 Okay ladies and gentlemen welcome to the last presentation of today and it gives me great pleasure to introduce Peter Schoenland. Now Peter is one of the founders of the Swedish Society of Genetic Genealogy and comes to us all the way from Sweden. He is a professional genetic genealogist who runs a company providing training, presentations and consultancy for genealogists and genealogical societies. He's also an author and has written a handbook book in genetic genealogy and a popular science book on the peopleing of Sweden spanning the last 11,000 years and is that published or do you publish shortly? Two weeks. You will pick up Peter's book on the population of the peopleing of Sweden over the last 11,000 years, some of which you'll hear in Peter's presentation, which is addressing a very, very common question in Ireland. Am I a Viking? Do I have Viking DNA and if I do, where did it come from? So to give us all the answers to our fervent questions, please give a big welcome to Peter Schoenland. Thank you, Horace. Well, it's really nice to be back in Ireland. Actually, I haven't been here in, but my long lost cousins were here a thousand years ago. She's like, I'm coming home a bit. Yeah, that's true. The question we get the most in the Swedish DNA project is, is this Viking DNA? The second most common question is, is this Sami DNA? That's the two most common questions we get in Sweden. But I'm leaving the Sami out for today and speaking about Vikings. Suppose some details on how we were pre-genetic in your audience with them. I tested 2011. It feels like centuries ago, because then we were a couple of hundred persons in Sweden. Since then, it's skyrocketing. We're now close to 20,000 tested people in Sweden. That's two out of a thousand in our population. So it's really nice to do a genetic general in Sweden right now. And it looks like this when it comes to which companies we're using in Scandinavia. It's very, very heavy bias on territory DNA, because they have the largest database by far with Scandinavians. So that's the company we're using. And we are quite heavily into YDNA and microcontra DNA. We're a lot more into microcontra DNA than many other countries. That could be because we have very, very good records in Sweden. Sweden is one of the paradigms of genealogy in the world, because we have church records that start in the 1680s. And they are almost intact for all the parishes in all the countries. Before that, they have tax records. They have court records going back all the way to 1630s. So if you're a bit spoiled, I can hear that my listen to you. They have burnt the records and they don't come so far back. And that means we can trace our ancestry a long way back in the records. And then we can also use microcontra DNA and YDNA in a very good fashion. One other thing to remember when we're talking about Scandinavian genealogy, we don't do surnames. That's very different from this part of the world. The last 150 years we have had surnames that have been heard in Scandinavia. But before that, we didn't have surnames. We had patrimimics. So children to Olaf and Anna in this case, Britta and Nils, would be called Britta Olaf's daughter. Olaf's son. And his children would be called like Anna Nils' daughter, Nils, or Anna Nils' son. So that's totally different from following surnames and YDNA. I'm going to start there. You know, Scandinavians, they have always been a cool people. Chipped in 2000 years ago, we were very cool, very cool. Covered by 3,000 meters of ice. And obviously, no one lived in Scandinavia then. But eventually, the ice retracted. Then there were people out in Europe that were hunter-gatherers. And they started keeping Sweden for 11,000 years ago. They came over Denmark. Actually, they walked to Sweden. That time, there was no water here, because the ice had shifted the land around. So they walked into Sweden from Denmark. And after that, nothing really happened for 5,000 years. Then something happened down there. Farming started in what is now Eastern Turkey, Syria. Actually, scientists have tested wheat, modern wheat, and seen that the ancestor of modern wheat seemed to have grown just outside the city of Bakir in Eastern Turkey. So you can test DNA of almost everything nowadays. Maybe that's the next talk, wheat ancestry. But then there's been a big debate over the last 50, 60 years. Some have said, okay, we were hunter-gatherers in Sweden, Scandinavia, and Northern Europe. And then we learned to farm. We started farming. On the other side, I said, no, no, no, no, no. We didn't learn to farm. There were new people coming who were farmers. They started to farm. They took over. This debate has been going back and forth, back and forth. It has been impossible to settle this until DNA. Now, it's really obvious that there were really new people coming. You can see that very clearly in Sweden, in ancient DNA. First, we have layers of people with ancient hunt-together DNA. Then suddenly it turns over. We had farmer DNA from Syria, Eastern Turkey. And then for many years, scientists said, okay, we were hunter-gatherers, and then we were farmers. That was all. But just a couple of years ago, as many of you know, we discovered another signal to the DNA of Europe. A population called, in the culture called Jannaja, or Janna, on the steps north of the Black Sea. They had cattle. They learned to ride a horse. They had chariots. They had new weapons of bronze. And that made them very, very successful. So 5,000 years ago, there was a huge migration from the East into Europe and up in Scandinavia. But you can see that in Scandinavia today that all the earlier Scandinavians, the hunt-togetherers and the farmers, they were almost wiped out. Over 80% of Scandinavians today come from this wave of migration. And if you take a DNA test today and get I2, the right two, I think, or IM223, it might say, in your result, then you have your roots back to the first hunt-togetherers of Europe. If you get G2A, then you're a farmer. Or at least your ancestors were farmers. And if you get R1A, R1B, or what I want, then you are a result of this migration during the early Bronze Age. And from all these, scientists have been working on this to create a family tree of all the humanity. And you know these. And for the men, it looks like this. A lot of branches. And when I started testing, they found one new branch every third or fourth week. Nothing much happened. Nowadays, it started to look like this. They're finding 15 new branches a week. It's really exploding. That's thanks to all the genealogists in the world that are testing. The academics, they can't follow anymore. It's weird genealogists that's driving the development of the tree. And this means that if we have written records way back, that the DNA trees are starting to grow from backwards in time and forward. They are not connecting with the written sources. That makes it possible to do genealogy for thousands of years back. I think that's one of the most interesting aspects of this is DNA and written sources. And just to show how that can be used, I will talk a short bit about mitochondria. This is a line on mothers I have on my maternal line. That's my mother on the top. And her great, great, great, great, great, great, great, great grandmother. She lived in mid Sweden in the 1650s. If you have done genealogy and you have your family tree mapped that far back, you're starting to wonder, okay, is this correct? There might be some faults here. There could be problems with the records. You can have interpreted the records wrong, isn't it? Then DNA is really great because in this case I know it's correct. I have tested my mitochondria DNA. I carry her mitochondria DNA because it's carried down through my mothers. And we have tested a line from another sister to my ancestors. So now I have confirmed those two lines, 11 generations back in time. I know it's correct. And using mitochondria DNA. Many people look down on mitochondria DNA. I think, ah, that's nothing for genealogists. I think it's great. If you have a case like this, use it to confirm lines. It's very, very effective. And going even further back in time, I can see that the matches up there is my ancestor. And my matches are mainly down on the continent and very much on the grid sides. I think this could have been brought to Scandinavia by the Vikings, maybe, or due to the Iron Age. We don't know that yet. But one thing I know is that one of my most interesting ancestors, she showed up there just outside Hamburg. Well, not just showed up. She was dug up. It's her. She has the exact same mitochondria DNA as I and my mother. And she is 7,200 years old. Isn't that feeling? And she is said to be in a museum in Haubestadt out of Hamburg. I have to go there. I haven't been there yet, but I have to go to Wister sometimes. I think that's also one thing that shows that mitochondria DNA is really interesting. It's not just YNA. One more example of that is I have a friend. She tested her mitochondria DNA and she got a hypergroup called C4A1C. And that's a very rare hypergroup. It turns out she's the only one in Europe with that hypergroup. And that, of course, starts your thinking. How can this be so unique? And she wonders, I'm just an ordinary person. How can this be this unique? So we started to do her genealogy on that maternal line and we came back to the mid-1600s to a woman called Margareta Björnstokter. Then the record stops. We couldn't get any further. But still, she's unique in Europe. And wow, we didn't know anything until a year ago. Then there turned out there was a research report from Russia where they had tested native populations in several parts of Russia. And they found lots of C4A1C in one place. Eastern Siberia. In that area, there's a people living called Yvenks. Isn't the clothing beautiful? They have lived there for thousands of years and they are reindeer herders and hunters. And this shows that we have a concentration there, nowhere else in the world, but here. So somehow, before the 1600s, a woman must have come from here 8,500 kilometers to mean Sweden. This could have happened through many, many generations. You can have a couple of hundred years movement, but then you're supposed to find someone in between with the same. Not everyone is tested, of course, but still. So the theory we have right now is, you know, we have those people who went far away this way to America. And they were also here in Murmansk. And that was the Vikings. It's not that strange to think they could have gone a little bit further east and brought a woman back home. So probably the Vikings. There is one other theory. That is, the reindeers of the Sami people, they haven't been here forever. We have tested the reindeer's DNA, of course. I found that the ancestor of the reindeers in northern Scandinavia actually came there to Scandinavia just 1500 years ago. And they came from here. So it could be also that this woman, she came along when they imported reindeer herding in Scandinavia. Lots of interesting questions popping up. We haven't solved this yet, but some, some day we will. Okay, let's go from mitochondria DNA to YDNA. This is my mother-in-law's brother, Roland Daima. He tested a YDNA 37 test four years ago. Many of you start out with YDNA 37. It's a good start. And he got quite a few matches. Some of them were Russian mobility. We started thinking, how could this be? We have all our ancestors in a tiny area in Sweden. And at that time, yet only two matches in Norway, one in Finland and those two in Russia, Ukraine. And with so few matches, and at that time it didn't have even the new large YDNA test. Couldn't do big Y, didn't exist. So we couldn't, well, we couldn't really figure out, how could this be? But nowadays it looks like this. So many people have tested and all these have shown that they have the same mutation called L1302. That means we know that all these people have a common ancestor because they have inherited that mutation from that man. We also know because we have gotten all these people to do the big Y test, the extensive test from family to YDNA. Then we can calculate the actual family tree. You can see how they are related. So we can reconstruct the family tree like this. And also because they have done this extensive testing, we can put a timeline all the way back before medieval times, before the Viking Age, and into the Iron Age. So we know that they have a common ancestor around the year P200. And also because they have so many tested, we have been able to, this is behind the scenes, it looks like John showed us earlier. There's lots of mutations in these branches and it's really nerd country. We can't show this to our members. It's just, oh, they don't understand it. So we have compiled a better tree. So this, I think, is one of the most comprehensive trees made from big Y testing in all the world today. We have a common ancestor, the H200. We have a lot of branches in northern Sweden. These were once in Finland, in Sweden. We have in southwestern Norway and in northern Norway. And we also have some branches branching off from Sweden and Norway, the year 700, the year 500, and going away to Ukraine and Russia. That's exactly what the history tells us. Because it was the Vikings who went to Ukraine to found the Kievan Russe nation back in the 800s. So doing comprehensive YD and A testing can really map against history. We can see that, okay, these are Vikings. These are probably Vikings also, but they haven't spread west. They have only spread east. And we also have to go like 15 generations further back. We have a man who had a mutation called L-1301. There were also 60 people who have done this big Y test. Let me get this pattern. Relatives to my mother-in-law's brother, they have gone east. But the relatives of this L-1301 man, they are found here. Very clear pattern. So we can see that the Vikings that ended up in the British Isles, they came from Norway and southwestern Sweden. And the Vikings that ended up here in Russia and Ukraine, they came from the coast of east Sweden. So the more man that does extensive YD and A testing, we can really map out history like this. And we can, if I take more heavy groups and just this L-1301, we can see in more detail that it was Vikings from Denmark and southern Sweden, which were Denmark at that time. Okay, England, Normandy, this part of the world. And it was Vikings from Norway, ended up in Stockholm and in Ireland. And Vikings from the east coast of Sweden went that way. And as you know, the Vikings had quite a huge expanded territory in the 9th and 10th and 11th century, not just in Scandinavia with Isles. They had settlements down in the Mediterranean area. They often went this way down to get silver, which eventually ended up in Ireland and in Scotland. And as you know, they were here. They founded a couple of your cities. And they also left something. They left, of course, cat coins, a lot of silver and coins here from the Vikings. But they also, in their ships, they carry cats. There was a recent study just a couple of weeks ago. They had mapped the DNA, of course, they had DNA tested cats, why not? So they had mapped the genome for the cats back to Egypt. And they can see that the cats of the Mediterranean and Egypt are found in the Baltic Sea area. That is the Vikings. They have taken them through Eastern Europe over the rivers up in the Baltic Sea area. This is also probably the result of Vikings. They're quite similar, aren't they? But that's the main clue in America. And this is a Norwegian forest cat in Norway. They're very similar, even genetic. So that's probably due to the Vikings carrying cats between Scandinavia and the British Isles and then further on to America. So last year, we had someone speaking about mice and Vikings. So this, well, that's why they had the cats. Let's look at human DNA. It's quite easy to see when we look at the DNA results that from Scandinavia to the British Isles, they have a huge flow of R1A and I1. I1 is also called IM253. And I've heard many people say that, well, we get the question that, I have IM253. I am a Viking. You cannot be sure of that. All IM253 are not Vikings. I1 originated here 5,000 years ago in Northern Germany. And many family lines went this way in the Bronze Age or the Iron Age, so they don't have to be Vikings. But this is quite clear. This is the DNA flowing out of Scandinavia. We can also see that we have DNA flowing into Scandinavia during the Viking Age. That's R1B. So we look at the DNA results in Sweden. We have, as I said, we have 80% of the men belonging to those rehab groups. R1A, we can see very clearly that it all came in at the same time during the Bronze Age, and then they branched off in Sweden. I1, quite the same. They came in during the Bronze Age and spread out Sweden. And R1B. It's very tricky if you get R1B in Sweden, because you never get any matches. Because R1B has been trickling into Scandinavia one person at a time over many hundreds, maybe thousands years. So that is the main pattern. Of course, in the reality it doesn't look like that. It looks more like this. So it's a bit tricky to find which one has gone in what direction. And what makes it even more tricky is that during the Bronze Age, they also had boats. Quite good boats, actually. You can see many of them on the rock carvings in Scandinavia. And they went all over the North Sea. So of course, they spread their DNA even at that time. But looking at the Viking Age spreading on DNA, it's actually possible to, I have gone through the projects of the Irish Y-DNA, the R1A project, the I1 project, etc. And actually, there are a couple of surnames in Ireland that's clearly Viking. R1A is the most obvious. That's probably from the first invasion. You had two Viking ages in Ireland. So that's Norwegian, mostly. And this is I1. Could be Norwegian or could be Danish or Swedish. It's harder to tell. There are probably more, but these are clearly Viking, if I look in the projects. How do you know they're Viking? They have to do is, in the first case, it's clearly Scandinavian, Ireland. I have no doubt about it. And here they are clearly Scandinavian, I1. Do you know from the names or anything? No? Not from the names. I can just judge from their microphones. So they might have been coming from England or from Scotland. Ireland. But their origin is in Scandinavian. And if I went through those names and those people they have met, they're early as known ancestors, they get this pattern. You see, it's a very big concentration in Northern Ireland. And there's a huge overweight from Norway, Norwegian Vikings. That could be because very, very few Danes have tested. That's the problem. We have a lot, like a white spot on the map in Denmark. There's 20,000 people tested in Sweden. There's 8,000 tested in Norway. In Finland it's 9,000. In Denmark it's like 500. So the Danes should begin testing their white chromosomes. They are the key to see exactly when and how YNA came into Scandinavia and what would they be trying. So if anyone of you is going to Denmark, take a kit with you. You actually have a national genome project which is very ambitious to test most of the population for health purposes. Oh yeah, yeah. That's the problem also that in Denmark they are tested for health purposes, but they are very skeptical to do in genealogy. I'm not sure why. It's strange. So is it possible that the concentration in Northern Ireland came into Scotland? Could be. Could be. I've just looked at these people in these places. They have clearly Scandinavian YNA and they could have come via Scotland or via Britain. A lot of the names could possibly have Norman associations, especially in Northern Ireland or you've got some of the English names with Norman that actually originated in Normandy. Yeah, it could be Norman also. Oh also, that's true. But I think that the Norway, the Norwegian white chromosomes, I don't think they are a Norman. Maybe the Danish one could have gone that way. If we need more testing in France also for that. Where is Joss? He's testing. He's testing, that's good. So, yeah. That's a good question. I'm not asking about Rolo, the Viking king in Normandy. He was a Viking in the Sands, but we don't know his happy group yet. He is DNA tested right now as we speak, but they haven't published any results yet. Actually, you can bet in Scandinavia money on if you would turn out to be Norwegian, Danish or Swedish. People are really interested to know the results. But they've found that someone is reading happy. I think I've had a follow-up question. Bring the microphone down so we can actually hear at the front. Thanks. Yes, apropos your map, but there, someone mentioned up front that could be flags come somehow from Normandy, yeah, with the Normans invasion through Great North Wales, South Wales, which this original Normans invasion of Ireland was a kind of Welsh, Norman, Swedish admixture as far as I know. So, I just say in case you don't know, there is an area of concentration of these Norman names in Ireland, that's your southeastern corner down there. Yeah. Yeah, Wexford. I don't know whether we can say they're Norman or Viking flags, they're all Scottish Viking flags on the map, but just an observation, whether you're aware of that. Yeah, we don't know what way these people took to get here, but they originated in Norway, or Sweden, Denmark, like this. Let's just ask, what's your general definition of a Viking? That's a good question. The first one is that the name Viking didn't exist. The Viking means in all Norths, a Viking was someone who traveled on a Viking, he gone Viking. To go Viking meant to go away to raid and prey. So, they didn't call themselves Vikings. Norsemen is better. And also, the Vikings that went east, they're called Varangians. We shouldn't be talking about Vikings, but I mean, it's stuck. People are talking about Vikings. And I'd say Vikings are the people that from Scandinavia, they went away to prey and prey from the 750s to the 1050s. That's my definition. So, they are not any special kind of people, really. So, if you find out that you can see that you clearly have a Scandinavian Viking name, you are in Ireland, then you can do like this. I looked at just one in County Mayo, chambers, I think. Yeah, chambers. And if you have done an extensive widening, so you know a slick mutation that's happened fairly recently, then you can see what cluster you belong to. In this case, this chamber has its matches here. This makes it quite clear that this must have been Norwegian Vikings, maybe having through Scotland. You don't know that. This guy hasn't done the extensive DNA test yet. But when all these people have done the extensive big Y or similar tests, we can see in what order they branched out from each other, then we can map their travels even better. But this is a clear case on the Norwegian Vikings. And I'm not going to go into the technical details of Y and A, I've heard of that before. So, I just leave you with this stuff. You have clear traces in Ireland, exactly how they got here, we don't know yet. But the more people that test, we will know more, of course. So, I leave the floor for questions. Oh, I can't show it. Oh, I'll show it first. I was thinking of ending with, I made a simple flowchart because it's tricky for you. And when we get the question also, okay, am I a Viking? You can use this flowchart. Oh, I'm sorry. Oh, no. This is an assembly chart for a chair from a Swedish furniture company. This is better. If you're R1B, probably not a Viking. We have some R1B lines that went Scandinavia during the Bronze Age and Iron Age and then back to the Fridge Files, but very few. If you are I1, I am 253. You may be a Viking, but you have to check your matches. If you are in a Scandinavian cluster, surrounded by only Scandinavians, then you're most probably a Viking descendant. If you are R1A, that's better because then you're most probably Viking, but not a Viking. Most R1A in these areas are in Scandinavia. And if you are C284, if you have that mutation, that's very, very Scandinavian because that happened in Denmark and got descendants all over Scandinavia. So if you are C284, then you're almost 100% Viking, I'd say. If you're YP355, definitely Viking. Thank you. The flowchart, the last slide. Thanks Peter, that was absolutely fantastic. L1301 and L1302, what percentage of the Swedish population or Scandinavian population or L1301 and L1302? In Sweden, L1301 is about 5%. And L1302, that's extreme. That man, he lived, I think this is really amazing. They have a man living in the year 200, who turns out to be father of very many men in Sweden. In northern Sweden, northern part of Sweden, he's the father of every third man. So 33%. 33% is extreme. And this coincides with the explosion of iron in mid Sweden in the Roman Iron Age. We have a huge expansion and we can see in the archaeological sites that this time around the year 200, 300, the wealth is growing a lot in mid Sweden. And iron from mid Sweden is exported around all of Scandinavia. So probably, he was very successful with the iron and father. Okay, sorry. Please forgive the audience. Great. Well, questions then. We have lots of answers. I'm sure I'm going to go to this lady here first. Hi. My question is, my mother's people are going to ask you to come over here away from the speaker, otherwise we're going to get horrible feedback from the press. My mother's people are called Stalthusen, which is a Viking name. But as well as that, I have a thing called Duchenne contracture, which the medical books came from Vikings. Is there any way of tracking the through the DNA, the actual Duchenne contracture? Would that add to the data? Would that add to the likelihood of being able to trace? The problem with diseases and the trace is that they can travel almost anyway, any way through your family tree, not just the paternal or the maternal line. Right. But you should, have you tested your maternal line in the mitochondria? I haven't, no, as yet I haven't, but I have cousins with the same Duchenne contracture, so it's there in the family, and the medical books will say okay from the Vikings. It's hard to know, but they only see the only DNA that goes so far back. It's mitochondria DNA and YNA. So if you have a brother testing YNA and you test your mitochondria to see if you maybe have a Viking DNA. Thank you. We have to explain to Peter that the Vikings get blamed for an awful lot. Just a quick comment on that question. Before yesterday Professor Radley was talking about phenotypes and particularly in the art and population like lactose, lactose tolerance or M.O. chromatosis, so you know, iron deficiency and many, many different phenotypes can be traced through the academic DNA studies. I'm not sure that all the direct consumer ones, certainly not FTDNA, perhaps 23D. Perhaps, but they are using approximately the same chip. The family tree avoids every gene that could be medical. So my question was there was a some major studies on an Iceland, and they found that 60% of the MTDNA came from Ireland, Scotland or Celtic, generally Celtic lands, and 70% of the Y came from Vikings, right? This was an Iceland. I'm wondering how you find it. And they say this is by carrying back people from the raids back to Iceland. Have you found anything similar? We think that this pattern comes from, with all the R1B coming back to Scandinavia, much of that I think they brought slaves back, they married here, and they came back, and they also imported civil servants to Denmark when they, the Christianity came into Sweden. So much of this I think it's with Vikings bringing back people. And were there many Viking women that came over from Norway, or was it many women? I haven't looked that much. My deconadine, it's trickier to work with and there are fewer women who haven't tested yet. But we will be looking into that as more women are testing. Or men are testing. You also carry a man deconadine. Peter has 5,000 members of his Swedish DNA project. So he's an exemplary, well he's an example to all of us to try and get as many people tested as possible. Question? I have actually two questions. My first question is this. I'm very interested in Northern Ireland history. And in the 1600s, the British were very anxious to get rid of a lot of the people who were creating trouble for them. And there was a very sad situation, where 600 of them were put on a boat and sent to Norway. On Sweden, Sweden, sorry Sweden, and there's great interest by a lot of people in Ireland in trying to trace some of these people. So you might be interested in following that up. I have just got all the details in my mind just now, but I believe it was in the 1600s. That's very, very interesting. I would like to know more about that. Yes. I could explain some of the R1B appearing in the Western Sweden. Yes. Yes. No, we don't have, well they would have some names for them because it's recorded in history, but we wouldn't have names for the general, the general loss of, but maybe some of the top people who were aggravating the British at the time. So I will look up what I can find and make that with the other two. Now the second point that I was going to make was just to give me more or not because I've got, so my mind has gone right into this one. I'll just forget the other one. So I just leave that one for a bit. I'll just have to go back to you. It's very brief. First of all, marvellously entertaining and very informative. But if we, if there's no such thing as a Viking, is there a white king with a Y and a B? How do you reconcile it? Thank you. I'd say there's a white king. There are actually, when it comes to Sweden, there are three white kings or Scandinavian. I'd say there are three. When this invasion came from the east, there was R1A and R1B. R1A and R1B, 40% of the population in Sweden today, they were founded by two men probably somewhere here, 5,000 years ago. Those two men had started 40% of Sweden's population. And then we had another man here in Northern Germany who was I1 at the same time. He had started 40% himself. So these three men populated 8% of Sweden. And this man, R1B, populated 90% of Ireland. He was very productive. But is his white king or a white king? I think he's a white king. I remember what I was going to talk about now. I come from Ireland. I come up to that right little point at the top of Ireland, just jumping up there. Just going through Siberia to get there. Oh, there we had one. Yes, you see, in Northern England up there, there's a bit rough oil and then there's lots of swimming. You see the little bit of land at the top? No, no. But right up there, there's a known castle called Carigabrachi Castle. And it's still standing, but only, and it's been sort of fortified in the last couple of years. But some of my relatives, my grand aunt, who's married to a man called Pat McFall. And McFalls were living in the time of the Vikings. And one of them married a Viking lady. And they had a child called Citric McFall. And that is in the very, very early ages. So there we are. That's a link between that part of Northern Ireland. You can see where they would have come in. And that's McFalls. And that family of McFalls is still in existence in this part. Interesting, yeah. How might it be if they had it? How many Gs have the group in Sweden? That would mean the early farmers in Sweden. So they were really supplanted by R1B, R1A. But I one did quite survive quite a lot. I won, yeah? That was from stage. No, no, that's I2. No, I2 is only two and a half percent. We all looked through all the 5,000 people in Sweden, but the test of people, and also in Norway and in Finland. We can't find one living man now with I2 and G2A that descends directly from the first farmers all the time together. They have come in later. They all exceed. Wow, it's amazing. We have a question here at the front. Well, I was going to ask, what is the health group for the sentences of the hunter-gatherers? That's I2. I2 for I, M, 2, 2, 3. Thank you. How many I2s in the audience? We have one on the back. Okay, those women. I have I2 ancestors in the middle of my tree, but I'm Orban D myself. Orban A, how many Orban A in the audience? Oh, okay. We've got a Viking here. Yeah, very good. Okay, question from Jim Holder. Here we go. It almost looked like the Viking influence would have taken over all of Europe, you know, all the places they were. What was the approximate population during the heyday, 52,000 in Europe or in? Well, among the Scandinavian area, did they have a population estimate? No, it certainly went everywhere. Yeah, but there weren't so many. I think there were not a million. Maybe half a million. But still, they're very effective to really cover large areas. We have a question from this lady over here. Okay, maybe. I was going to say about Scandinavians who came from Denmark to Normandy, and then 1066. The whole relative who was standard bearers back in Hastings, there was Tucson, Tucson and the Gross, I think, and then they came down to the Thames, with a couple of surnames fixed at that stage. But I was just saying about them, like, if that included the kind of those who came at 1066 in your DNA, do you know what I mean? Yeah. If they came from Denmark and have a Scandinavian happy group, and went this way, and then up, then they're included. But they might have been Vikings that lived in southern Denmark, and they don't have a clearly Scandinavian DNA. It's hard to tell. But if they have an R1A, there's no doubt they are from here. And it's really quite strange, because who was the ruler of England when we on the Conqueror came? It was his day. Knute the day. He became king of England exactly a thousand years ago, 1016. So they had a Danish team, and then the Danish descendants from Normandy came and took over England. Just a quick question on your three ways. Could you go back to that one? Yeah. We'll wear this out. I suspect we're going to find a fort component, which is this CHG. Yeah, it could be part of this component also. No, coming from the south. No, like this, yeah. Feeding into that. And that's the latest presentation of Max Flandre. They're saying that actually would be a hybrid model. A mix of the Bronze Age and the Neolithic. Yes, this DNA culture. Yeah. It was a composite of this one and also from the Altai Mountains over here. So of course, these people have mixed from everywhere. That's really clear when we look into that DNA. We have now, I've written a book, as Moritz said, called The Father in Sweden over the last 11,000 years. They've looked into the wide DNA of archaeologists, Dutch confidants, and they were looking to look into the DNA of living people. When it comes to the Sami people, it's always been a controversy. That's the finish. The finish. Not the finish. The Sami. No. They were called the Lapps. The best indigenous people in Sweden. Yeah. There's always been a debate. We have been there for 10,000 years. They have come recently. They have come from this way, this way, this way. I can't show all my books, but now when we have looked into those deep DNA testing, wide DNA tests, very, very, very clear where they came, where they came from. We also know where the range has come from. So DNA testing can resolve all these disputes. What's the short answer? No, that's 10 years. By the book. By the book. By two books. You have to, by a book in Swedish. One very simple question. How the hell did you get so many people to do their wide DNA? Because that's mind-blowing for any of us in any of the other areas. I mean, like this big line. I'm talking about 20,000 people. That's just phenomenal. Yeah. People have put into our projects like $60,000, $70,000. More than that. $100,000 soon. So that's a lot of money. We have a very active project group. We have a project administrator just in Moscow, in Sweden, in Norway, and in Finland. We work together and we contact every batch. We show them trees like this. You want to be in the tree? And every time family tree has a discount. Every time family tree has a discount. We go out with the mail to all our members. Now is the time to test. And we have members that have tested and say, okay, can I do something more? Can I test at full genomes? No, it's better to donate to two people, two of our members, half the price of the big Y. And then we get people to test. So every discount, we get 10 to 30 new testers. That's a good question. Denmark is very, very, very slow in DNA testing. I'm traveling all around Sweden, giving presentations. There's a huge interest. I always have kids with me. I saw maybe 20, 25 people after the age presentation. But Denmark, they can't even go in there. They don't want us. I'm not sure why. It's probably because they donate more sperm than anybody else. That's true. That's the reason. That they're scared. Denmark is world leaders in sperm donation. Could be, actually. Very much based on why you don't want your life in it. And a question from Debbie, very, very good point. Do you think that we'd get away with my ponder of DNA only in Denmark? Could be. It's a different question about ancient DNA, because I understand that in Sweden you've got this fantastic project where they're going to sequence ancient genomes. I think it's every genome from about 2,000 years ago or more that you can actually find in museums and everywhere else. I'm wondering if conclusions about chapter groups, based on living people, are actually going to be overturned by ancient DNA testimonies. We've seen this in some cases like chapter group M, which is today found in Asia, has turned up in ancient DNA in France and Belgium, which no one would have predicted. And you've got this problem of genetic drift where, especially with male lines, lines can easily come extinct, or they can actually reach a very high prevalence after a very short time. Maybe what's actually happened in Sweden, and if you actually did a sort of ancient DNA census, you might end up with completely different frequencies of the chapter groups, even 1,000 or 2,000 years ago. Yeah, that's a very interesting question. As you say, Sweden has been quite slow, not as slow as Spain's, but quite slow when it comes to testing skeletons. You have tested eight, I think, up until now. But now they have gotten money from funding at Stockholm University, Estonia University, first to test 100 skeletons. But now, just a couple of weeks ago, they got more money to test 1,000 skeletons. That will be huge data waves called the Swedish Atlas, DNA Atlas. And that will be a really goldmine for us when you do in genealogy. But, as you say, it could turn over a lot of thoughts about how Sweden looked like for 2,000 years ago. And of course, I'm hoping that if you have in exactly the middle of Sweden, quite close to where I live, there is a huge grave in the Iron Age, in Hergo, it's called. And many of those mounds are cosplundered and looted. But this one was intact, and it was magnificent. It was a chamber in there with a man lying with very large swords and a lot of... The clothing was almost intact. He had sermons prepared with him, really. A grave, grave. And I hope he is going to be tested now. I hope he will turn out to be LTG. Two quick questions. The pics. What was the relationship between the pics and Swedish or Scandinavian DNA? I haven't looked into that. I haven't studied Scotland. And what's your feeling about the Normans, and particularly the Canberra Normans, who came into Ireland to do... What do you think their relationship with Scandinavian DNA is? A feeling for Normans is frustration. They have tested a lot of people now in Normandy. But the result, the display was just, okay, I have so many percent that I won, R1B, R1A. Here you go. Not a single detail on what branch shall I run, R1A. So it doesn't say anything. Is there going to be more publications about that particular city? I asked Joss yesterday, and he didn't know. The plans are a bit... We do need that level of detail to try and tie it in with the fantastic grapevajuta. So we have to draw this second day of genetic genealogy Ireland to a close, unfortunately. We could talk for another 10 or 15 minutes, I'm sure at least. But what a wonderful high point to end the second day of the conference on. Please give a warm round of applause for the people still there. And we'll be back tomorrow at 11.10 with the first of our speakers, presentations. So stay tuned and see you tomorrow. It's a fantastic piece. It was really interesting. Well done. I'm going to shoot off and send some visits with you at the airport. But if you're free tomorrow, I'll talk off tomorrow. That's your free test. I have your free test as well. Well, I will have tomorrow. You're around tomorrow? I'm here tomorrow. Ground, okay. Is that the Y test? It's Y37, or it is a family finder, or it is a mitochondrial DNA plus.