 Namaste and welcome to the video course on Watershed Management. Today, we will start a new module, module on Integrated Watershed Management. The topics covered in this module 3 will be introduction to integrated approach, integrated water resource management, conjunctive use of water resources, rainwater harvesting and roof catchment system. Today, in lecture number 8, we will discuss the topic on integrated water resource management. In this lecture, the topics covered include introduction to integrated approach, integrated water resource management, integrated watershed management approach, a case study, some of the important keywords in this lecture include integrated approach, integrated water resource management, integrated water resource management approach. So, the last few lectures, we were discussing about the sustainability issues, the land sustainable land management issues, water resource management and within the perspective of watershed management approach. So, we have seen that in one way or another way, various resources or the management of various resources within a watershed, we have to integrate. So, we have to go for integrated approach for the better management of the various resources within the watershed. So, within this perspective, let us look what is integrated approach, what are the issues and what are the challenges. So, within the perspective of water, the various issues say in a river basin or in a watershed are, so the resources are under pressure, resources like the water or land are under pressure. Then many places, population are under water stress, I mean sufficient water is not available even though water available in some locations, the quality is not good enough. So, impact of pollution and water governance crisis, so some people in some areas, some people get more water, some poor people are not getting sufficient water for various purposes. So, these are some of the important issues as far as water is concerned. So, with respect to these issues, what are the challenges when we discuss in terms of integrated watershed management. So, some of the challenges I have listed here, we are securing water for people, so people should get sufficient water in good quantity and quality. Then securing water for food production, that means for agricultural activities, then developing other job creating activities within the watershed, then protecting the vital ecosystems, so we have seen that for the sustainable management of an area, so we have to look into the ecosystems, so we have to protect the various aspects or various things related to the ecosystems, so for that water is very essential. So, then dealing with the variability of water in time and space, so this is another important issue as we have seen, say water is available in some locations, too much water is available, some locations very less water is available and then with respect to time also the water variability varies. Then the next challenge is managing the risk, so like various related issues like climatic changes, so then how to manage the risk related to climate or say the when we discuss with respect to the pollution, so how to manage the risk related to the pollution. So, then creating popular awareness and understanding, so one of the important aspects nowadays which we have discussed in terms of watershed management is that people should aware what is going on and then people should understand the various issues, so that is very important. So, one important challenge is creating popular awareness and understanding and then forging the political will to act. So, even though we create plans, we generate plans in very good plans for various watershed management or water resource management related issues, so there will be political there should be political will to act upon it. So, for that say that is a we have to make the system in such a way that the there is a political will to do the things. So, we have to do the things in such a way that there is forging the political will to act. Then ensuring collaboration across sectors and boundaries, so we have to see that the water is say as far as water is concerned with respect to rain, even though we classify in terms of watershed or particular river basin, so many times we have to deal with the river passing through different areas or we have to deal with the different sectors like agriculture sectors, environmental sectors or forestry sectors, so like that. So, one of the major challenge as far as integrated approach is concerned, we have to collaborate across sectors and boundaries, so that we will have better management plans. So, within this perspective of issues and challenges, let us discuss the integrated approach. So, the integrated approach can be the integration of various things with respect to the natural system or integration with respect to the various issues related to the human system. So, these things I have listed here in this slides, so here you can see related to natural system there is critical importance for resource availability and quality. So, that way when we call the integrated approach in terms of natural system includes integration of fresh water and coastal zone management. So, you can see that the rivers will be joining the sea, so then what is happening the coastal zone that it will be affecting the fresh water availability as well as the various related issues. So, we have to see the integration of fresh water and coastal zone management, then integration of land and water management, so that is another important issue which we have already discussed earlier. So, in terms of sustainable land management or in terms of sustainable water management, we have to see the integration of land and water management. Then integration of surface and ground water management, so the water availability can be surface water or ground water, so we have to see that both are used in an integrated way, so that better utilization efficient utilization will be achieved. Then integration of quantity and quality in water resource management, so say as far as natural system is concerned, so it is not only the quantity of water available, but we have to see that the available quantity of water has good quality, so that way we have to integrate we have to integrate within the quantity and quality of the water resource system available. Then integration of upstream and downstream water related interest, so we have already seen that when we have discussed especially in the watershed based approach, so what is happening at the upstream areas that will affect the downstream people also. So, we have to see that there is integration of especially water related issues with respect to the upstream lands and downstream lands or downstream areas, so we have to see within the perspective of natural system. So, like this integrated approach there should be integration of various sectors like fresh water, coastal zone, land and water then surface and ground water and quantity and quality upstream and downstream, so that is as far as integrated approach of natural system. So, now let us see the human system, so the human system determines resource use waste production and pollution and development priorities etcetera. So, human beings or the people within the watershed or people within the river basin do a lot of activities within the system, so that should be streamlined in such a way that or integrated in such a way that say we can achieve the integrated water resources development and management in a better way. So, as far as human system is concerned we have to mainstream the water resources available within the area which we consider then macroeconomic effects of water developments. So, we have to see that the various development issues within the watershed or within the area within the perspective of the not only the environmental, but economical aspects also. Then influencing economic sector decisions, so we have to see that if they say if we invest same particular amount of money in the in a watershed then say what kind of activities in an effective way we can do, so that we can have optimal same plans, so that we can achieve better sustainable development. Then integration of all stakeholders in planning and decision, so this is very important in terms of integrated water resource management. So, we have already seen the say people should get involved or the stakeholders should get involved from the beginning and so in development of the plans and then also implementations and maintenance. So, that is the integration of all stakeholders within the area. Then integrating water and wastewater management, so as we already discussed it is not only the quantity of water the quality is also very important. So, that way we have to see that the various sectors say not only the water resource, but the wastewater management also should be integrated in such a way that say the water coming to a river base to a river or an aquifer system recharging an aquifer system that should be good quality of water and that we will sustain the system. So, that way the integrated approach we can discuss in terms of natural system or the human system. So, now say out of these two issues say of natural system and human system say let us discuss two important issues say first one is related to natural system. So, that is integration of land and water management. So, the land use developments and vegetation cover like crop selection or a forestation etcetera influence the physical distribution and quality of water, so that is very important. So, considering say overall planning and management we have to see that say the land and water both are resources we integrate both in such a way that optimal or sustainable developments takes place. Then promotion of catchments and river basin management like a logical planning say as a watershed for integrated water resource management plans, so that is very important in terms of promotion of the catchments say either in the scale of watershed or a river basin. So, then as far as water utilization is concerned we can classify into green water and blue water, green water is the water directly used for biomass production and this in this process the water is lost as evapotranspiration. So, and then blue water means water flowing in rivers and aquifers, so mostly say most of the time when we discuss about the water resource management say we will be discussing the water management with a focus on blue water only. But green water is say lot of water about more than 50 percent of the water is gone as green water or water used for biomass production and lost evapotranspiration. So, management of the green water having significant potential for water savings also we have to see that. So, when we discuss about the integration or integration of land and water management we have to see not only the blue water, but the green water and also the the land. So, then the next one is say one issue which we want to discuss in terms of human system integration. So, here the one of the most important issue is the stakeholders and people participation. So, here we will briefly discuss about the integration of all stakeholders in the planning and decision process. So, here the key element in obtaining balance and sustainable utilization of resources any resource within a water should run in a in an area is integration of the stakeholders. So, depending upon their needs depending upon the the aspiration of the people we have to see that the the the particular projects are implemented or particular management plans are made. So, generally stakeholders represents conflicting interests and their objectives concerning water resource management may substantially differ. So, if you consider a watershed people will have different people have different interests. So, the rich people may have a different interest poor poor people may have different interest. So, rich farmers want to say grow cash crops like sugarcane and poor farmers may wish to say go for rice cultivation. So, like that there will be different views or different say the conflicting interest will be there. So, in indicator water resource management we should develop operational tools for this conflict management and resolution. So, we have to say call all these stakeholders whether rich or poor and then we should have a mechanism for conflict management and then we have to resolve the issues. So, then also it is essential to identify the water resource management functions based on lowest level of implementation. So, we have to see that from small scale farmers to the the particular either panjayat level or to all the the implementation is concerned we have to see that all the people are part of the implementation process and in that process relevant stakeholders should be identified and mobilized. So, in any integrated system so, we have to see that say starting from the the grass root level people say people should get involved in in a development of the plants and also implementation and the main demands. So, now within this perspective so, when we discuss about the integrated water resource management say three major issues we have to deal. So, these issues are say efficiency of the system then social equity and sustainability of the of the watershed management or water resource plan. So, these issues we will discuss briefly in this slide. So, as far as efficiency is concerned efficiency in water use is core principle of integrated water resource management. So, water must be used with maximum possible efficiency. So, as we discussed earlier say for example, in agriculture sector so much water is wasted say for example, India is concerned more than 80 percent of the water is used for agriculture purposes. So, how we can say deal with this demand and supply management so, that we can achieve efficiency and then also we have to see economic efficiency. So, as we discussed water resource it has to be considered as a good with an economical value so that we can achieve economic efficiency. And then another important issue in integrated water resource management is social equity. So, social equity means all people must have a access to water of adequate quantity and quality. So, this is a very important issue. So, say whether within a watershed whether people may be poor or rich, but does not matter. So, as far as water is concerned say adequate quantity and quality of water should be available all for all people say for all say for all their needs say including the drinking or the sanitation purpose or the agriculture purpose or any other needs. So, as far as social equity is concerned participation in water management by all stakeholders is very important in development plans and implementation. So, that is the best way to ensure equity as far as water management is concerned. Then as we discussed earlier the sustainability issues are very important. So, to achieve ecological sustainability we have to see that water is allocated or water is used in an appropriate way. So, the current water use should be managed in such a way that it does not affect the future generation. So, say for example, if you are over drawing water from an aquifer system and then if you are not recharging sufficient water to the aquifer system there will be the aquifer say the pumping wells will get dry. So, there will be problem. So, like that say when we deal with any system within the perspective of integrated water resource management we have to see that sustainability of the system is maintained. So, finally, so integrated water resource management means integration of in all these issues like efficiency the system should be efficient then equity should be there and sustainability should be there for the considered system. So, now within this perspective let us now finally define the integrated water resource management. So, now last two decades lot of discussions are going on at various international meetings like global water partnership UNESCO meeting, United Nations meeting or even international monetary fund meeting etcetera. So, everywhere as far as water sector is concerned people are talking time called integrated water resource management or integrated water resource development and management. So, as per the definition given by global water partnership GWP the integrated water resource management means it is a process which promotes coordinated developments and management of water, land and related resources to maximize resultants economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. So, this is the definition of IWRM or integrated water resource management as per the global water partnership which is given in their website. So, that way when we talk about IWRM it involves applying the knowledge from various disciplines as well as insights from diverse stakeholders to device and implement efficient, equitable and sustainable solutions to water and development problems. So, this is the explanation. So, as we discussed in the last few slides there should be the as far as water use is concerned it should be efficient then social equity should be there and then sustainability should be there. So, that way this integrated water resource management or integrated water resource development and management is a comprehensive participative planning and implementation tool for managing and developing sustainable water resource. So, that way we can see that say here a comprehensive and participative planning and implementation tool. So, that way we can say IWRM. So, within this perspective so all this process are concerned the process should be open and flexible and of course the IWRM involve stakeholders and decision makers in all the development plans. So, it can be either a watershed basis or river basis or a regional basis or state wise or country wise. So, whichever we term we call so IWRM or integrated water resource management. So, there should be equity should be there then the it should be efficiency should be there and then the system should be sustainable. So, this is the fundamental definition as far as IWRM or integrated water resource management as given by global water partnership. So, that way now let us look into what are the important principles as far as IWRM or integrated water resource management is concerned. So, as given by GWP or global water partnership say in the Dublin statements the important principles are the fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource which is essential to sustain life and development. So, this is the first principle as given in Dublin statements then second principle is water developments and management should be based on a participatory approach. So, the uses the planners and policy makers at all levels should be consulted and should include in all the developmental plans, implementations and maintenance. So, this is the second principle as per GWP and then third principle from the Dublin statement is human play a central part as far as the integrated water resource management is concerned. So, especially you can see that in developing countries or under developed countries you can see that women say they have to get water for say for the daily life of the family for the cooking and all other purpose. So, women should always we should have a central role as far as in any of the development plans as far as integrated water resource management is concerned. And then the fourth principle is the system should be so that way water we have to say put it in such a way that it is a public good with socio economic value. So, this is the one of the most important aspect of this Dublin statements. So, water resource we have to see it as a good, but it has a socio economic value. So, it not only economic value, but socio economic is most important since say we cannot put say the say as far as what rate is concerned or when we supply water we cannot increase the rate beyond certain level since it is also a socio socio economic good. So, that people need for the for their for the sustain sustaining the life. So, or the sustaining the ecological system. So, that way water is public good with a socio economic value. So, in all these the basic is the water should be there is a water resources should be equitable and efficient management should be done in all levels and then the use should be sustainable. So, that is so these are the important principle four principles as far as Dublin statement is concerned, but the final one say in all this four principle say the management is concerned it should be equitable, efficient and sustainable system. So, that way if we as per global water partnership so IWRM or Indicator Water Resource Management. So, if we can say achieve say all these important principles as far as the water management is concerned. So, that way say we can feed the world that means say we can produce sufficient biomass for the people and for the ecosystem and then say you can see that the say now say large scale urban urbanization is going on say in all developing countries. So, that way lot of stresses there as far as water is concerned. So, that also we have to deal and then the water resource system is get depleted and then so we have to work together across all sectors so that we can have social change and all these development plans what is the key as far as the development is concerned. So, when we are looking for all the development plans as far as a country is concerned or as far as state is concerned or even local government is concerned what is the key aspect as far as the developmental issues. So, say we have to see the development of this water resource system in an integrated way by considering all these principles discussed here. So, now let us see what are the important concepts as far as integrated water resource management is concerned. So, we have seen that water is concerned say multiple uses are there multiple uses are there. So, we have to go for holistic management so it is not only say the management of a one sector, but say we have to integrate various sectors so that holistic management is there and then we have to see the various perspective as far as water use is concerned like multiple perspective and participatory approach and women involvement so all these things we have to see as far as integrated water resource management concepts are concerned. And then let us see what are the important components as far as IWRM is concerned. So, important components are listed here like water allocation to major uses and uses. So, how we allocate for each sector and then how efficiently we can do this. Then river basin planning so as far as river basin is concerned what are the important priorities so that way we have to see. Then stakeholder participation so as we discussed in earlier lectures it is very important not only in planning stage decisions making and implementation. Then not only the quality of quantity of water, but quality is very important so pollution control like managing pollution using say for example, polluters pair principles and appropriate incentives so that we can minimize the environmental and social impacts as far as pollution is concerned. Then monitoring so we have to monitor the various system so that we can implement effective monitoring system for the considered water shed or river basin scale system. Then economic and financial management so as we have seen water is a socio-economic good. So, when we invest money for a particular project we have to see that there is the benefits are sustainable so that is issue also we have to see. And then finally, in as far as IWR component is concerned information management so the people should know what is going on or what kind of project are implemented and what will be its benefits. So, information management is also very important so now say within this perspective as far as integrated water resource management is concerned the 3 basic pillars of IWR in growth. First one is enabling environment so there we have to see the suitable policies then various strategies and legislation for the sustainable indirect water resource management so that is the first pillar. And second one is institutional framework so we should make sufficient appropriate institutional framework so that policies can be practiced and we can develop appropriate strategies and legislation. And third important pillar is setting the management instruments for the implementation so it is not only once the plan is made we have to implement appropriately and then we have to maintain it appropriately so the third pillar is the management instrument for implementation. So, like this so if you consider the various aspects of integrated water resource management as far as IWR planning is concerned we can put it in a cycle so we have to consider a particular system which we are considering whether it is watershed system or river basin system. So, then we have to see what are the issues as far as the system is concerned so then we have to analyze the gaps as far as the various say resource management is concerned and then we have to build the commitments to actions so that we can say remove these gaps and for better management plans and then we have to go for implement the framework within the watershed or within the area which we consider and then we have to continuously monitor and evaluate the progress so it is not only simply implementing the plan but we have to continuously monitor and then see whether whatever we put as our objectives whether we are able to meet those objectives and we should go for appropriate evaluation system. And then we have to establish status and goals again we may have to come back so this is a cycle so we have to further based upon the experience based upon the earlier studies we have to establish again status and goals and finally, we have to build the commitment to reform process. So, earlier implemented plans may not be correct there may be mistakes so we have to change with respect to the plans which were which say which you have made earlier and then we have to reform the process so that we will have a better indicator water resource management plans. So this is this will continue again back to the we may have to go back to the system and then analyze and then continue various aspects as far as the indicator water resource management plans are concerned. So this is this way we can see that this is a cycle IWRM planning is a cycle so which we have to continuously keep on going from one aspect to another aspect. So now within this perspective let us see how we can implement indicator water resource management plans so what are the procedures so the various say steps as far as the implementation is concerned or IWRM is concerned are listed here. So first one is managing water at the basin or watershed scale so water is available within that basin or within that watershed we have to manage there itself so we have to integrate land and water upstream and downstream ground water and surface water and the coastal resources so like that we have to manage whether a watershed scale or basin scale. Then the second step is we have to optimize the supply so we have to conduct assessment of surface and ground water available then we have to analyze the water balance and we have to see that how we can conserve the water and then whether we can go for water recycling or water reuse so that issue we have to see so that is the next step optimizing the supply and then the next step is managing the demand. So we can see that same various sectors are having different demands so we have to optimize this demand so that we will be having an efficient water utilization. So we have to also in this especially in agriculture sector we have to go for water efficient technologies also in industries also we have to go for water efficient technologies. Then next step is providing equitable access so within the perspective of integrated water resource management we have already seen that there should be social equity should be there. So we have to see effective water usage association are there say on a watershed scale or a river basin scale so that we can have equitable access as far as water resources concerned and then we have to establish a policy as far as the water management is concerned. So for example, implementation of the polluter pays principles say for the particular river is concerned if the some companies or some industries are polluting the water then they have to pay for the cleaning up operation. Then water quality norms and standards so we have to establish policy so only this much total resource solid or BOD COOD that for that particular location of the river or lake that is only allowed so that way we have to establish the policy. Then the last one is inter sectoral approach so as far as IWM procedures consent so we have to see that various sectors are integrated in such a way that starting from the development plans to decision making and implementation and management of the system. So all the sectors including stakeholders, governments and then the NGOs or other all the sectoral people are involved in an appropriate way. So that way these are the important steps as far as the IWRM procedure is concerned. So finally so when we are looking to implementation of integrated water resource management what are the basis so some of the important points are listed here. So first one is the basic principle which we all discussed earlier so in the as far as basic principle is concerned we consider water as social and economic goods. So we have to go for a holistic perspective as far as water management is concerned and then we have to get involved with all the stakeholders. So these are the basic principles and then balancing we have to balance the economic efficiency environmental sustainability and social equity as far as water is concerned within the perspective of IWRM. Then we have to align the interests and activities that are traditionally seen as unrelated or not well coordinated. So we have to see that the all these sectors all the people all the stakeholders are actively participating and then all are all needs are say either in horizontal or vertical direction all the traditional systems are taken care all the people needs are taken care. And then it is not just water but we are integrating water in overall sustainable development processes. So it is not only water as we discussed it is water, land, all resources all the people and the ecosystem. So that way as we discussed earlier IWRM incorporates integration of the various sectors. So that equity will be there efficiency will be there and finally we achieve sustainability through all these means. So that is the fundamental principle or the basis of integrated water resource management. So now say we have seen the basis the principles concepts of integrated water resource management. So now the next question is how to implement as far as this integrated water resource management is concerned either on a watershed scale or an over basin scale how to implement these principles. So the implementation is concerned the various issues are listed here in this slide. So the enabling environment like a national provincial local so say to the implementation is concerned it can be by national government or the provincial government or local panjayat. So it can be from top to bottom or say from various companies to communities so like that. So the enabling environment it can be so this various sectors either national government or provincial government or local government then the role of government. So we have to see government as a enabler, government as controller, government as regulator and also government as service provider so that say the government can improve the public sector and then government can the various sectors of the government as well as private sectors can come together so that the principles or the integrated water resource management system can be implemented for the particular area. Then water legislation so there should be framework either political say there should be political will to enforce and then the various requirements as far as the system is concerned and then cross sectoral like upstream down stream dialogue allocation coordination and implementation. Then we have to see the finance and economics so financing structures and investment allocations for water resource infrastructure and then public investments then private sector public private partnership then cost of water so etcetera. Then cooperation within the international river basin so in many areas one river will be passing from one country to another country so there should be cooperation between the countries so that the available water resource can be utilized in an efficient way in the within the perspective of IWRM. Then in the institutional roles so we have to as far as institutional roles are concerned the capacity building should be done between the various sectors then we have to develop the various instruments so called management instruments such a way that we can achieve the integrated water resource management. Then water resource assessment so we have to see we have to assess the available water resource so that we can deal with the availability and the demand. Then communication and information systems so that all the stakeholders know what is going on within the system then water allocation and conflict resolution as we discussed there will be conflicts will be there between the people between various sectors. So we have to see an appropriate plan for allocation and conflict resolution. And then finally the regulatory and economic instruments so the from the government sector or the regulatory sector there should be direct control and then also of course there should be safe regulation as far as say like in the water usage group make their own plans as far as water management is concerned. So this way we can implement the integrated water resource management plans. So now finally here say as far as integrated water resource management is concerned say it can be various things can be there like a maximum development of water resource from a basin based on the quantitative information for planned beneficial use then involves it can involve awareness of present status of development socio-economic consideration and policy formulation. So there can be various technical issues like flood routing, reservoir regulations, river forecasting then conjunctive use of various water resources. So we will be discussing about conjunctive use of water resources in the next lecture. Then concentration of population irrespective of natural resources situation and then migration to cities. So like this say when we discuss the IWRM so it may involve the conjunctive use deferred and maximum perennial yield computation of gross additional reserve available in the basin the river basin. And it may also involve integration of the scientific inputs into the local management on a watershed basis or on a river basin scale. So finally now what we have discussed is integrated water resource management. So let us look as far as the issues related to development and management. So as we discussed earlier water is a basic natural resource which nurtures life. So water is basically used for three sectors like food production say for example for irrigation then people use like drinking sanitation industrial purpose then natural uses ecological purpose. So as we discussed earlier due to the variability with respect to space and time. So we have to develop the available resource and then we have to see that say for example surface water and ground water developed in an integrated way. So whenever we go for development so we have to manage the system. So the development and management go hand in hand. So that way within the perspective of integrated water resource management principles which we discussed earlier we have to say integrate the integrated water resource system. So that way we can call the term called integrated water resource development and management compared to simply IWRM. So it is development and management so that the water is the availability is there and then sustainability is there as far as the water sector is concerned. So that way as we discussed it can be integration IWRDM integrated water resource development and management is concerned. It can be integration of say river basin resources like surface water and ground water. It can be integration of demands like say for demands for agriculture purpose or non-agriculture purposes. So that way consumptive demands and non-consumptive demands and then how much water is available as far as supply is concerned. So this IWRDM can be in terms of the demand and supply management and then also we can talk IWRDM in terms of the facilities like integration of micro projects to mega projects. So that way also we can discuss and then as we discussed in the earlier slide slides so it can be also integration of human system and ecosystems. And then also we can integrate the science and technology and engineering with the various issues related to IWRDM like social, economic and their synergistic needs. So IWRDM can be in terms of integration of all these things either some of these things or all the things depending upon the particular problem which we consider. So now so far we discussed about integrated water resource management and the integrated water resource development and management. So now let us come back to the say this aspect in terms of watershed. So that way now we will discuss briefly about the integrated watershed management approach. So when we discuss in terms of watershed the integrated watershed management approach the main objectives are listed here. So this is very similar to what we discussed earlier as far as IWRM is concerned also but now we are talking terms of watershed scale. So as far as watershed scale the objectives are concerned water has multiple uses and must be managed in an integrated way that means within the watershed and water should be managed at lowest appropriate level. So that means from the from say the people who are using the water on the watershed scale and water allocation should take account of the interest of all who are affected. So that way all the stakeholders should be consulted. Then water should be recognized and treated as an economic good. So the objectives are almost same as IWRM. Then say as far as watershed integrated watershed management is concerned the various strategies are listed here. So it can be a long-term sustainable future for basin or watershed stakeholders. So whenever we make plans integrated watershed management approach we have to see that we have to plan for long-term. Then equitable access to water resource for water uses. So this is also very similar to IWRM as per global water partnership definition. Then application of principles of demand management for efficient utilization. So we have to see the supply and demand management. Then prevention of further environmental degradation say that it can be a short-term goal and then restoration of degraded resources. So this issue also we have discussed. So in terms of watershed we have to see short-term goal may be to prevent further degradation and long-term goal may be we have to restore the degraded the watershed system. So that way these are the objectives and strategies as far as integrated watershed management approach is concerned. So that way finally we can define the integrated watershed management approach as the process of planning and implementing water and natural resources. So that the emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional aspects as far as the considered watershed is concerned. So now you can see that say if you critically analyze the watershed development programs of projects say in India say for example in 1960s and 70s the main emphasis was on water conservation. So the projects the important projects were implemented by the central and state governments so the mainly it was for water conservation. So the people were not consulted in these issues so public participation was very minimal. So the projects were not many of the projects were not successful. Then in 80s the thrust was socio-economic with water conservation. So the some of the socio-economic issues also were considered and again the project many of the projects were not successful. Then in 90s the thrust changed to socio-economic and water conservation and also to certain extent the people needs people participation were considered. So you can see that a project success in many of the projects implemented were successful during that time. And finally now within the perspective of integrated water resource management the government various state government and central government identified the needs of the people then how the stakeholders involvement and public participation in planning and design and implementation stage were now done in say the projects implemented in the last 2 decades. So that way we can see that many of these projects are successful. So that way like the social issues like involvement of women and minority were considered community led water uses groups have been formed in many of the projects area. So that way now most of the cases we can see that the projects have become successful. So within the perspective of integrated water management approach say as far as science and technologies concerned we can see that for engineering and management tools which can help in effective and sustainable development include appropriate technologies and decentralized development system then catchments based water resource planning then management information system. So for the considered system we can develop appropriate technologies and then we can go for decentralization of the system and then catchment based or water based planning is implemented and we can develop appropriate management information system for the by considering various issues. So in the past the efforts were more on soil conservation and now by say earlier we used to neglect the welfare of the land uses but now we look into the sustainable water shed management we are integrating the socio economic development together with the soil and water conservation. So that way if you critically analyze now the recent recently many of the projects which we which taken care the socio economic aspects and then the various other technical issues we can see that most of the projects are successful. So that way say in an integrated water shed management say the methodology which is to be adopted the important measures used are listed here like a soil and water conservation, water harvesting for supplementary irrigation, community participation, water regulation, consideration of the scale say like on a water shed scale is minor water shed or major water shed depending upon the requirement and then the joint forest management. So like that various issues we can integrate together so that we can develop an appropriate methodology as far as integrated water shed management approach is concerned. So that way we can develop an integrated water shed management model. So this model we have discussed earlier also. So the there will be human system will be interacting with the natural system and then say the all the stakeholders will be coming to picture. So then we will be having appropriate capacity building. So then we go for various sectors like water harvesting, then soil conservation, then a forestation, then community support services. So like that finally they will be to achieve better quality of life or improved quality of life and poverty elevation as far as the water shed is concerned. So now let us see the various advanced technologies, how they this technologies can help as far as the integrated water source management approach is concerned. So say for example if you consider remote sensing that can be used to form to see the in a to get a holistic picture of what is going on within a water shed and then land use, land cover, the crop management issues available to surface water etc. So that we can get through the remote sensing and then we can use the topographic map within geographic information system so that we can develop better maps and then we can integrate within the socio-economic aspects as far as the water shed is concerned. And finally by considering all these issues we can develop appropriate water shed management system or model. So from that say once it is implemented the results may be reliable water security, enhanced agricultural yield, improved living standard, sustainable land use and community consensus. So that way as far as the integrated water shed management approach is concerned say when we are looking for water shed management plan. So as we discussed earlier we can start with natural resource mapping for the area then social mapping then we can go for users group village volunteers then we can go for participate the appraisal and then we can prioritize the options then we can go for the implementation. The integrated water shed management approach it is development of new village level institutions local capacity building and then we go for a holistic development plans. So it can be say starting from with village then water shed development committees then water user group like that various users group can be formed so that we can go for a appropriate water shed development plans. So now before closing today let us briefly go through one case study of integrated water resource management. So this case study is integrated management of Chilkar Lagoon. So this Chilkar Lagoon is a lagoon system located in Orissa in India. So this case study is to describe on the integrated lagoon basin management including the interventions in both coastal process and river basin for restoration of a deteriorated lagoon with an ecosystem approach. So this is the lagoon system in Orissa. So you can see that the water is coming from Mahanadi river basin and some small rivers and then that is finally passing through this lagoon system to the Bay of Bengal. So here this is the hydrologically this was influenced by Mahanadi river delta some few minor rivers and the turtle outlets of the Bay of Bengal. So consists of major hydraulic structures upstream in the Mahanadi altered the flow pattern and the lagoon was deteriorated with the silitation, weed growth and decrease in salinity. So some of the action plans taken say as far as this Chilkar Lagoon is concerned a holistic approach of integration of coastal processes and lagoon basin in the management planning. So hydrobiological monitoring of the lagoon has been done. Then modern tools like GIS and remote sensing were used for monitoring and assessments. Based on various studies say the location opening of the inlet was moved closer to the central parts of the lagoon and an artificial mouth was generated and the dredging has done for the silt channels and areas. And then also the environment impact assessment has been done before this project has been implemented and after the project has been implemented. So some of the outcome of this project are listed here. There was significant improvement of the ecological health of the lagoon and significant improvements of the salinity gradients with less fluctuation. So due to these reasons there is there was considerable improvement in fish generation and fish productivity and then so this say the outcome was substantial per capita income of the fishing community in this area. Then this is a typical case of management framework of numerous important coastal wetlands in the Asian region. So the details you can see in this websites and say the impacts or the lessons learned from this case study. This is a successful implementation of Chilka Development Authority related to non-bureaucratic organization setup supported by governments and other agencies. So Chilka Development Authority is concerned management philosophy involved pragmatic outcome focused implementation by innovative leadership and it involves local socioeconomic activities backed by strong outreach programs including NGOs and community-based organizations and then scientific interventions like hydrological interventions were done. And then finally the outcome is increased productivity level and say the one important aspect is community participation and stewardship made the success as far as within the perspective of integrated water resource management as far as this Chilka Lagoon case studies concerned. So some of the important case references used in today's lecture are listed here. So finally say one tutorial question illustrate the integrated water resource management approach for rural watershed management plan with a case study. So in this GWP websites you can see number of case studies. So you can look into this case studies and then identify the problems and discuss the lessons learned as far as the case study which you are looking to. Then some self evaluation questions like why integrated approach is needed in water and land management. Then discuss the importance of efficiency, social equity and sustainability relevant to IWRM and discuss important components of IWRM. Discuss integrated watershed management approach within the perspective of IWRM. Then a few assignment questions discuss integrated approach in terms of natural system and human system. Then what are the important principles of IWRM? Illustrate the IWRM procedure, discuss how to implement an IWRM scheme and discuss role of modern techniques in integrated watershed management approach. So these are some of the assignment questions. So finally, one unsolved problem for your watershed area prepare a master plan based on the integrated watershed management approach principles discussed earlier. So you can identify the watershed problems, check the applicability of modern science and scientific techniques such as GIS and remote sensing. So you can carry out detailed survey and then you can consider various options within the integrated watershed management approach and then you can develop a methodology for your watershed. So with this the first lecture on this module, module number 3 on the integrated water resource management is over. So we will see now the next lecture the conjunctive use as per surface and ground water is concerned we will discuss in the next lecture. Thank you.