 ಸಾದೃರರಿರಿಟೆ ಕ್ಯಮಾದ ರಾಸುದಲಿರಿಗಾಾದ್ಟಿನ ಅದದುತಿತೆಯಾಸು ಮಾದಲೆಟ್ಯತಿದಲಿವಿಕ್ ಮಿದ್ರಸು ಮಾದಳವಿದಿರಾಯನೀ ವಾದ್ಟದ್ಟಿನಿದ್ಕೂ​ನ್​ಟಿಲ್ ಕಮರಸದಲಿಕೆ ಲಿ�  Photoshop ॥ কাদতা ট� candies কไeightন estão �末� tabOURT socialism and ঒��仵ং�整 সডিন unemploy�� bags based crazy ব� possess specialists পি� bracelets� кот shops সিনুপ raises গ্ですね when app to Ashseld And mathematical principles ইইইরাআ�范িক�iddh Paarl Stribs 예� bisschen Up Design Manufacturing inherited Assessment Electrical�৒视 is that branch of engineering science which deals with the electrical phenomena or it is that branch of engineering science which relates with the problems associated with the large scale electrical system for example generation. Let us define current. Current is the flow of electrons. Mathematically it is given by I is equal to dq by dt that is rate of change of charge per unit time. Unit of the current is ampere. Potential difference it is the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from one point to another point. Its unit is volts. Ohm's law voltage across the conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through that conductor. Mathematically it is given by V is equal to I into R where V stands for voltage current and IR stands for resistance. Here is the circuit DC supply shown by a battery then a resistor is connected across it across a resistor there is a voltmeter to read the voltage across this resistor that is the voltage drop across it and a emitter in series with them. So, when the battery is turned on the current will flow through the resistance and if you take the readings of emitter and voltmeter it will definitely satisfy the Ohm's law V is equal to I into R for a given value of a resistance. Sign conventions here a resistor is shown across which a voltage drop is V1 current flowing is I1. If my directional pressing is from top to bottom current is also having a same direction I1 current and my direction if it is same the drop is said to be negative and if in the second second figure I2 which is going in the upward direction and if I am coming my tracing direction is from positive to negative that is my tracing direction and the correction direction I2 are opposite in that case we can say that it is a positive drop and if my direction and the I2 direction is correct due to the same direction it will be a negative voltage drop. Similar for the power Kirchhoff's voltage law it is a fundamental conservation law here energy cannot be created nor it is destroyed. A statement of this KVL is the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path equals to 0. It can be also stated that algebraic sum of the product of currents and resistances in each of the conductors in any closed path in a network plus the algebraic sum of the EMFs in the path is 0. Here is the equation summation of IR IR means it is a voltage drop across each and every resistance in a closed path plus summation of number of sources is equals to 0. Here again circuit diagram is shown for the Kirchhoff's voltage law a battery supply VS then two series resistances R1 and R2. Here same current I is flowing through R1 and R2. Here the loop is shown consisting of a closed loop starting from VS R1 R2 and back to negative terminal of the voltage supply VS DC supply. Here according to KVL VS must be equals to I into R1 plus I into R2 that is the supply voltage must be equals to the drop across R1 plus drop across R2. Kirchhoff's voltage law. Now if we trace the circuit in clockwise direction some of the voltage drops will be. Let us start from voltage source V1 so I am going from positive terminal to the negative terminal since I am tracing this circuit in clockwise direction. So it is minus V1 then coming to V2 it is from positive to negative my direction is from positive to negative so it will be a minus V2. Next the third source is V3 again it is from positive to negative so that will be considered as V3. So in clockwise direction in summary the equation will be minus V1 minus V2 minus V3 equals to 0. Now if we trace the same circuit in anticlockwise direction the equation will become V1 plus V2 plus V3 is equals to 0. The reason behind this why the sign is changed for V1 V2 V3 from negative to positive because while going from the anticlockwise direction I will first meet to a negative terminal of the battery then the last terminal will be positive for all these three cases that is V3 V2 and V1. So that is why the equation will be V1 plus V2 plus V3 is equals to 0. Now here is the question find VAD and VFC. Here is the answer VAD from going VAD it is the voltage at terminal A with respect to terminal D that is D is considered as a common or reference point. So while finding out the voltage VAD I will start from point 8A and I will reach to D. Coming back to this earlier slide D I will start now from D here is a 12 volt so after point D first is the 12 volt plus then it is minus minus sign is there so it's a minus 12 volt then C point then at 10 volt again it is plus to minus again it is minus 10 and from from B onwards it's a again minus 8 volt and finally 20 volt it is plus 20 volt. So the equation becomes VAD is equals to minus 12 minus 10 minus 8 plus 20 so comes out to be VAD is equals to minus 10 volt. Now VFC how is VFC so that is the voltage at potential at point F with respect to C C being considered as a common or reference point. So VFC I will start from C now first is a 12 volt it is from negative to positive that will be a positive drop then D after D it's a 30 volts that will be negative minus 30 volts then point E then 15 volts it is minus 50 minus 2 plus 15 so the equation becomes VFC minus 12 plus 30 minus 15 equals to 0 and finally VFC is equal to minus 3 volts. Kirchhoff's current law it is also called as point law statement the algebraic sum of current meeting at the at the junction is 0 in other words sum of currents entering the junction is equals to the sum of the currents series circuit in this circuit we are having a battery between terminals 1 and 4 between terminals 1 and 2 it's a R1 between 2 and 3 it's a R2 and between 3 and 4 it's a R3. The series circuits it's a simple series combination of various resistances here I have shown 3 resistances R1 R2 R3 connected across a single voltage source if you observe if you observe these are the same current flows through the circuit okay and the voltage drop is V1 V2 V3 which is the voltage drop across 3 resistances must be equals to this supply voltage. Parallel circuit here is the parallel circuit R1 R2 R3 they are parallel that is they are connected across supply voltage okay here the most important property of the parallel circuit is there is a division of the current okay here another important property is the same voltage supply voltage is appearing across R1 R2 and R3 here there is a division of the current equivalent resistance of the network is 1 upon R equivalent is equals to sum is equals to summation of reciprocals of all resistances voltage divider is a simple circuit having a single voltage source and a series resistance network through which we can derive number of voltages to be fed to the different networks that is we can derive two or more voltages from a single voltage source current division this rule is applied to only two parallel resistances such that battery is shown across two parallel resistances R1 R2 total current IT is equals to summation of I1 plus I2 here I can write as I1 is equals to IT into opposite parallel resistance R2 upon R1 plus R2 whereas I2 is equals to total current IT into R1 opposite resistance R1 upon R1 plus R2 specific resistance what is the difference between resistance and resistivity? resistance is R is equal to rho L upon A whereas resistivity resistor resistivity is rho is equal to RA upon L resistance is dependent on temperature then nature of the material as well as area and length whereas resistivity depends only on temperature and the nature it doesn't depend upon late and the area and this is said to be intrinsic intrinsic property because if the amount is amount of the material change the resistivity is not going to change but the resistance will definitely will change that is R is equal to rho L upon A this is the reference I have taken the reference from BL Theraja