 and well like Nathan Hill just told you I well it's not really I work on the prefix in of all Chinese it's just that maybe I would like to give you some bank consciousness just to give you some hints what the possible origins of a peak prefix or the P. Presilable might be so the function of the prefix wasn't really clear in Saga 1999 and this was also about criticized by Miyake in the review of the book and I expected that maybe in the new in the latest by accident Saga don't be some some kind of chapter and my point of well all Chinese is still pretty new to me so I'm not really a specialist in all these series and I just skinned the pandas and compare it to other Tibetan languages like like you can see here on the screen and my one of the method I use for this short presentation was the fall leaves model and to take by George Wanderie he doesn't reconstruct a stamp on he just because it's there are various language groups and which are somehow related to each other so and the other method I am still working on is the internal reconstruction means that you have to make analysis the shooting and compare the rhymes and well one of the major benefits of the comparative method is that you have for example drew and now which is reconstructed with the well and there are these brackets and if you compare these these two words in Chinese with other Tibet other Tibetan languages and you somehow get certainty that the reconstruction of who is correct like in or in Tibetan or in Burmese so like I said the function of the p-crafx is still unknown and so one of my first step was to figure out what the logical property of the sound p is and in terms of place of articulation you were aware that the p is a bilabial which is also the M right the only distinction which you can make between M and P is the matter of articulation because M is nasal and P is an explosive but they are both bilabial so I first looked into the finals and maybe some of you might have heard of more organic finals which was already pointed out by Robert Schaefer in the 40s where he recognized the alternation between M and P the basis of the language data of Pozson so how organic finals are also can be found in other or other scholars have pointed this out I think I missed Bortman on the handout but he also talked about this and well I don't use the product to better learn reconstruction by Montesot but I think the example with needle is quite interesting because if you see at these have a look at the needle for example which has the red one here has the phonetic element of can which is reconstructed with that up final whereas needle itself so there you have for example this homogeneic final alternation and so crossing the border and including other languages you see that Tibetan languages have mostly or the other the great majority have the rhymes up I'm not sure about the lepcha example maybe it's right but well you can see the alternation right and if you maybe if we concentrate on words in and her might be possible might be really a relay group and if you compare the examples for example the malam is somehow well to me it's tentatively related to in a cognac which is a more Naga language or lushai which was mentioned yesterday so there you again you have this some organic initial alternation in a a guarantee a language has also this alternation where you see you have made a final home house then close it hot and there is this variation so I wanted to talk about the key prefix so I have to focus on the initials and not the finals so that was the first that was the second step so it I thought maybe if there is a if there are homo organic finals there might be homo organic initials so there is for example Yaka also Kiran the language which has a dialect or variation Marek, Anga, Tumok, Ka which well I mean you can argue that Ang is something prophetic which needs to be added like in school or like a school you have this a and here you have the same but I think that Nga is might be the stem and again if you compare it to other languages like like Lebcha you find these series Lebcha Tibetan and all Chinese which might maybe that's was just thought maybe it's just a similar development which you can observe in Yaka so again in other languages like you mentioned Lebcha or Bahin which is the Kiran the language you have this this alternation between Mak and Miak the I kill where the causative form is formed by a palatalization and not pharyngealization but it doesn't matter I think that Tibetan Mak is common Mak, Lebcha and both of them have nasal, my labial sounds which on the other side you can see Bahin which has the word biaqo for example which starts with a B so with a plosive so the question is which one is first and if you compare for example other words like ripe cooked boiled ripped and you have in all these languages which are discrete an initial end so in Khan a Magaric language you have this this shift or this change or alternation between M and P cook by boiling which has in Khan in proto Khan but also the alternation between M and P and I think that cook is probably a derivation of it or maybe just an alternation but still the same or a related route so I haven't talked about the causative prefix in all Chinese and I think that all the languages also have this this this prefix P for example water bottle languages especially diva where it depends on the source it depends on the source so which you consult but for example diva in the description of Joseph in Berlin 2006 you have this alternation again of moon and pool which is wrong on the handout and depth not 2014 doesn't have the this alternation but what is interesting is for example cream which if you look at another border garland which go for you can see that a run means be dry so we might reconstruct a form like purin and then it by the time it merged together but there was probably P prefix so again in border you have the same here's something similar the master also what about a language which has also put prefixes and the last example fill up make full might have the tentative cognate Chinese then I'm sure maybe there are also you don't see cool also you don't see and Tibetan look and as you see there's this dialect of variation loom and mean maybe it's really so that was the comparative part and it's still the comparative part it's sending something the word sending so the link mean for example might have the tentative cognates with Tibetan spring and in calm language and by me leave only although I'm not really sure about that but you can see that M and P somehow correspond to each other so well the only internal reconstruction I did so far is I found blinks in shooting in a node so and it has some semantics relation and I think that might be related to or have the same route because if we propose the sound change M to P and the sound change into M you might get this form planks so after all I think it's it's like the homo organic in finals the homo organic initials are somehow a common phenomenon which you can observe in languages and so exactly that's that's all I had up I just wrote it yesterday there are these sound loss which you see one's law for example pretty bad and it's true and if it's if we if the sound law sound change to blue is somehow on a some of the same sound change where we can treat it as a sound similar sound change it would mean that Chinese and all Chinese synidic and Tibetan share the same sound law sound change which is a shared innovation which makes them related to each other and we can maybe reject the term sign of Tibetan and I don't know maybe accept to the vermin or transingling so these are some references I have