 Hello, everyone. Hello, I hope you all can hear me. So hello, everyone. Good morning, afternoon, evening for the people who are joining from all over the world. Welcome to our session on how can applying the LLF principles help to resolve conflict happening? We are today as opening as the first session at the CBA, 16 CBA conference, which is an hour session is organized by Practical Action, ECAD, CNRS, CCJB, with support from CGRF. So I'm Tasfia Tasnim, currently working as a coordinator for the Nature-based Solutions Program at the International Center for Climate Change and Development, and we'll be moderating this session jointly with our colleague, Chris, joining from Practical Action. Just to avoid any technical difficulties, it will be great if participants can read through the housekeeping for the Zoom meeting. And it is very great if participants can keep their microphone muted while they are not speaking and if they want to come up with like sharing thoughts anything in the open discussion, please raise your, use the raise hand option button. My colleague Afsara will also put a form link to chat requesting for some general information so that we can have your details to do some follow up activities later. So I'm requesting my colleague Afsara to put that chat on. I hope you all can hear me. Sorry for some technical difficulties. So now I would like to invite my colleague, Chris Henderson, Head of Agriculture from Practical Action. Chris leads the Practical Action's global cadre of agriculturalists who work in various ways to upscale the use of regenerative agriculture. So it is a driver of inclusive and sustainable rural development. He has also played an active role in supporting the CBA community of practice in recent years. So my colleague, Chris, will share his reflection to set the tone for today's session and what we want to achieve. Chris, over to you. Thank you, Tasfia. We're super introduction. Can you hear me? It says unmute myself, but can you hear me? Yes, I can hear you. All right, thank you, Tasfia, for that great introduction. And yeah, this is gonna be a really interesting session. What do we want to achieve? So many organizations that we've been working with, Practical Action included, plus ICAD, plus the Centre for Natural Resource Studies in Bangladesh, many, many others, have been working for years and in some cases, decades on building the capacity of communities to adapt to climate change. And in many cases, this work has been addressing conflicts over natural resources, which is caused by the impacts of climate change. So for most of these organizations, these locally led adaptation principles are welcomed and have been very helpful. In fact, if the truth be told, these principles were derived from the experience of practitioners and we've been involved in the debate of where the principles come from. So in this session, what are we wanting to achieve? The principles have come in behind the experience. The experience is ongoing. Organizations are going to continue working in the field with communities. But the question is, can we explore how these principles have been useful? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the principles? And can we look at how we as practitioners might be able to use them more, especially in situations where there's conflict over natural resources, which is exacerbated by climate change. And maybe we'll have some tips for people going forward on how to use the principles or maybe on changing the principles themselves. So let's have the next slide. What do we want from you? Well, what does success look like? Success would look like really active participation in breakout groups and some nuggets of experience and wisdom that we can feed, we can feed outwards and upwards on the use of the principles. So CBA, let's remember what CBA is. CBA is a place where practitioners have principally been sharing learning. And it's about building that capacity amongst the community of practitioners who are supporting and working with communities. But there is, of course, a vertical link to try and get the enabling environment we want, the finance we want, the investment we want. So whilst we will share a couple of examples now, one example from Sudan, one example from Bangladesh, to stimulate thinking. And they are hopefully examples you will learn from and you'll enjoy hearing about. Success is when you participate actively in the groups and then we have this joint reflection and then we share that and then we take learning away from that. And lastly, please don't hesitate to ask critical questions, because that's how we improve. We can improve not only from success, but we can improve also from challenges and failure. So back to you, Tasvia. I hope that sets the objectives of this session for you. Thank you so much, Chris, for letting us know what do you want to achieve and share the main objective of today's session. So now I would like to invite, as Chris already mentioned that we will be hearing from two examples from Sudan and Bangladesh. So first we'll start with the example from Sudan. So this next presentation was meant to be given by Awadala, who is the project manager of Practical Actions, work on integrated water resources management in El Fasher, not Darfur in Sudan. Unfortunately, Awadala is unwell and unable to join us today. So Demit has offered to deliver the presentation on its behalf. She is the climate and resilience officer for Practical Action and has been researching on environmental and climate justice topics in the Practical Actions work on mainstreaming climate change adaptation across all organizations, across the Practical Actions work too. So Demit, over to you for sharing the presentation on behalf of Awadala. Thank you, Tasfiq. Good morning, everyone. So I'm going to talk about Practical Actions work in Sudan, as Tasfiq mentioned. So Practical Action has been working in North Darfur since 2013. And we've been implementing projects there that use an integrated water resources management approach since then. The aim of our work in this region is to support communities who have been displaced by war and who are living in a context where natural resources are scarce and they become more scarce as a result of climate change. And where competition for these resources particularly water creates conflict between groups with different needs based on their livelihoods as farmers and pastoralists. So we do this by facilitating and coordinating natural resource management structures across the watershed. We provide training on resilient agriculture practices and we deliver conflict resolution workshops. So the image you're seeing here is a community building the spillway of an earth dam. It's a key structure for managing water in the landscape. Next slide please. So these are the two questions I wanted to reflect on during this presentation. The IWRM work we're doing predates the local event adaptation principles. It wasn't designed with these in mind. But many of these principles are fundamental to the success of this project. I will reflect more on this throughout the presentation with examples of how local stakeholders have led aspects of our projects and how we have invested heavily in the creation, the facilitation and the support of community-based and local organizations and decision-making structures. Next please. So local leadership is fundamental to the success of IWRM projects. The idea of IWRM is that everyone who depends on a water source for their daily life to feed themselves and to make a living should have a say in how that resource is managed. So there are many difficult decisions that need making. For example, which land should be reserved for grazing? How should herds be moved? Which routes, which water points? Where can dams and other water harvesting structures be built? Where to locate and how to build water points? As these decisions are made, a number of considerations must be taken into account. For example, there needs to be consideration of both upstream and downstream use of water and land. There needs to be agreements between groups with different needs. And there needs to be ways to deal with change. For example, what happens in a year where the lack of rain means there's nothing for the cattle to eat? Next please. So I mentioned routes. These animal routes, they have existed for a long time. But because of conflict, these routes were blocked. And because of climate change, people expanded farming lands to encroach on routes. If migratory routes were blocked, then pastoralists went through farmland. So in this project, we both, we brought the native administration, which is the local leaders, the pastoralists and the farmers to agree where migratory routes should be restored and have them agree to adhere to these routes. So this is an example of how devolving decision-making and making sure that relevant stakeholders are involved in that decision-making can reduce conflict. So this post you see marks a route that pastoralists can use to move their livestock between different parts of the watershed. It's important that everyone living and working in the area agree with and are aware of where these routes are. Otherwise conflict can ensue if a cattle herders, animals eat or trample a farmer's crops. So practical action played a role in convening all affected groups to restore such routes which have been lost during the war. Next please. So the challenge with devolving decision-making to the local level is particularly striking in North Darfur where many traditional systems for governance have been eroded over years of war and conflict. This makes equitable and coordinated management of water resources very difficult. And this is why much of practical actions work is focused on developing institutions and decision-making structures that are inclusive of different groups and different needs. Next please. So our long experience of supporting communities in North Darfur has shown that these communities need technical support, services, resources, support in organizing themselves to manage the land and water. And they also need the building of their organizations and confidence to make decisions. So long-term thinking is key to supporting the capabilities of local institutions. This requires a strong relationship with and trust from people in the communities and stakeholders. These stakeholders are actively working in the area including the government. So trust needs to be built with all of these parties. We've found that service delivery is an important tool to develop these relationships and the trust involving community members in activities with observable positive outcomes early on. For example, by creating new or improved water points because this creates buy-in from the communities. Next please. So we facilitate a broad range of workshops and training opportunities for farmers and agricultural extension workers to build their capability for sustainable and productive agriculture. In this, we also focus on climate resilient agricultural approaches. For example, we use farmer field schools to demonstrate resilient and productive agricultural practices like agroforestry, crop diversification and the use of organic fertilizers. We also work with local people to implement surface water harvesting practices for optimal multi-usage of water including dams, crescent terraces and water points. So this also includes training community members on how to manage and sustain these. And finally, we're training community members in natural resource management practices for environmental resilience and livelihoods through activities such as soil conservation, greening pasture lands and community forests. That's all from me. Thank you. Thank you so much Demit for this powerful presentation. Now we would like to go over to Dr. Mukleser Rahman who is the executive director of Center for Natural Resources Studies. Dr. Mukleser is an environmentalist and community-based natural resource management specialist and his working demands are on the issues related to natural resources governance, restoration of degraded ecosystems through NBS, climate change adaptation, TRR and livelihoods. Dr. Mukles, over to you for your presentation. Yeah, thank you Tashpia. Our stories from the coastal area of Bangladesh where people have been suffering from cyclones, storm surges, salinity, erosion, water login and also drought. This year we have a very dry months. It is next slide please. Yeah, the place we are talking about is very close to Sundarbans mangrove forest and Bangladesh is, you know, just giving you a little bit on Bangladesh is located in South Asia, which is a small country but with huge population. And it is the seven most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts as per the IPCC rating. The place we are talking about, you can see the villages, three villages within a Yolo circle where the people suffer from scarcity of freshwater particular season and lack of quality seeds and organic manures. Water logging is also a big problem because the drainage canals are choked up or leased out, converted, silted up, this and that. And the area suffers from high salinity in the dry season, the soil and water salinity. And so the people can grow only monsoon rice because due to monsoon rains, the salinity goes down. So they can harvest only one crop a year. Next slide please. Yeah, just like to show you some photos on the left side, the canals are leased out by the government to one or two people and they converted the canals into crab fattening ponds, shrimp ponds, aquaculture ponds and also some of them made houses. And in some places it is labeled, filled up and labeled and using for crop farming. And the right side you can see the upper one shows the monsoon rice but the photo below is the dry season scenario, the land's remaining fellow. Next one. Actually the basic problem here is access to fresh water in the dry season. The land is fertile if they can get the water, particularly if the rainwater is stored in the canal they can do a lot in the farming system improvement. So what we did with the communities we had participatory planning and problem sensors and planning workshops involving male, main female and women, male, female and youth. And we supported from the project which is funded by the CJRF. We call the project as Governance for Climate Resilience. We excavated four canals to ensure water for the communities to use in the dry season for farming and also capture fishing. Also renovated three ponds and filters to address the drinking water scarcity. And major thrust was given on the climate smart farming systems where the men, women and youth were engaged and also excavated 11 ponds at the household level. Idea is to build the resilience at the household level. Apart from these physical interventions we conducted capacity building training on adaptive farming systems as well as advocacy, social auditing and water policy issues. We supported communities to lodge court cases to get the canals free from the leaseholders and we also provided legal support. And we actually made alleys, all the stakeholders in the area where organized to create pressures on leaseholders and also informing and influencing the local authorities to get the canals free from the leasing system and put it under the community use. And also we have the awareness and disseminations program, next one please. Yeah, as I said that, you know, this is the farming systems in the dry season before the project that lands to men fellow. But now because of the canal rehabilitation and storing of the rainwater, people can grow the varieties of crops and most of these are cash crops. So I mean, they can get the cash at their home at their hand. And also we demonstrated three rice crops in a year. And the varieties that we have given are improved and salinity tolerant, some are short durations, some are stress tolerant like, you know, inundation tolerant, this sort of varieties we collected from the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute and the Culture Research Institute and made linkage of the communities with them. Next one please. Yeah, I mean, that's the farming part that people can grow wide array of crops in the winter. And all these are additional because these sort of crops are not there before the project. And the canal, when it is restored from the leaseholders, then the local people, they took it over and start fishing. And almost every day, some of they are doing fishing for their household consumption. Sometimes they also sell a part of their catch. So it is a kind of the fishing and also the farming. We facilitated along with the communities and local stakeholders to build their resilience. Next one. And this is the pond stuff that we excavated 11 ponds at 11 households so that they can use the pond. It is kind of supporting them to adopt integrated fish vegetable, fruit, rice farming systems so that they're busy, almost around and it is very close to their home state. So the main and women, they jointly take part in the production management and get wide varieties of outputs from this farm like the fruits, vegetables, organic manure, wild vegetables, fish, fodder, et cetera. Next one. And so the scenario, the farming system scenario in the project area is quite different now. Before the project, it was the winter and summer lands mostly remain fallow. They could only harvest monsoon rice but during the project period and hopefully, beyond the project period, they would be able to grow crops in all the season, three seasons of the year and could get the diversity of food system. In the adaptation, climate management farming systems, we always support the crop diversification because some of the crops are very sensitive to climate stimuli, but some of the crops are resistant. So if they have varieties of crops, then they can gain from this farming system, diverse farming systems. Yes, next. Yeah, but at one point of time, when we excavated the canal for storing water for the community use in 2018 and 2019 January, we got to know that some vested groups, they leased out this canal to other parties and they started putting control and not really allowing people to come, et cetera, et cetera. And then with the advocacy groups, we started a kind of all community campaigns and communicated with the local administration. And finally, local administration agreed to support and they came to the site with police and land commissioner and they evicted the leaseholders and the communities again took it up. So still, till now, the canal is under the community use. And this actually helped communities gaining kind of benefits that they are connected to police and administration and advocacy groups. And leaseholders became scared that while it is not very easy to do this sort of illegal bits, so that negative event had some positive impacts. Yeah, next one. This is also a conflict, I mean long lasting conflict in the area between the leaseholders and farmers. So during the project period of four years, we had to resolve many conflicts related to accessing water, water use and farming systems. The next one, please. Yeah, we analyzed our results and found that it addresses at least eight STGs at varying extent. And this also qualifies for natural-based solutions because we restored the wetland ecosystems. That actually helped communities to diversify their crops and gain lots of benefits. And it also has kind of the four types of ecosystem services like provisioning, regulatory, supporting and cultural. So some students doing master's disease and one student from ICAT also doing PhD, this is there. And another student is coming from Manitoba University, Canada to do hard PhD results. So yeah, I think it's a, I often call it's a adaptation lab at the field level. Next one. Yeah, I mean some approaches and challenges. We actually targeted the whole society of that particular village. I mean two, three villages because climate change crosscuts everyone and restoring canal freeing from the lease holders. It needs societal approach, a collective approach. So, but building consensus amongst the holders is challenging because many has divers and colliding interest and influences. And effective participation is also kind of long-term stuff like the building government's capacity to influence local decisions with the government stakeholders is also challenging taking long time. And we have adopted the approach we call it 3C, consciousness, capacity and collective action. This also need kind of long-term and accompaniment support. We involved the women, youth and also elderly people in this farming planning and also the farming systems and advocacy campaigns. But we had to be very strategic in navigating through this, you know, I mean through the local culture, taboos and power hierarchies. But it is doable of course and then we did it. And there are requests from adjacent areas to do this sort of, you know, water-based farming systems or adaptation activities. But however, we, for that, we need some additional resources and logistics. Next one, yeah, this is the last slide. I mean, I just like to show you two photos. One in the left one showing that we distributed short duration rice varieties. You can see the yellow rice is like ready to harvest. But at the same time, you can see the traditionally used varieties to take another two weeks. So in areas like climate hotspot, I mean, farmers should adopt short duration varieties to avoid any climate risks. And the women, the girls are also very interested in farming systems. So they are located parts of the canal banks and they did vegetable farming in the area. Yeah, thank you very much. Thank you so much, Mokla Sir, for your amazing presentation. So now we would like to go to Dr. Haseeb Ifranullah, who is the Independent Consultant for Environment Climate Change and Research System and is also a visiting research fellow at the University of Liberland Arts Bangladesh. Dr. Haseeb frequently writes talks and conducts research on NDS and locally led adaptation to steer conversations on these two concepts and approaches. So Dr. Haseeb, I have a question for you. So what are your thoughts on the approaches and interventions being taken for these two cases that we just heard from Sudan and Bangladesh? And if you can share your reflection from, as we know, the eight principles for the locally led adaptation. I just want to request you to keep your conversation in five minutes because we are a little behind on time. Thank you, Haseeb, over to you. Thank you. Thank you so much. We have heard two fantastic presentation from Sudan and Bangladesh. I'm not going to read actually what we have heard, but essentially they clearly show, they have shown that how each and every intervention is linked with one or more principles of the living. But we can, since we're talking about resource and how resource leading into conflict under climate change, we can see that definitely because of climate change, since the resource is getting scarce in terms of number, as well as amount, as well as quality and uncertainty. So we have seen how those application of those principles actually enhance the resources, expand, expanded the city and the skills of the local people to adopt the technology which has been transferred through different public interventions, how the governance structure was reformed and how people came together to prioritize their actions, to create balance between, I will say conflicting demands, but demands from different fractions and ensure that proper trade-offs are being taken care of. But most importantly, we often don't see the marginalized communities they are exerting, they are actually establishing their rights over those scarce resources. But locally led adaptation principles actually help us or help the marginalized communities to fight for their rights over those scarce resources. And we are not talking about only now, but here to come. My last point is, I would be sharing three particular aspects that I have been thinking of as I am following the locally led adaptation principles. The first one is, you will see that different issues are being addressed or taken care of or touched upon by more than one principles. If we talked about finance, it is not only principle, but third principle, but also principle seven, as well as principle eight, which talks about collaboration and investment. If we talk about knowledge and learning, it is not only about principle five, which talks about understanding the climate list, but also principle six, which talks about how to have flexible program and learn from it. So my first point is, we need to understand those overlaps and communicate it properly. Communication is my first point. The second one is, we often see each principle individually, like these are silos, but the example from Bangladesh, we have seen that, no, you have to connect. One intervention can touch upon more than one principle. So we need to bring all the principles, all the issues together and see things holistically. And using my first thought on communication, holistically seeing things holistically can help us to communicate it better. My final point is, what next? We have been promoting, we have had more than 80 or around 80 organizations and the government endorsing the principles. Then what's next? I believe that we need to identify, we need to translate these principles into actionable points, so that it would be general points, but those need to be contextualized, those broad points, so that we can really make these principles actionable and we can learn from it and taking it as a kind of something big, something philosophical. That's all from me. Thank you everybody for listening to me. Thank you so much, Dr. Hasid, for sharing your reflection and commenting on these two cases. I hope it opens up a new window for discussion when we go for the open discussion later on breakout group activity. So now it's time for breakout group activity, where we will spend 20 minutes together. And I think there will be four breakout group that my colleague, Anna, will be setting up. But before that, let me try to explain what we would like to do in this breakout group. So we have two questions for you. These questions are showing up in the screen if you can see. Do you agree that the implementing the locally-led adaptation principles can reduce conflicts followed by climate change? And the second question is, do you have any suggestions on how to improve the use of locally-led adaptation principles or the principles themselves? So we have a very simple table which we have put together in the group slides. And we have four breakout group facilitator who will be helping the overall room to coordinate this discussion. And we would like to hear one strong message for each of the questions. So we would like to hear two messages for each of the questions from your room. It will be great if one of the participants from the room can volunteer to share those reflection when we are come up after 20 minutes. So I'd just like to request Chris Shanawas and Tamanna to be very strict on the time. We will get back from the room sharp at 3 p.m. Dhaka time which is 10 a.m. UK time VST at this moment. So Anna, are you good to set up the breakout group? And the facilitators, please turn on the recording again when you are in the breakout group. Yeah, the rooms are ready and I will open them now. If you have any problems, just message in the chat. Yes, just message. Hi, everyone. I hope you all have a great discussion. So now we would like to hear from all the, somebody from all the group activities as we need to have some time in the later part and also leave some time if any audience have like any final thoughts to share. Let's keep two, 2.5 minutes for reporting back from each of the group. I hope that sounds okay. So the first group was Chris, your group. So did you get any volunteer from your group to present? Hi, Pash, I will present on behalf of our group. So yeah, during the discussion, thank you. So one of the key point that came up is that, when there is conflict affected area, since there is a very low trust between communities, so we thought that for LLA could be more of like a complementary approach that could help for conflict resolution and would really help in the long term of building trust. We also thought that, even though LLA is existing and a lot of organizations are still endorsing the principles, but we need indicators that would help, that will really help us to do the evaluation and measure the impact of using the principles. Other than that, we thought that the principles are a guiding tool, but it is more of a framework that really highlights the best practice and is a standard to follow. And the rest you can see in the screen that because these were a few of the points that we wanted to highlight, but please do add if anything we want to highlight during the discussion. Thank you. Thank you so much. One, just one point I wanted to add, which was really interesting is people in communities are very aware that actions have to be inclusive. And if somebody said it, that is actually the problem is getting that message to people who are operating at higher levels. And that's where the principles may be particularly helpful. Great, great. Thank you so much, Grace. Now, going for the breakout group too, where I facilitated it. Anna, can you please, yeah, thank you so much. We had a volunteer from our group, but she was struggling with her microphone. So, Chochu, are you here with us? If she's not here, then probably I can report back. But Chochu, I can see you in the list. Can you share one point from our session? Okay, yeah, Chochu, I got your message. Okay, probably she is struggling. So probably I can report back from our group. So we had a very, very, very interesting discussion and conversation and like to highlight two points from our group, where we actually talk about that, where we had a discussion about that LLA principles can possibly not be able to reduce conflict in the way, but it can identify the root causes for what causes the conflict happening. For example, the power imbalance or the power issues on the local versus elite. So this is very one important point that we have discussed. You all may see other important points, but I'm not going over those now. And moving on to the second question that we have, that how we can improve the use of principles. So here, I would actually like to highlight two points because those two were very interesting from our group. One is that to make the local communities or the people like understanding on the issues, there has to be targeted capacity building related training, but we also discussed that this has to be like, the training has to be done from both national to local level or for both top to bottom level. And as well as to see that if the principles are being, principles cannot be used basically. So there has to be some guidelines or the criteria or indicators for the principles to be measured where we can track our progress, like what we are doing good or bad. And like IUCN has adopted criteria and for eight criteria for NBS with like significant or like with particular indicators. So these are the two points that I'd like to hear share from our question too. I hope I'm on time. Now, going back for, going back to group breakout group three. So Shahnawaz, did you have any volunteer from your group or would you like to report back? Yes, we have volunteers and we really have a good lineup in the group. We had a really great discussion. So I think they meant to share our discussion. Thanks, Shahnawaz. We had a really good discussion. So in terms of the first question, how can, if the principles of LLA can reduce conflict. So what was said in our group was that it can reduce conflict, yes, but there are certain things that are also, that can only be done by the central government. So that's another thing to keep in mind and not everything can be achieved by simply applying LLA principles. Another issue was that understanding risk and vulnerability. This is critical. So, and this is similar to the point raised in group two actually. So we also said that looking at the vulnerabilities behind the conflict and LLA allows us to understand the reasons behind the conflict so that we can address the root of the problem instead of just providing temporary remedies for it. So that's one over and up. Another one was engaging local governments, influencing local governments development plans and then monitoring the delivery of those plans. Another one was around limitations of LLA because communities are not homogeneous. They are not cohesive. So conflict sensitivity should be part of risk analysis. And always keeping in mind the risk of doing harm while engaging the groups in trying to apply these principles should be kept in mind. Another point was the role of LLA in recognizing and understanding indigenous and local knowledge and respecting these forms of knowledge and making sure they are integrated into plans. And the final one was recognizing the links between local conflict and its broader national dimensions, always keeping in mind the national context as well. So in the section about how to improve the use of the principles, again, we talked about understanding the broader context, especially conducting political economy and political ecology analysis. The importance of understanding power structures and the ongoing struggles around power and understanding how we can effectively engage by keeping those in mind and also keeping in mind that not all stakeholders in a country context might have positive interests in applying the principles. Another issue that, again, overlapped with the second group was using measurable indicators as in nature-based solutions. So the possibility of maybe applying these to LLA as well, finding indicators that might work in the LLA context. And the final point was, again, considering the use of LLA in different contexts such as conflict as we touched upon in the presentation, but also migrating communities, communities that are in flux. So what are the kind of new knowledges that are being introduced in such communities? And do they remain excluded or do they get included? And also in reverse, passing information to these new communities, especially in the context of climate migration. Thank you. Thank you so much, Gemma, for sharing interesting thoughts from your group. Now over to Tamanna. Do you have any volunteer from your group? Tasvia, no, we didn't actually get any volunteer. So I'll just briefly present what we got. So it was really some interesting discussions that we have had. So definitely for the first question, whether we agree that the principles of LLA are helping to reduce conflict caused by climate change, yes, and most of the participants talked about the devolving decision making principles, which is decision making to the lowest level, which deals with climate change, deals with nature and natural resource management. We talked about there were discussions on the tragedy of the commons and how to manage the common pool resources, maintaining a balance in the nature. We also talked about what are the ecosystem level and social level harmful coping mechanisms to deal with the climate change induced problems. And there were examples from Sudan and Mali on different resource user group who have different livelihood practices and who needs to migrate at different seasons to gain the access to different resources. And there are definitely scarcity of resources, which is further provoked by the climate change induced impacts. So definitely the solutions and what the interesting works that organizations like friendship, organizations like Islamic Relief are doing, we also have seen the presentation from Sudan. So like definitely the LLA principles of working in a whole of society approach, coming up with a comprehensive approach and taking the decisions to the community level is definitely helping in reducing conflicts created by climate change to certain extent. But definitely there are gaps which were identified. So definitely the like principles are not standalone solutions. And we also talked about the work of Eleanor Ostrom where she is dealing with how community members are taking practical arrangements to solve the climate change problems. And this could be a very interesting case to take upon by different development practitioners to deal with the community level devolving decision-making process. So for example, LLA principle talk about decision-making should be devolved at the community level, but definitely there are certain power structures and groups like landlords or big corporations and these and that. So how they are influencing certain decision-making and how it should not be biased and how it should be inclusive. So that needs to be facilitated and that should be taken into consideration in incorporating the LLA principles. And we also got some interesting examples. For example, in Mali, in conflict resolution mechanism they thought about implying the religious framework and sensitizing community. So what are the religious framework is implying and how it can sensitize the community to manage their common pool resources in an efficient manner. So yeah, that's from my group and I really like to thank all the participants for the interesting discussion. Thanks. Thank you so much, Tamana. That's a very rich discussion I'd say. And yeah, as you also mentioned, I'd like to thank all the participants who have like cooperated with us so efficiently to make this happening on time. So now, Chris, I would like to hand it over to you for the final reflection session and concluding remarks, Chris. So yeah, firstly, I am actually very impressed with the richness of the discussion that the breakout groups had. I confess we had a few technology problems that we struggling to find the facilitator notes in our group, but I think we still came up with some great insights. You know, one of the things that struck me is that the battle isn't over when a project is designed using the principles and even join the project. One of the things that is sort of a reflection from myself was when Moccascio was talking about the fact that during the life of the project itself, some of the leaseholders took regained control of the canals and it was necessary to bring in the police and then go to court and revert the action once again. And it makes us realize that what we're working here is a world that's constantly in flux. So we need to constantly show that this grassroots development of power to influence action, it needs constant work. So one of the things that we see from the breakout groups is that nearly all of them talked about measuring ways of evidencing and measuring the value of using the principles. You know, having indicators in the monitoring system so you can demonstrate the impact of those principles to the people who need to use them constantly. What we're going to do though is use this two minutes to actually hear back from Hasib and then the other two presenters to see after the breakout groups what they feel they've learned from others about their case. But Hasib first, before I go to Moccascio and then Demit, Hasib would you like to, this is reflecting back on what you've heard from the groups and then the insights you gave from the case studies. So we'll give you three minutes for that and hear from you. Yeah, thank you Chris. Yes, I fully agree with you how rich the discussion was in the breakout. And thank you very much to Practical Action and other partners for organizing this because it gave the platform to those who actually didn't get a chance to share their experience through presentation. But one thing I found quite interesting that the commonalities, isn't it? The challenges, opportunities and the positiveness that we have heard from different groups. But they also talked about the kind of, I wouldn't say limitations because these principles have been prepared to guide as a guiding principle, the GCA when it was the commission not the center, definitely WRIID, they came up with this fantastic guiding principle to make us understand. But in Bangladesh especially as we hear as we talk with different civil society organizations, government and NGOs, they often challenge us, not by us, I mean those who are actually proposing or promoting LLA principles. Why so many different terminologies, so many different guiding principles? We used to talk about CBA, I'm sure we are attending CBA conference and we very much aware of over the last 15 years if not 20 years, we have been talking about CBA, Community Based Adaptation. Now you are talking about LLA, why? I think one thing came up quite strongly as Dr. Salimun Haq actually told in one of the meetings. In fact, in Bangladesh, we launched a platform under the leadership of ICAT, International Center for Climate Change and Development which is a national platform on LLA. And I think he actually pointed out a fantastic point. I can't help myself but sharing that the core value of LLA principle, whether you are talking about reducing conflict or addressing conflict or making a structural change or not, importance of knowledge, evaluation, indicators. Most important thing is leadership because we're talking about locally led, not only people's participation or not, we're talking about the leadership. That's the very important point that Dr. Salimun Haq actually mentioned, Tasya was there the other day, last week. And I think that make, that changes everything. Is it just the leadership of a particular organization which is coordinating? Is it the leadership of individuals or is it the leadership of some organization which we haven't thought of that they could be the leader? So I think we have heard some fantastic cases from two countries. We have heard some reflection from different parts of the world, colleagues who are interested in or may I call them LLA enthusiasts, otherwise they wouldn't be participating here. But I'm very optimistic despite the challenges because the main focus of today is whether LLA can reduce conflict over natural resources under changing climate. But I think we need to have this conversation more and take some of the, I'm sure there will be a secondary session where we can actually reflect or share whatever we have discussed here over the last one hour or so. Thank you Chris, that's all for me. Thank you Asip. I mean, one of the things perhaps that's your point that you made there about leadership takes on board is that some of these things are very thorny, like they're really inbuilt problems that are going to need boldness as well as good analysis. I think there was a point made by Breakout Group 3 about understanding the political economy. And I think there is, we probably don't talk enough about that, understanding the deep-rooted political and economic reasons, why I think there are tensions. And if they're not addressed and that needs good leadership, then yes, I think it's difficult to make progress. Can I hear from Mokleshaw? Give you a couple of minutes, Mokleshaw, for your final reflections. You've heard from others as well as of course, you know your case well. Are there any final reflections in one or two minutes you would like to make? Yes, thanks, Grace. The way actually we see the local level adaptation activities, we first think of consensus building because conflicts, the big conflicts or micro or small conflicts is almost everywhere, both in rural and urban settings. For example, in our case, there are conflicts between farmers and the eco-cultures, cultureists, the rice farmers and the shrimp farmers, the fishers and the forest department, conflicts about livestock rearing in the dry season. So conflicts on all sorts of, almost every sectors or sub sectors of land-water-based production systems. And we need to intervene or organize or sensitize informing communities to, I think it is important to focus on not adaptation but building adaptive capacity because the climate change speed is always uncertain. Over the last 50 years, people say we didn't have this sort of dryer monsoon that we have this year in Bangladesh. But at the same time, in the North Eastern part of Bangladesh had two flood waves and that was devastating and unprecedented. And still the people are fighting to cope with the loss they face due to double flooding. So there are lots of uncertainties. So we need to build consensus, what to do, how to navigate, and then capacity, I mean, the leadership, locally we need to build the leaderships and definitely with the technical capacities to plan their activities. For example, and also it is very important that what people talk about the adaptation interventions. For example, we have given a variety of rice that is inundation tolerant. If the rice remains under water for two weeks, they can grow and give good yields. When I was talking to them, the women, one women said, it's fine that we get rice even after inundation, but the rice is not tasty and my children don't like it. And then what did it do? We sold the rice this variety and we bought it. So it's very important piece of information. We said that, well, definitely we have contacts with Bangladesh Rice Research Institute and we'll pass this information to them. So there are good knowledge there. I mean, we learn a lot of things and communities also learn and there are good bundle of knowledges that we need to harvest. We need to also enrich ourselves in it. So LLA provide that sort of opportunities because we work in a very small nested sites with small number of communities. So better we can go deeper vertically rather than we have many sites and big mega projects and then we are lost in the horizon. So I personally like this locally led or CBA or whatever you say, but the conflict management and building capacities and connectivity, the local communities, if they are connected to local government, local administration, police, and the local advocacy groups, even the alleys of the member of parliaments is important in the case of Bangladesh because MPs, they're not very effective within the parliament but more effective in their local area. So what we did, we cannot go there to him but we made partnership with his alleys so that he can pass the information to the MPs and keep him informed and supporting to our initiatives. So there are lots of issues that we need to handle. The LLA is not easy, it's good, but it is not easy. It's very difficult. Thank you. Very valid point, Mark, for sure. And in fact, what you pointed out is you've been working in this community for a long time and the political connections, the knowledge and that understanding is really important. The principles can, I think it's been pointed out one or two groups, they can be very good for highlighting the standards that need to be followed. They're a guide for best practice but at the end of the day, there are these long-term relationships and that need to be done. I like your point very much about building consensus and building capacity. You use the term adaptive capacity. That was a phrase that was heavily used a few years back. Maybe we should be talking more about building adaptive capacity. I've got a couple of minutes, Demet. Is there a key reflection you'd like to have? And then, Tasfi, I see you put your video on and you've done a super job of facilitating the process throughout. So maybe I'll ask you also for a final reflection but Demet, a minute and then Tasfiya. Okay, thank you very much, Chris. I'll keep it really short. So I've really, really enjoyed this session. I think the discussions were extremely rich. So I think that what is very clear here is that we have a wealth of knowledge here in terms of understanding vulnerabilities, building consensus, engaging local national governments, building capacity at the smallest local level. So that's clear. The final thought that I would like to leave us with is so as practitioners, how do we bring this knowledge base, this wealth of knowledge to the global stage such as ongoing processes around establishing a global goal and adaptation? So NLA is not an official discussion stream at the UNFCCC level but there's great need for practitioners to bring their knowledge base and their experience to the table at these global level negotiations. We need to bring examples of good practice which we have an abundance of and build a case for placing local communities at the heart of adaptation actions across the globe. So how do we make sure that NLA gets recognized and adopted? Because ultimately, if as practitioners we succeed in bringing that knowledge to these global spheres as well, then it can help those communities to get the financial and technical support they need. So that's the final point I would like to raise. Good point, and we will make sure. I think the writer out of the groups complimenting these presentations, I think means that we have got a lot to offer to the CBA community of practice that will be written up in the final writer. So thank you everybody for your contribution. Tasfia, you opened the session. Would you like to close it on our behalf? We've got one minute left and have your final reflection. Yes, thank you Chris. Not sure if I'm in a very good position to make a final reflection, like because we have heard a lot of very interesting points from all of our speakers and as well as moderator Chris from you on the final reflection. But I'd like to just reiterate the point from our group again, that to make the NLA principles working, we need to have a framework or like a guideline with criteria and indicator. Because otherwise, as we all know that we are still struggling to tracking the adaptation because it's very vast and it's also as well as locally specific and has social, cultural, political, very many dimensions. So we need to find ways to measure, track and make progress as we move forward. I also would like to add another point is that ICAT is currently building a national platform for locally-led adaptation to bring up the group like-minded group together. So probably my colleague Afsira when we have, I hope we have got email addresses from all of you that the form link that my colleague Afsira has posted. So from there, probably we would be able to share more information. Finally, I'd like to thank like all of our speakers, Demet, Dr. Mukles, Dr. Haseeb, moderator Chris, as well as like the people who have worked from the background, like Anna who has provided amazing tech support, my colleague Afsira Bushra taking notes, screenshots and like colleagues from CNRS, CCJB, Practical Action, as well as Thaman and Shana who have helped us in the breakout group. So thank you everyone. And finally, we would like to sincerely appreciate the cooperation and support we have received from the CB Organizing Team. Sam, Aaron and the whole tech team, everyone, thank you so much. And I think we had a good discussion and we can hopefully take something forward from here. Thank you so much.