 Okay, we might make a start now. It's my great privilege to do the acknowledgement today, the acknowledgement of country. And we are greeting our visitor today on the Ngunnawal and Nambri lands. And as you survey the scenery behind our speaker, have a think about the 30,000 years that they've looked after the land and how as a shared contribution to that land we might all do that together. At that point, I'd like to introduce our President and Vice Chancellor of the Australian National University, Brian Schmidt. Thank you, Tim, and welcome everyone. I'm glad to see that we're taking the undergraduate approach, which is to spread out across the entirety of the auditorium. Anyway, so Tim, thank you for your acknowledgement to country and I too pay my respects to elders past and present of the Ngunnawal Nambri people. So it is a great pleasure today to welcome Deputy Director General Najat Mokhtar this afternoon to the Australian National University and to host the IAEA once again. Of course, this year is not like other years. There is a new focus on, I guess, atomic energy and its regulation in this country due to decisions of the Australian federal government. Dr. Mokhtar was trained in food and health sciences, holds degrees from Laval University in Canada and the University of Dijon in France. So I think you're a double doctor. Yes, a real glutton for punishment. She went on to be a Fulbright fellow at Johns Hopkins and then held several senior positions within Morocco. For the past decade, Dr. Mokhtar has worked at the IAEA being section head in the Human Health Division, then division director for Asia and the Pacific in the Department of Technical Cooperation before being appointed to a present role in January 2019. She has enormous experience in the benefits of nuclear science and what it can bring for humanity. And today, Najat will address how nuclear science can help address global challenges and I think this is gonna be one of the important things for us here in Australia to get our heads around is that we need to have a program here that goes beyond just a very small specific thing to do with nuclear submarines, but rather one that brings all the good things it can into society. It is a very broad and important topic and one that I think universities need to make sure we get behind and do the best to promote a whole of society set of activities. And I think in this sense, A&U has a special role in Australia in this regard and I see a very diverse audience from medical science to plant sciences to physicists, of course, mathematicians, so a whole range of people here today. And I guess it will be very exciting, as I said, to get your perspectives and for me, I have a long promise to come and visit Vienna to the agency and hopefully when I'm no longer vice chancellor, I will be able to go meet my niece and nephew who live in Vienna and come and finally visit. So without further ado, I'll hand over to yourself. Thank you very much. And it's really an honor for me to be here with you all and in Australia and Canberra and with the students and with the senior fellow colleagues. It brings me back to 20 years ago. I was also a professor at university teaching biochemistry and food science and nutrition and really happy to see this beautiful auditorium. Very nice. I don't know how much you know about the IEA. But I guess, yeah. This is, I don't know if you have visited the International Atomic Energy here with our three buildings. My office is in the left one. We have 175 member states. We are 2,500 staff at the IEA, but we have other UN organization or so that we are on the same site like UNIDO, UNUSA, the space agency and others. Going back to the agency, this is what you hear always in the news, isn't it, that nuclear source find in Libya, the head of the agency Watchdog, this is what they call the agency Watchdog, is going to Iran, it's going to Russia, it's going to Ukraine. But I think many of you maybe don't know that the agency has also an other helmet, which is the useful use of nuclear technology for good and for helping member states for better well-being, for health and well-being. Let me just walk you through a little bit of history of the agency to really show you that it's all started with peaceful use of nuclear technology. Sorry, go back to you. This is back in 1953 in New York when the president, the US president, Eisenhower, yes, I always have problem with names, called for a new organization, new agency to really tackle atoms for peace. And if you allow me, I want just to say few words in the world of the president, Eisenhower himself, the more important responsibility of this atomic energy agency would be to devise methods, whereby this fissionable material would be allocated to serve the peaceful pursuit of mankind. Experts would be mobilized to apply atomic energy to the need of agriculture, medicine, and other peaceful activities. A special purpose would be to provide abundant electricity in the power-starved area in the world. So it's all started with the call to use atomic energy for peaceful use. And then here is the first site of the agency in 1957, if you have been to Vienna. This is the, you see, international atomic energy. I think is a, which hotel was that? The Grand Hotel, Grand Hotel of the city of Vienna, where the office of the agency was there. And this is the signing between the first agency, Mr. Kohl, the first DG of the agency with the prime minister of Austria. Again, as you have heard that President Eisenhower calling for the application of atoms for peace. This is the first laboratory, mobile laboratory back in 1958, donated by the U.S. to start doing some research in Vienna. And this is the Hofburg, if you can see, this is the Palace Hofburg, one of the beautiful palaces in Vienna at the center. So you see, just I want to bring you back that it's all about peaceful use. It's all about using harnessing the atoms for peace, harnessing the atoms for medicine, for food and agriculture. Then of course to harness the atoms, you need to do research, you need labs, you need to develop technology. And this is the first groundbreaking of the laboratories that we have in Vienna, Cybersdorf laboratory. It's 50 kilometers from Vienna. And this is the DG, Kohl, you know, in the groundbreaking, putting this token about first laboratory, IEL laboratory. This has been like 61 years ago. And of course now old labs. So we started since 10 years, refurbishing these labs. Oh, sorry, let me go back here. Those are the first research in these labs. As you can see here, this is a scientist trying to study the response to radioactivity, iodine, radioactive, assess the radioactivity in tire with cancer. And here you see this portable centigraphy. This is kind of, we have now a laboratory and I will show you, I hope I have a photo of the dosimetry lab in this presentation. And here the greenhouse, which is still there by the way, where we were looking at varieties of rice here, being treated by radiation and looking for new, breeding for new varieties of rice. So this is just to bring you back again on the type of research. This is back in 1962, being done in the labs. Then again in New York, the member states were worried about the level of radioactivity in oceans. And they have asked, tasked the agency to do some measurement and to do some, initiates a program to help countries monitoring radioactivity around the world. And here where Monaco, Principity of Monaco offered the infrastructure to host those laboratories, marine laboratories in Monaco. And the first lab was at the Oceanography Museum. If you haven't visited, I strongly recommend beautiful museum in Monaco back to 1966. And here where the building, you see up there, the building, those are our laboratories are on the right side, the three levels of the three laboratories in Monaco, tackling marine environment. And here the parents on the Monaco and our director general, formal director general, Al-Baradei in the opening ceremony. I'm not going into details what we do, maybe if you have a question on marine environment and it will come maybe in the discussion here. Just here to highlight that agency and through the director general, we got the Nobel Peace Prize. I was honored to be among the staff at that time. And you can see here all the name of all the staff, recognition of the work of the staff to the peaceful youths at that time in 2005. And the prize, the money got followed on this occasion, director general Al-Baradei and the late Amano Diji, they have dedicated this money to do some research on cancer and on child malnutrition. And at that time, my background, I was involved in bringing building capacity building in human nutrition. Again, on the laboratories, as I have told you, 61 years. And those labs, they host fellows, we do science with the research and it was about time to renovate them. And it took us 10 years, almost, 2023. Those are now our new laboratories. This is the sterile, I don't know if we have a, yes, this is the sterile insect laboratory where we use radiation to sterile male insects and release them in the wild so that they can depress the population of insects and then we get rid of insect pests, like the fruit fly, for example. And this is environment-friendly technology where we have been applying this, it's in many countries, particularly in Latin America. We'll get, and in U.S. as well, bringing income generation to many farmers. Here on this, oh, sorry, coming back. Here we have our agriculture laboratory, three laboratories. We have joined center with FAO where we really apply the technology throughout the spectrum from soil and water monitoring, plant breeding, animal health, food safety, and insects and pest control. So we are almost finishing in 2024. We are going to have eight new, brand new laboratories. And again, you are welcome to visit. We host almost 1,500 visitors per year and we host hundreds of fellows from all over the world and we do science there, CRPs, what we call Coordinated Research Program, where we bring institutions from developed and developing countries to work on common issues like water, soil and plant production, human health, it's environmental monitoring, marine environment. We are working with more than 1,000 institutions worldwide. And let me then give you just a brief on the application that we are doing. Of course, what we do is always, because we are dealing with radiation, we make sure that safety and security is taken care of. And of course, those are the three main pillars of the work we do at the agency, safeguarding and verification, making sure that the declaration of nuclear material at the control level is well-monitored. Safety and security, making sure that all the work that we are doing using nuclear radiation is following the safety and security guidelines and of course, the science and technology which is in the department I'm heading right now. The work we do, as I have mentioned, take several goals from human health to food security, water security, environmental monitoring and marine environment as well. And of course, all the work we do, it's linked to the sustainable development goals we are directly involved in nine SDGs and we're indirectly linked to almost all of the SDGs. Let me just give you some examples here on water. What we do, and I think some of you at Unstop particularly, we were working with them, is really to use stable and radioisotope two-date water, underground water to look at the aging. As you know, more old is the water, more hard to refurbish that water. So, given this information to policy makers, they can have this data to manage better their underground water. So, where is the water? How old is it? How good is it? And how long that water can stay there? And of course, this is linked to the cycle of water, surface water, also the precipitation. The agency holds the biggest database on precipitation called Global Network on Precipitations. So, this is very useful and we are modeling this so you can predict and you can tell to the country about the water reserves in the coming five or 10 years. This is very useful and we are building capabilities throughout the world now, looking at how we can build capacities, network of labs, water labs, so that the water has no borders. So, we need to really communicate among countries. This is about agriculture. As I told you, we have a joint center with FAO where we use technology to look at varieties of plants that they are resistant to diseases, varieties of plants that they can grow on saline soil, for example. And this is very useful, particularly now we are talking about climate change. This is global issue. And so far we have more than 3,000 varieties of plants. You name it, rice, barley, wheat. And this is very useful also in terms of yield and in terms of resistant to diseases. After that, we, of course, we look also at the harvest and the nuclear technology can preserve food. This is food safety aspect. We build technologies, we build laboratories, we infrastructure in countries to make sure that the food is safe from contaminants, but also from pests through radiation. If you radiate, for example, an apple, it can stay for more than one year on your desk and you have experienced that. And what are the same? So that's an aspect that you don't need to use any other aspects to get rid of the pests. We also use irradiation for, I said for sterile insects, I have mentioned this before, to also, which is an environment from the technology to get rid of fruit flight, for example. But now we are using it also for mosquito to get rid of the dengue fever, some aspects of malaria, et cetera. Animal Health is a big program in our laboratories and we are building more than 145, I think 45 animal laboratories veterinary worldwide to really use the technology, RT-PCR, biosafety cabinets and radiation to empower vaccines. This is also a new area and this has been this laboratory, has been very instrumental during COVID-19, provided support to many countries on the detection of COVID. On human health, also it's a big program at the agency. We cover human health from prevention, nutrition program. I have mentioned this morning that we are building a database on local food like arborigen foods where we look at nutritional value but we look beyond that, we look at the absorption in the body and if the products or the food, we say it's rich in iron, how much of that iron is efficient and to really enhance the iron content in the body. Moving also to diagnosis, we nuclear medicine, you know, you go to the dentist, it's X-ray, you have all done CT scan or PET scan. So this is also an area, we don't build the machine but we train healthcare, health staff on the machine. We make sure that the radiation is used in proper way. We make sure that the education models are, education documents are also shared by with universities and we work together really to use digital learning in this area. Radiotherapy, radiation medicine, radiotherapy is also a big program. This is in our lab. You remember I showed you the first laboratory of dosimetry on iodine, thyroid cancer. This is the latest linear accelerator for radiotherapy. So here we don't treat patient but here we train, we make sure that the dose is enough, is not too much, not too little and we are providing services to more than 3,000 laboratories worldwide. So this send us the dose, we make sure we calibrate and we return back and we do a lot of proficiency testing. This is also a WHO collaborating center. We have, this is a part of the dosimetry work that we are doing. This is on human health. I hope I covered it. Of course, this industrial application is a big topic. Also, we have a department of physics and chemistry. We don't have a big accelerator at our site but we collaborate with other centers like here with ANSTO on using the radiation technology for to help in industrial development here, for example, cables. This is in Brazil where we worked with them to develop e-beam technology to strengthen the cable, car cables, for example, sterilization of medical materials, syringes, masks, et cetera. Sterilization of food, you saw, this is the ox, I think, for also to make, for also safety aspects and of course, radiopharmaceutical aspects. Again, here we have a big program on, I hope, yeah, radiopharmaceutical production. We have a program that we help countries setting the facility, making sure that they are using, they are producing radiopharmaceutical in safe and secure manner. However, unfortunately, production of radiopharmaceutical or radiation medicine is not widely distributed in the world. There are few countries that they have the luxury to have access to radiation medicine or access to radiopharmaceutical or even access to radiation technology or industrial application. Still a lot work to be done ahead. And now, moving to marine environment, or environmental assessment in general, we have lab on terrestrial environment and I mentioned we have marine laboratories in Monaco and here, mainly, we help member states to produce good data. And to do that, we need standards and this is what we do, we produce standards. This is, even we don't have sea, this is whatever you want to measure in the sea, you need to use to compare it to the Vienna water standards that we have produced in our laboratories. The CO2 for greenhouses, green gas houses was produced in our lab, the standard of CO2. We have hundreds of standards that we produce and we produce also with our collaborating centers to make sure that the measurements are done properly. We run also proficiency testing with many labs. Yearly, we have at least 50 proficiency testing worldwide in many area to monitor the environment but to monitor also marine environment. As I've told you, we have been doing this for 60 years but we are not funding agency. We are technical agency. So with the research in our lab, once the proof of concept is there, it's being transferred to the member states for sustainability. Transfer to the member states, we don't scale, we just teach them how to use the technology. We train, we set small facility, we help them having, again, proof of concept but then it's up to the country to scale it up because then it needs funding. When our director general, Mr. Gross, he came on board, he said we need to do something because we cannot just transfer this technology and see it sitting there because usually we are not talking to finance minister or to the minister of agriculture or to the minister of health. We are talking to technical institutions that they need to take this technology and build it there and then when you have that hub, it has to be communicated in the country but of course we always face the stigma of nuclear. Being a nuclear organization, whatever comes, as soon as you say the word nuclear, the people will run away and they don't want to talk to us, particularly when you go and say, I can help you in agriculture. You say, well, FAO is there, they can help us in agriculture or on human health. Well, what is the role of WHO? So all these questions about what is the role of the IA, why IA is here, why IA is working on human health or in agriculture or other areas. So we need to find this niche that we are part of the puzzle. We are not coming to compete with WHO or with FAO. We are coming to be part of the solution, to bring the solution on board. Technology, technology driven and this is the message that we are trying to communicate all the time. Director General said during the COVID-19, for example, he said, if member states came to IAEA asking for help to fight COVID-19, it's because they know IAEA first, do you know what we can do, what we can deliver and because they need us, they need help. We provided help to more than 300 laboratories and after that, our Director General said, this is not the last pandemic, we will have others, it's better be ready. And this is why he launched an initiative called Zodiac, Zoonotic Diseases Integrated Action, which aimed mainly at making sure that developing under developing and least developed countries, they have the necessary infrastructure to be able to go and see what is out there to analyze, detect viruses, pathogens that can be of threat to humans. Until this has been launched like two years ago, now we have 128 laboratory worldwide where we are building this capability, doing training together and sharing the best practices in a platform that you can, by the way, you can visit. It's IAEA, Zodiac.IAEA.org. Zodiac.IAEA.org. So you can have all the information available. We do also research here because we want to know what could be out there in each and every region that can be of threat to humans. So we go sample soil, environment, water to be able to detect these pathogens. As I mentioned, we have marine environment program, very rich. Every year we have visitors in October, we have member states, we have the ambassadors coming to visit the marine laboratory in Monaco. We had the honor to have the ambassador from Australia visiting last year. And here we look at, I mentioned the radioactivity in oceans with 180 laboratories. But in addition to that, now we are looking also at climate change, ocean acidification, the ocean warming and solutions like blue carbon, how we can measure the blue carbon, how we can monitor it. And here is about plastics. All of us, we know that plastic is problem worldwide. Microplastic is problem worldwide, but how we measure it? How we assess it? Where are the data? There are none, nowhere. And as we speak, member states are discussing of a treaty that they should be signing to get rid of plastic. How we can monitor that treaty? And this is what our laboratory in Monaco with other laboratories including ANSTU here in Australia. We are developing best methods, guidelines, how to measure microplastics, how to monitor it. And also we are looking at upstream part, how we can use radiation technology to recycle plastic, how we can change the structure of the plastic, recycle it to another product that can be reused or amalgamate to another product. Oops, sorry, I did something wrong. Yeah, yeah. Just going back to the plastic part, we are also looking at how we can use, produce biodegradable plastic and this is something that we are doing with ANSTU, looking at the biomass, radiating biomass with some chemicals and producing biodegradable plastic. This is a cool part that we are really looking forward. I mentioned the health program at the IEA and here again our director general launched initiative called Raise of Hope because maybe here in Australia everyone has access to radiation medicine to diagnosis but I'm from Morocco, I'm from Africa. Morocco maybe we have some linear accelerators but 70% of African population they don't have access to radiation medicine. So that means because they are in Africa their faith is already there, you got cancer, you don't have access to radiation medicine, you can't, you don't have money to go to another country, you are going to die. This is analytical and unacceptable and this is what we are fighting for at the IEA is to really that wherever you leave should not decide on how long you are going to leave and the idea is to team up with developed countries to team up with banks, with donors to build radiation medicine, to build nuclear medicine diagnosis, early diagnosis and to build radiotherapy centers to make sure that each and everyone have access to radiation. I was saying that one month ago I was in Morocco and there is this woman that leaves 700 kilometers far away from the capital. She was diagnosed with breast cancer when late and she has to go for treatment, she has to travel to the capital and then she was given an appointment seven for seven months. She died because she could not wait and the cancer does not wait and this is unacceptable so we have to do something about it. Now we have countries coming to be part of this initiative and we already started with some countries in Africa, we need everyone, everyone because the work at hand is really so too big to close the gap but we have to start somewhere. Water is an issue everywhere and I heard also Australia it's a big issue and I showed you that we can use the technology really to manage better water resources. In Australia maybe it's possible because wonderful scientists, wonderful infrastructure but in countries like Niger or Mauritania, Morocco as well, water is a problem but to manage water we need data and we have been in New York with Nora like in March where the underwater summit, the UN water and everybody was saying we need data to manage water we cannot just wait for precipitation and see okay well my well I will have some water in my well so we need to build these capabilities, the science science for policies and this is what we are doing now is we are launching a network of laboratories, water laboratories that will be able to monitor, map the water resources and provide this data to policy makers to manage better for example agriculture program. Yeah we all heard about artificial intelligence and big data et cetera so we cannot talk about science without talking about artificial intelligence without talking about big data. At the agency we have almost 20 databases where this is wealth where we can do some modeling and we can provide some information to the member states so we are next week we are having a big meeting at the IAEA where we looking at how AI for good how artificial intelligence we can use it to really harness the technology but to provide support on all those topics that I have mentioned to you. And of course to harness digital artificial intelligence and digital in general we cannot work in silos. We need mathematicians, we need physics specialists, we need medical doctors to work together to be able to find the solution to the problem at hand to the agriculture et cetera. So this is also new era where we really as scientists we need to go and knock at the door next door to say hey what are you working, what are you doing and to see how you can help me and how it can help you with the work I'm doing. And again here as organization we cannot work alone we don't have the silver bullet solution and that's why we need to work with other organizations. I've mentioned to you that here we are signing with France Presort Initiative that also prepare for a pandemic preparedness and we are working together with FAO, with WHO et cetera. So we need to complementarities with academia, with industry, with also international organizations. I mentioned that science cannot be just in our corner our lab working in science. We need to spread the word and go out and talk about the work we do. When I go out it happened to me that I was talking to a colleague from UN organizations just going to see how we can collaborate. And when I told her I'm coming from IEA and we use nuclear technology she said I don't want to talk to you at all because I have nothing to do with nuclear. So it just already when we hear the word nuclear people the runway and this is where we need to really talk about bring the youth, bring the to understand it, open mind, open to science and because this is the future, not only nuclear technology but science in general. So science and diplomacy it's an area that we need also to develop further and this is what we're trying to work on also at the IEA. I think I'm almost there, thank you very much and I hope I did not make you sleep after lunch. So thank you and I'll be open to questions. Thank you. Thank you very much, Dr. Mehta. I might leave you that and I'll. Thank you very much for your wonderful talk. I'm curious as to, it looks like you have a lot of really fascinating initiatives going on. I'm wondering how we can best get involved and contribute to some of the work that IEA is working on. Thank you. You can reach out to us as I have said like for example on Zodiac we have a website for the cancer initiative. Also we have a website that it's there and we will come anyone who want to come on board and contribute either through us to spread the word. We need young women and young men to really be with us and wherever they go they can talk about the work we do. So you can reach out to us, I can give you my business card, here is Nora, I can also give you hers but also reach out to, what is cancer for all? Hashtag, cancer for all? Cancer care for all, okay. So we have, if you go to the IEA website you will find some information but feel free to reach out to me and I can give you more information. Thank you, well thank you for your interest. I think we have a question here, right? Thanks so much and I completely agree with the previous question which is the breadth of what you support is really impressive but that brings us with its own challenge which is how do you set priorities for a very busy agency with limited resources, so many problems to tackle? Do you set them by region? How do you decide, for example, for the Asia Pacific where the agency will focus its energies and efforts for the next 12 months? So what did that provide? Okay, very good question. We have procedures. On research, we said the topic of research, this is agency, our technical staff, they said the topic of research based on the global issues like climate change, we look at what nuclear technology can do. Once we call on a couple of experts they put the concept together and we call for proposal from institutions so they come, any country can participate. You go to on our website, you will see the call for proposal for research. This is building research capacity in countries. That's one part. Once the research is set and we have proof of concept, then we transfer to the member states. How? Member states, they will come to us, let's say Nepal will come and say, well, it's not nuclear power country but they will say I want support on water and health and agriculture maybe. So we have a document called country program framework where countries set these priorities. And then we work with the country so we transfer the technology, we say, okay, which institution you want us to work with? You will name our counterpart and we start training and building this capability. That's one side. Now on this big initiative that I have mentioned like Zodiac or raise of hope, we call countries that they want to come and participate with us. So they will send us a formal letter and say, okay, I want to be part of Nutek plastic. I want to be part of Zodiac. But then here we look again at the country and if they develop it like Australia, Australia will be partner in this initiative. Australia will accompany us to give services to Southeast Asia, to small island states, et cetera. So this is how we collaborate. Now on how to choose, how we choose those topics is again globally cancer is a big issue and we have the mandates of radiation medicine. Zoonotic disease is still a big issue. Each one who can do whatever they can contribute and is not enough. Food security, food safety, et cetera. So this is how we operate. We choose global priorities. There's one. Thanks so much for your presentation. My name's Akio Lockbur. I was a researcher, now gone to the dark side of commercialization. What I'm interested in is how the IAEA partners with companies to be able to get impact. Particularly we're considering the sharing of the detector from Siro. Is it a similar sort of thing and how do we actually then get impact? Yeah, also very good question. Thank you. We are demand driven from member states. We have 170 member states. So we serve them because they pay us. This is where our money comes from. Now the politics of the IAEA we are now opening to the private sector. For example, on raise of hope, we are partnering with the big producer of linear accelerators to be able to provide training capacity building and also give us good price for the market. So that's one way. Another way is, for example, we are working with companies, virtualizers companies, where they said we want to use, we want to see how our product is used on the ground by plants so that we are also, we want to contribute to the global efforts on climate change. So we do research to also advise how much virtualizer would be needed in plants. So this is one way. Other companies, we also that they need specific products that to test it in multi-center study. So if they can contribute funding and it's beneficial to all our member states, we will partner with them to do that study. So it depends on the case, but now we are more open to work with private sector. This question here. Thank you for your most stimulating talk. Could you comment on your agency's attitude to modular nuclear reactors? Two. Modular nuclear reactors? Yeah. You mean that the new era, like the small medium, the small modular reactors, the SMRs. You know it's an area where there is a lot of talk now and the IA is up its front line to make sure that the information given to the member states is accurate. So we are developing now a report on the studies being done many countries to make sure that the information given to the member states is accurate. We are also working on regulatory aspect. And we have several meeting on regulatory how what would be the regulators role, also legal aspects. So it's all working in progress, but this is something that we are in front line looking at how this will evolve. Thank you. Thanks very much. Ah, Steve. You commented several times during your presentation on the stigma that's attached to the word nuclear. And that's something that we're very much used to in this country as well. And the way to approach that is to construct a narrative around the peaceful uses of nuclear technology, of course. But could you comment on the particular strategies that you have at the IAEA to hopefully overcome some of the stigma? Yeah, we are doing different lines. Having these big initiatives going out like this, the water initiative, the raise of hope initiative is really bringing, we are not talking to only research institution, but we are going to the top level to really sensitize the policymakers, finance minister, health minister to tell them that we are here and we can help you. So help me to help you. This is what DG always says. So I think if you look at countries that they are embarking on nuclear power, the first thing they start with is nuclear institution on peaceful use first. So so that they can bring the community around to say, hey, we are here to serve you. So not starting with the nuclear power or nuclear energy, but starting with water, agriculture, that's one way. But at the end of the day, we are talking about atoms and how to harness the atoms for peaceful use. And this is everywhere. You can do science without harnessing the atoms. And I think we need to bring this down to the atom level to atom saves lives. And this is what we do. We are having a ministerial conference next year. We're bringing ministers of health, minister of agriculture from all over the world to really talk about what has been achieved, impact, success stories. That's important. Cost effectiveness, how much you would invest in conventional methods and in nuclear methods and how much time you would gain, how much money. That's language that I think everyone can understand. Thank you, Steve. And I'll let that be the last question because I'm sure a few of us are happy to come and join us for one afternoon, two, two. But I'd like to thank Dr. Mokta today for your inspiring talk. And for all the wonderful questions, please join me with me. Thanks.