much ozone in the atmosphere And so this is why it's wise to avoid getting too close to certain kinds of electronics now there when I was much younger they had issues with Electronics where they would pump out lots of ozone typically that's not done anymore They are much more cautious But yeah, those of you who are older can remember those days when you get actually smell the ozone coming out of the electronics Well, we're talking 50 60 years ago, I mean now we have electronics where that's no longer a problem But yeah, there was a day when you didn't want to get too close to those things when you kind of had that the smell coming out Of the Bluetooth. Yeah, okay Well, there is some evidence that you got to watch your smartphones because you're putting them by your ear That's really close to your brain And what they tell you is there's no problem as long as you don't have that iphone by your ear more than four hours a day However studies show that there are teenagers that spend an average of nine hours a day on their phones Fortunately, they're doing it down here, which is far enough away from the brain So as long as they're texting for nine hours not a problem, but they're like this for more than four hours a day. Yeah That might explain why your teenagers are behaving the way they are that could be all right now Hearing aids typically aren't an issue, but phones are because you know, there's a lot of a lot of juice there Yeah, and they're transmitting and receiving Okay Yes That's true. Yeah, this is just one part of the fine-tuning requirements But what's interesting is virtually every year that goes by we find another habitable zone I'm trying to keep you up to date with that right now We know of nine there could be more than nine, but there's nine that we know of So these are the first five Okay, the rate at which a planet rotates affects the cloud reflectivity and if you got a faster rotating planet It's going to warm the planet up and likewise the tilt of the rotation axis a higher obliquity Will warm the planet up and this is where you run into problems with tidal locking Okay, where you got tidal locking and the vast majority of habitable planets that NASA has discovered what they call habitable They're tidally locked the vast majority are tidally locked, but their idea is well Maybe we could have liquid water on the twilight zone the problem with tidal locking is that it moves water from the day side to the night side and when you move water from the day side to the night side it freezes and So it permanently goes into a frozen state. So what it means is if you got tidal locking Yeah, you're gonna have water there But it's all going to be ice because the vapor and the liquid on the day side is going to move To the night side where it will freeze and be unavailable for life The other thing about tidal locking how you already heard it forces the planet into a near-circuitly perfect orbit The other thing it does it forces the tilt to go to zero So our tilt is 23 and a half degrees where you got tidal locking it puts it right back up at zero Which means you're not going to get the climate variability that we have here in the earth Which means you're only going to have a limited part of the planet where life would be possible and If you want to avoid tidal locking The Sun the stars mass has got to be equal to the Sun's to within 1% You say well, couldn't you just have a bigger star and move farther away of the bigger star You're now going to have more intense radiation coming up in that star. You're going to have more ultraviolet radiation Which is going to take it outside the ultraviolet habitable zone and the bigger the star the faster it burns up and the more it's going to change in its luminosity and that's a problem for life and so My friends who are involved in the search for extraterrestrial intelligent life I've been telling them don't even think about it unless the star is within 1% of the mass of the Sun If it's not that close to the mass of the Sun, you know from the stars characteristics itself There is no possibility for anything more advanced than microbes on that planet and Then a more recently discovered one is the astrosphere habitable zone. It's basically making a point that our planet earth is Delicately balanced between us being zapped by solar radiation and us being zapped by cosmic radiation And so the wind and the radiation coming up in the Sun pushes the way the cosmic radiation But it's such that we're at that delicate point where we get equally blasted by solar radiation and cosmic radiation Which means that the cosmic radiation doesn't kill us and the solar radiation doesn't kill us They balance one another off, but that means that your planet has to be at that point And that's another reason why you don't want to go with a bigger star because a bigger star is going to blast out a lot more stellar radiation And that will take you outside the habitable zone. Yes Okay Let me just finish this up then since I am running out of time The last one discovered is the atmospheric electric field and this is another reason why all those planets and NASA tells you are habitable The vast majority are not why because they're orbiting their stars closer than the earth orbits the Sun and They've been able to measure the atmospheric electric field on Venus. It's about 10 volts and Because it's 10 volts those 10 volts will completely desiccate the planet so explains why Venus is bone dry So if you got an apt now mercury doesn't have an atmosphere But if it's got an atmosphere you need an atmosphere for light if you got an atmosphere And it's that close to the star it will have an electric field strong enough that'll desiccate the planet And so earth is far enough away where our voltage is a little bit below two volts not strong enough to desiccate a planet But yeah planets closer. There is that problem and let me just wrap up with this The duration and how long a planet can stay in a habitable zone. It depends on the organism So if you're talking non-photosynthetic microbes The duration is much longer than it is for photosynthetic microbes And then if we're talking eukaryotes where you got a nucleus in the cell The duration shrinks down and for talking human beings that drops down to a few tens of thousands of years So the habitable duration for us is very very short And one reason why it's so short is we have to be here when we're not being zapped by big flares Matter of fact, what's really amazing is we're in a window at time right now Where there's been no Carrington events in the last hundred and fifty years 1859 there is a major flare that knocked out the worldwide telegraph system Even ignited some telegraph bowls caught fire Some telegraph operators were getting electric shocks as a result of this solar flare and The flare was so bright that it caused a aurora borealis to be seen in Colorado and Utah Where miners there thought it was daytime when in fact it was a middle of the night You could read newspapers by it if that were to happen today. It would shut down the electric power grid and fat Report came out from our government federal government where it said if we were to have an event like that That was twice as strong as what happened in 1859 We could be without electric power for a period of two years Now they say now. What's the big deal about that hundred years ago? Here's the big deal The big I think I talked about this before in the class. Let me just wrap it up But here's the big deal if you don't have an electric power grid the maximum population Sustain in the United States is about 35 million people Our population is 335 million So we need to get that power grid up in a hurry and right now We don't have the transformer stirrer's capacity to get it up any faster than about two years Which is why our government is actually thinking about building a big factory that can turn out 30,000 transformers in a space of a few weeks. It'd be expensive. That's a great insurance policy Why because in 1770 I was 1765 There was a Carrington event twice as powerful as the one that happened in 1859 So even now we're at risk, but here's the good news There isn't a single star in a Milky Way galaxy where the flaring activity is less than what we have here In our solar system. We're living in the most flair safe place in our Milky Way galaxy So yeah, as you go home today enjoy your lunch You might want to thank God for the fact that he put us on the safest We're orbiting the safest star in a Milky Way galaxy However, I mean within a few hundred years we could have an event I won't kill you. It won't ruin your crops, but it sure can do a mess to your GPS system And so don't get too dependent on GPS I say that because a research paper got published where it said that people under the age of 35 Living in high technology nations like the United States. Their hippocamas is shrinking That's the part of the brain that helps you find where you are. It's a direction finder and Zep's part of the brain shrinks And it's just like what happens I mean you're dealing with the fact that you got muscle atrophy that you have to kind of get those muscles back Same thing happens with the brain, you know use that part of the brain it disappears And if your GPS system goes out you're in real trouble, so I just thought I'd end this class with some really good news So once in a while try to find where you're going without your GPS system Just to make sure that part of the hippocamas doesn't completely disappear without let me close in prayer Father in heaven We thank you for this time of the year we get to celebrate your incarnation Thank you that you the creator decided to come and spend time with us as a baby as he went into the human body and Show us an example of a perfect morality and show us Lord the pathway by which we can receive Eternal life and communion and love with you Thank you for this time of the year We have so many opportunities to share with people who are not yet believers in Jesus Christ the good news that you came 2000 years ago and Lord that you yourself provided a means by which we can be saved from all the Disasters that are bound to come here on the earth You've paved a way you've got a new planet for us way beyond physics of this universe And though we look forward to that we look forward to the time we get to celebrate at the Christmas party the Matthews of this evening May that be a time of great joy and celebration in Jesus name. Amen Thank you