 Heroin and the opiate drugs turn off the respiratory drive in the brain and particularly with an injection of heroin the breathing gets very shallow. If you have a large dose of heroin somebody may stop breathing completely and they die from not breathing. Around 6,100 overdose deaths mainly related to heroin and other opioids have been reported in Europe in 2012. Overall over the past years there is a decrease in Europe but still some countries report an increase. Drug overdose continues to be one of the main cause of deaths among problem drug users and reducing fatal overdose remains a major challenge for public health. In a hospital setting or when an ambulance turns up we have an antidote that we give which is naloxone. If we were dealing with other medical conditions like epilepsy or diabetes we would know that we have to teach the patient themselves but also their partner and their family that if this crisis occurs here is how you deal with the emergency whilst you're waiting for the ambulance to come and we need to adopt that approach in the drug treatment field so we emphasise that there should be A, B, C, naloxone. A is to call an ambulance, B is to check somebody's breathing, C is to put them to the recovery position and then to give the naloxone. So the naloxone on its own is not the way to manage it. Take-home naloxone programmes emerged during the 90s on the base of research showing that overdose deaths occur very often in the presence of others. These programmes include education and training on first aid interventions for drug users, family members and their peers. We found some evidence from the United States that communities providing education and training with take-home naloxone reduced overdose mortality. In Europe several countries report the existence of some formats of these programmes. Our project was not only in Germany but also in Europe. It began in 1998. We had over 200 reposts and over 100 naloxone applications and what didn't work was the need for professional help. In Estonia we have a very high drug-related death rate and most of the death cases are related to the use of fentanyl. We provide pre-noxide injection and information materials. It's provided mainly to the patients and to the close ones and healthcare providers. What is our, like, maybe a little bit visual thinking but we would like that police would have also some day the naloxone in their first aid kit. In Catalonia it seems that it has an impact on public health. The Government of Catalonia, the Drug Dependency Programme, has tried to make a systematic training project. The key element of this project is to form the affected ones so that they know the risk factors to prevent them. Identify when overdoses appear and know what to do. And among these know what to do, the first component is not to inject naloxone. The Scottish Government decided to fund a national naloxone programme. It can be such a powerful message to actually supply someone with naloxone because it genuinely shows that you care about that person whether they live or die. In order to get a supply, people have to receive some training in the use of naloxone. Initially when this first started we delivered it in groups but it seemed to be not that effective so now the main focus for the programme is to do a brief intervention. It takes place over 10 minutes and what I would say is never underestimate the potential outcome of a brief intervention with somebody giving them enough skills. The national Danish scheme, as we call it, the naloxone scheme is sort of a network construction with the participating treatment facilities where people are trained. The setting of training for giving naloxone is a very good setting for having other health-related issues taking up with the drug users. In Norway we have a naloxone programme that has been launched actually by the Minister of Health and Social Affairs in Norway as part of a national plan. We in Norway, I think a little bit special from other countries in Europe, we are using nasal naloxone. The same product which is injected in most other countries but we use it with a nasal atomiser and adapter and the route of administration is nasal. First of all we need to improve the naloxone that we give out so you say why couldn't it be a ready-filled syringe and we now have that. We'd also want to look at whether there might be other ways in which naloxone could be given. That's still a development project. We're still waiting evidence to show its reliability and its effectiveness but I'd expect some of those non-injectable routes of naloxone to be part of what we have in the future. Most opiate users overdose because they misjudged their own tolerance. We now have research that shows training opiate users that peers and families is effective and that these groups can successfully manage overdoses' vividness. Naloxone should be much more available. It is cheap and effective and it has no side effects.