 Their learners. Now, we will discuss another unit that is unit for logical form. In this unit,we will discuss the very basic concepts that are concept of logical form distinction between form and matter the deter is recognising the form of an argument, logical form and the use of symbols, importance of logical form. Now ужас, you see sul shik . Like the traditional logic,する restroom of symbolic logic, is to determine the validity of arguments in pursuing this same symbolic logic umbled logic like mathematics  mets మారి మికి కారారి కికి మాకి కారూ మపికఔలాట౜ది నిమినాని బంలాచి మికికి. It may be observed that the subject matter of దహ�半 వారి మంల౾ని వికికికి, its aim is to determine the validity of arguments and the specific method is what is called the directive method. The subject matter, aim and method specific to symbolic logic give the subject a special nature which can be termed as formal. In this unit, the aligners, we shall discuss the concept of form and other important issues related with logical form. Now, the aligners, what is form? Of course, you have to know what is form. You see, we can observe that in our day-to-day life, we often use the term form and matter. So, when we discuss form, then we also have to discuss the another very basic issue that is matter in logic, that is form and matter. Every material object, for example, a table has two aspects. For example, a table has two aspects. First one is matter, second one is form. A table has two aspects, first one is matter and second one is form. When we speak of matter, when we speak of matter of the table, we are talking of the elements out of which the table is made. Again, we are, again the aligners repeating, when we are talking of the matter of the table, basically what we are speaking, what we are talking of the elements or substances out of which the table is made. It means, for example, in the case of a wooden table, the wood is the matter or the element or substance which makes up the table. Again supposing that the table round in shape, the table round in shape, then this roundness or round shape is the form of the table. Now you see the aligners, like a material object, an argument and proposition also have particular forms and composed by certain elements which are called its matter. For example, in the proposition all manner mortal, all are mortal, you see the constituent words are its matter and similarly the matter of the argument is the constituent propositions or the premises and the arguments. You see the aligners, the expression logical form indicates the way in which the matter or the element of the proposition or argument are expressed. Logical form may be defined, again repeating, logical form may be defined as the way in which the constituents or the elements of a proposition or argument are arranged to compose and express the proposition and the argument. In other words, it is a type of structural coordination arising out of the mutual relations of the constituents or elements of a proposition or argument. Now you see the aligners, it can be said that or it can be seen that the matter of a proposition or argument expresses the subject matter of a proposition or argument. On the other hand, the form of a proposition or argument expresses the way in which subject matter is expressed. Form relates to the logical structures underlying the argument. Again I repeat, form relates to the logical structure underlying the language content in any arguments. Content provides the matter content provides the matter of the argument. In other words, logical structure or logical structure is the form or the more to which the matter can be cast. So form relates to the logical structure, the form relates to the logical structure it is underlying or it is the underlying logical relationship of an inference. The aligners, the difference between form and matter can be expressed with the help of two words namely syntax and semantics, syntax and semantics. The logical form can be expressed with the help of syntax and semantics. Syntax relates to the logical structure or the underlying structure of a proposition or on the other hand, semantics relates to the matter or the meaning of the word of an argument. Now, dear aligners, you can taste yourself. There are some questions for you. This fill up the blanks. The word form in logic is used as applied to arguments and fill up the blanks. Then second one, the constituent elements of an argument are called each. You find out the word. The form of an argument relates to logical that you find out the word. Form is concerned with the syntax but matter is concerned with the death of the argument. Now, dear aligners, you see the distinction between form and matter. It is an important distinction. It is an important concept in logic. In order to know the form of a proposition, we can take the following three propositions. Now, you see all manner models are already there that all educational institutes are all which are polyplases. Third one is all peer's individuals are honest. You see, if we observe the following three propositions, we can find that all the three propositions differ in respect to their content or matter. But so far as their form is concerned, the propositions have the same form, same logical form. If we draw our attention from their subject matter, then we cognize their form to be off. That is all peer's skew. You see, it is the same logical form. All peer's skew. If you write all peer's skew, then it means all educational institutes are polyplases. All male are mortal. All peer's individuals are honest. You see, dear aligners, again, all smoking objects are fiery. If there is smoke, then there is fire. It can be said that the above two propositions have the same matter but different forms. You see, dear aligners, again I repeat, all smoking objects are fiery. If there is smoke, then there is fire. Number one, here you see, dear aligners, it can be said that the above two propositions have the same matter but different forms. The form of the first proposition is as follows. All is, all as is or peer's skew. You can say, the second proposition has the following form that is if, peer, then peer. Here you see, the logical form is different in case of the two examples. But the matter is same in case of the two examples. Thus, one need to withdraw one's attention from the subject matter of the proposition and concentrate on the way the subject matter is presented in order to recognize the form of the proposition. For this, the use of symbols is indispensable in symbolic logic. Now, you see, examples of logical form. Now, dear aligners, I shall go if he comes. He has come, he has come, therefore I shall go. This is first one. Then second one, you see, if you study hard, if you study hard, then you will pass in the examination. You will pass, you will pass in the examination. You have studied hard, you have studied hard, therefore you will pass in the examination. You will pass in the examination. So, you see, this one, second one, this is first. In case of an argument, form is expressed in the way in which the constituent propositions are arranged to make propositions. Dear aligners, you see, all the three arguments or all the two arguments have different subject matter but have the same form. The same logical form of the above two examples means this first one, second one is one of hypothetical categorical syllogism. The form can be expressed as if P, if P, then Q, if P, then Q, P, therefore Q. These two propositions can be logically expressed that if P, then Q, and P, therefore Q. You see, but this logical form can be symbolically represented as P implies Q and P, therefore Q. So, this is modus ponens, a valid logical form. The use of symbols reveals the form of the argument. Now, dear aligners, you see, another very, very basic important concept in this unit, that is, that is, relation between logical form and use of symbols. Now, you see, dear friends, there is a close connection between logical form and the use of symbols. Dear aligners, you see, there is a close connection between logical form and the use of symbols. You see, in order to express the form of the proposition and argument, it is necessary to use symbols. Symbolic logic is completely a formal science. In symbolic logic, no importance is given at all to the matter or the elements of the proposition and the argument. It has been observed in order to discern the form of the proposition or the argument, one need to completely withdraw one's attention from the subject matter of the argument or proposition as the case may be and express the same through symbols. The use of symbols makes the logical form clear. Thus, the use of symbols facilitates the discernment of logical form. Modern logic, dear learners, you know perhaps there is a development of traditional deductive logic, which is completely formal in nature, just like mathematics. Like mathematics, it makes use of deductive method. The use of symbols makes the argument free from ambiguities of ordinary language. Now, you see, dear learners, this helps to determine the validity or invalidity of argument by using logical form. Now, dear learners, the words ëvalidí and ëinvalidí are applied to the form of argument and not to the argument that is to the content of the argument. The word ëvalidí implies the correctness of the structural argument, that is the form of the argument, which in its turn depends upon the adherence to certain formal rules. Now, you see, dear learners, there is also another very important concept in this unit that is importance of logical form. The study of logical form is important because it is directly connected with the determination of the validity and invalidity of the argument. If the logical form of the argument is valid, then the deductive argument will be valid and if the form of the argument is incorrect, then the argument is invalid. Therefore, there is a close connection between the logical form and the validity and the invalidity of the argument. Now, dear learners, see, so in this unit, there are some basic points. These basic points are these logical form is the structural synthesis or coordination of the elements of the proposition or the argument as the case may be. Logicians put more emphasis on the concept of logical form rather than on matter or the elements of the proposition or the argument. It is because of the validity of the argument depends on the form and not on the matter. Secondly, modern logic is completely formal in nature. The use of symbols is indispensable because symbols make the form of the argument clear and helps one to withdraw one's attention on the content or matter rather the focus is on the form of the argument which helps to determine the validity of the argument. So, this is all about the unit that is logical form. Dear learners, in order to know this unit comprehensively, you have to read or you have to consult the books like Introduction to Logic written by Irving M. Copy. Another one that is Symbolic Logic Irving M. Copy and Kohen and Karl. Another one you can take Logic Informal Symbolic and Inductive written by Sanda Sakraborty. And another one very important one that is Introduction to Logic written by Harley Patrick J. So, these are very very important books you have to read in order to understand the unit logical form in a very comprehensive manner. So, dear learners, thank you so much for patiently listening this lecture on logical form.