 Welcome to this website with the Land Portal Foundation, the Asian NGO Coalition, Angok, the Association for Land Reform and Development, ALRD, and the Global Forum on Agricultural Research and Innovation, G-File, and is taking place against the background of a six-month collective drive to mainstream the land rights of the rural poor in the climate agenda. COP28 is almost upon us. Thank you for joining us. My name is Henry Bonsu. I'm a broadcaster and journalist of UK and Ghanaian background and delighted to be moderating today's session on securing tenure, enhancing disaster management and adaptation. Now this webinar will focus on the underexplored nexus of climate change, natural disasters, and tenure insecurity through a series of presentations. Our speakers will provide insights and highlight practices of mitigation and adaptation in the context of insecure land rights. They will also compare positive case studies as well as challenges. First, let me go through some all-imported housekeeping rules. Now the webinar is in English but we will have simultaneous translations in Spanish, French and Portuguese. To access the translations, you just need to go to the globe icon at the bottom of your Zoom window, click on it and select the language you want. The webinar will last 60 minutes. We've set aside about 15 minutes for Q&A, could be a bit more. If you have questions, please post them in the Q&A box and not in the chat box. Do use the chat box to let us know who you are, which organisation you belong to and where you are joining us from. Feel free to follow the live tweeting from the land portal Twitter account. And finally, we're also recording today's session and we'll share the link later. Now we've gotten that out of the way, let us turn to today's topic. Climate change induced disasters and communities' attempts to protect themselves and create solutions are now a top priority on the climate agenda. At the centre of mitigation and adaptation discussions have been urban populations, particularly those in informal settlements. Meanwhile, the rural poor with limited or no access to land tend to be overlooked. Not only are peasants highly vulnerable to the impact of floods, droughts, storms or wildfires, because they have insecure tenure rights, records or formal registration documents. When natural disasters strike, they often lose their land and are forced to migrate. Moreover, insecure land rights provide little incentives or capacities to mitigate or adapt to the effects of climate change. Think about it. People are less likely to plant trees or protect the forest if they fear that their land could be taken away at any time. Protecting people's land rights likely leads to long-term investments in land and may help to combat deforestation. Now this conversation is of particular importance given next week's commencement of the COP 28 in Dubai. Let me introduce you to our speakers. In the interest of fairness, I'm going to introduce them in alphabetical order. Now we have Booble Ahmed. Now Booble is a legal and development professional with over 15 years of experience with key expertise in human rights, gender sensitivity, inclusion, land rights, environmental justice and conflict sensitivity and peace buildings, a lot there, as well as legal aid. Alternative dispute resolution, so ADR. ADR is the deputy manager at the Association for Land Reform and Development, the ALRD. Now we were due to have two other panellists, one from Brazil and one from Nicaragua, both female speakers, who are deeply steeped in the land rights movement, but sadly due to ongoing tensions in their region, they are unable to join us. And in some way you might say, this highlights the issues of context, fragility, of violence, of indigenous struggles that we are focusing on today. Our Brazilian speaker was due to be Sarah Marquez, who is the co-founder of the Caranguejo Caballeres Resistic Collective, which is a popular educator, a black woman and a single mother. I'll tell you more about her, even though she isn't here, it's important to know because we do have someone who will speak on her behalf. Now Sarah is the councillor for Bee Democracy in the State of Pernambuco and a member of the Pernambuco Black Women's Network, the Climate Observatory and the Climate Adaptation Network. Now Sarah has shared a video of her hometown Caranguejo Caballeres in Recife. The video shows us the reorganization of the community garden created during the COVID-19 pandemic to guarantee food in the community. Let's run that video now please. Just a moment, I'll get it going. We're just waiting for that video to run and then we'll see a video from our other colleague and then we'll begin our discussion. But these videos are important to give you context and then we'll see a video from our other colleague and then we'll begin our discussion. So you there, you saw Sarah and her community in the middle of their activity and it's important to get a sense of just how grassroots her organization Caranguejo Caballeres Resiste is, the collective, so there you see them in the community garden and mobilizing from the grassroots, guaranteeing food in the community. It's an inspiration to see. Amanda Martinez will be speaking on her behalf in a few minutes time. But let's move to our second video and it depicts the everyday struggle of the Munda people of Bangladesh. Now Munda is one of the indigenous communities in the country, it's on the frontline of the climate crisis, rising sea levels and salt infiltrates. Let us run that video of the Munda people in Bangladesh. Well, well, well, that was quite powerful. Just think of what that woman said, land gives you power. It gives you a solid future, especially for your children. So that was the Munda community in Bangladesh on the frontline of the climate crisis. So let's start our discussion. We'll start with Bubul. Can you tell us more about the key challenges for families in the coastal parts of Bangladesh as well as the char lines, the people with insecure land rights? And also, let's talk about the challenges for them as they adapt to climate change. Which strategies do they use? Please go ahead, Bubul. Hello, Henry. That was a very powerful video and it's really set us up nicely. So now please flesh out what we were thinking. Tell us about the challenges and the strategies. Thank you, everyone. Thank you. And good morning and good afternoon. Whatever applies to you on the globe. Yeah, if I follow the question, the answer would be in the coastal part and char lines. So we have two different geographical regions in Bangladesh which are vulnerable to climate change effects. And there families face significant challenges due to climate change and insecure land rights. So let me give me more details about the vulnerability of these families to climate hazards. For coastal regions, the coastal regions are prone to cyclones, strong surges, coastal erosion, and the southern part of Bangladesh, which is near the Bay of Bengal, the sea, we have, has undergone extreme weather events, such as successive cyclones from 1988 to 2022. Almost every year we have faced cyclones, drought, changing precipitation patterns. One example is that the cyclones sit or in 2007. Another example is a cyclone, which happened in 2009. And the last one is the more devastated one is cyclone, which had the landfall in 2020. And all those cyclones swept away houses every time and properties of many families, many shrimp and soft shell crowd farms that used to dominate that landscape in the coastal areas in the southwestern part, where this video was taken from. All the lands we would see livestock such as cows, goats and chickens become a rarity and land use become a challenge after these extreme weather events, according to members of the community. We have found that the high salinity of farmlands following the cyclones affected both the growth and quality of crops and livestock. Due to salinity many agricultural lands become largely unproductive. Rising sea levels, exerbate flooding and salinity intrusion in this part also affect livelihood and habitability as well. In Bangladesh we have thousands of shorelands and I'm talking about shorelands. So this is a very unique feature of this delta, it's a delta country. And what is a shore, if I briefly explain that it's a piece of land or more like an island in the course of a river or in the estuary is called a shore. And the families of shorelands often face flood and river erosion and most of the larger shorelands which are situated in the coastal area additionally face cyclones, storm surge and coastal erosion. So do erratic weather patterns such as hotter summers and milder winters. This has negatively affected farmers production calendars and expected incomes, I mean the productivity of the crops. Families in the coastal areas and shorelands often lack secure land tenure. This insecurity hampers their ability to face and rebuild after the extreme weather events like cyclones, storm surges or floods, including river erosion. Showing proof of land title is essential to avail credit here and in receiving agricultural and social services that are offered by government, following by any climate hazards, but due to lack of tenure security, most of the families become left out of these services which make them more vulnerable than those with secure land tenure. Tenure insecurity also hampers the families ability to invest in sustainable agricultural practices and other innovations. In terms of adoption as strategies, we have found that agricultural households often adopt various disaster response strategies to reduce the impact of climate change on their livelihood. Such as diversifying their income sources, changing cropping practices, crop diversification. For one example would be that for one example is that you know cultivating more salinity tolerant varieties. Other adaptation as strategies includes, I mean include growing vegetables on mud towers in the dams, in the floating beds, and in the beds which are prepared on some floating materials. And cultivating saline tolerant vegetables around the shrimp ponds, applying recycled households water for irrigation, vegetable production installing ponds and filters to filter water, rainwater harvesting, wearing livestock, forestry in the islands, community-based early warning system, nature-based solution, for example applying indigenous people's traditional knowledge and customs on conservation of mangrove forest, which has been shown in the video, the Sundarban. It is one of the largest mangrove forest on the planet. So that is, thank you. But we'll tremendous. That's an excellent start to our discussion. And it's great to see that the people at the grass roots in the charlands and these vulnerable delta areas are responding to what they've seen, and they're embracing techniques of adaptation as well. Of course, we've got the long term mitigation but they're doing things immediately in terms of diversifying, looking at different types of crop rotation, considering the challenges they're meeting. Increasingly frequently. So that's great. Thank you very much. And I'm going to come back to you a little bit later on. But that's great. Okay, so we've discussed the situation initially in Bangladesh. I'm delighted to say that Sarah Markers can join us. Before we hear from her, I would like our audience, just let me remind you to please use a Q&A box to send your questions. And also please identify yourself in your organization. Lots of you are doing that. It's great to see people joining us from Beijing, from Campuchia, from Nairobi, from Australia. This is wonderful from all over the world. This is a truly global event. You can hear my enthusiasm. People are really interested. Okay, so a reminder of who Sarah Markers is. You saw her in the video a moment or two ago. Now Sarah is a grassroots organizer in the community of Caranguejo Tamayeres. The community has insecure land rights. So Sarah, let me ask you, and I know you're going to speak in Portuguese and we have translation I'm pleased to say, looking at the little globe on the bottom. Sarah, what are the key challenges for families in the northeast region of Brazil, specifically your community? How are they adapting to climate change? What strategies are they using? Sarah, welcome and over to you. Fishing, centenary fishing in Recife, Pernambuco here in Brazil, in the northeast of Brazil. In the northeast of Brazil, in a community that was occupied by the people in that slavery abolition that didn't really exist here in Brazil, today we have a lie abolition of slavery, of slavery. It means it's always safe. We are in the urban quilombo, they are people, in their majority, black women, who live in a very large security, because the government's work, the government's services don't reach us. So we don't announce the police, we don't announce the armed arm of the government. The strategies are to live together, to live in community and each one helps each other. I am a popular educator and I formed a collective called Caranguejo Tabaeares Resiste, which I found with other people to defend the land. This is an example of how we live and what strategies we use to survive in a land that is ours, but that we don't have any direct action from the government. We founded the collective Caranguejo Tabaeares Resiste to resist the withdrawal of government houses that should have work to defend who is on the ground and have less resources. So this is an example of the insecurity we live in these communities. Our community is Ribeirinha, it is very close to the river and passes canals. Recife is well cut by canals, one of them is this one from Caranguejo Tabaeares, that is watered in a very important river in the city, which is Ribeirinha. But in this river, also in this canal, it passes all the drops, not only from the community, but also from this western region of the city. This is watered in Ribeirinha, which is very central, which is located with Beberib. Here, Recife, in Pernambuco, is known as the one who talks about very big things. So we say that the river Barib, the river Beberib, forms the Atlantic Ocean. From here, if we don't take care of this river, we are not taking care of the world. So if we don't take care of our territory, we need to take care of the world. And he's still there, hanging over you, but you are using the community and the organisation to respond. Because if the only services you're getting are the police and security, trying to harass you, well, that tells us a lot about what you're having to cope with. But you are challenging it in a fantastic community where we'll come back to you in a moment, Sarah. Thank you very much indeed. I'm going back to you now. In what ways do more frequent and extreme natural disasters contribute to tenure insecurity in Bangladesh? This is very important because we saw it illustrated in the video you shared with us, and a number of people are posting questions for you, and I think also questions will come to Sarah. But for now, Bobo, explain how these more frequent and extreme natural disasters are contributing to tenure insecurity in Bangladesh. Thank you. Natural disasters, if I talk about natural disasters, which is more frequent and extreme. In terms of frequency and extreme effect, I would describe two, especially two. One is flood and other is river erosion that have a high impact on land tenure and high land use issues. Every year, many parts of Bangladesh are flooded by heavy rainfall and overflow of river banks. Our areas, which is in the northeast part of Bangladesh, experiences plus floods almost every year. Poverty forces people to cultivate marginal lands that may be too steep, too dry or too wet or too prone to erosion. I mean, the prone to more vulnerability, that means they dare to, I mean, they are having no option than to go to that marginalized lands. And also they occupy fragile public lands and the areas that are vulnerable to flood flooding, high tides and storm surges. So one important example of such marginal flood prone areas are the chore lands. Chore dwellers are mostly the landless families, whereas land ownership of these chore areas is at times highly disputed. So, I mean, land tenure security is at, I mean, a very vulnerable condition. River erosion in a serious threat that people living along the rivers and the coastal areas have to face on daily basis. Given the population density and unequal land distribution, many poor rural people are forced to live in flood erosion prone areas along the rivers and the coast. I mean, estimated that at least 20,000 families become homeless due to river bank erosion every year and are forced to migrate within the locality or to urban areas, thus contributing to the growing number of urban poor. When river erosion occurs very fast and suddenly people can lose everything overnight. In other instances, river erosion is more gradual and people have time to move their assets, for example their house and belongings. But loss of cultivable lands and homestead is inevitable, they have to loss. Bangladesh Center for Environmental and Geographic Information, CEGIS, this is one of the services of Bangladesh government, notes that every year Bangladesh losses 32 square kilometers of land due to erosion in rivers and more than 250,000 people become victims of land erosion every year. So many people, I mean, one estimates was the previous estimates was the 20,000 families become homeless every year and here they become affected of land erosion. Many of the people losing their land have no other options than moving to major urban centers and some end up as statement dwellers with even a slam shack beyond their reach. Moreover, it is estimated by 2050 the rate of bank erosion along the three main rivers system will increase by 13% and by 2100 by 80%. So 18%, sorry. As a result, some 15 to 20 million people living in these areas would lost their homes, lands and area specific livelihoods. Other climate hazards like strong or tidal surges, coastal erosion, landslides in hill areas caused land loss and adversely impact on tenure security. So, yeah, thank you, that is the bubble you paint a pretty terrifying picture there. If you look at the rate of bank erosion that you gave us and consider the population of people who are in a highly vulnerable situation losing their homes, lands and area specific livelihoods and for context. A Bangladeshi's population is growing, of course, it's now around 170 million of which nearly two thirds or so are rural and looking at the square kilometers 148,000 square kilometers. So again, we can put into context the amount that is being lost every year. Boo boo, a terrifying picture, but thank you for giving it to us and more questions are coming in for you. I'll put them to you shortly. Sarah, back to you. I can see you waiting for us. Here's a question. You mentioned that you're working with a lot of women, women of color specifically. In what ways are women and men differently affected by tenure insecurity in Brazil? Let's talk about gender here. Does it affect them differently in their response to climate change? Over to you, Sarah. In this training of the Collective Taranguesa Baires Resist, which I am in this core foundation as a black woman, because we say here in Brazil that the lack of home is a black woman. Here in Recife, we do this discussion too, because if you go to the record, most of the houses are women's bosses. And they are black women because we live in a country that has not yet abolished slavery, slavery. So we live in a country that has a false racial democracy and that women, as always, are on a much more vulnerable side, but also on a much stronger and more combative side. They are women who take account of slavery. We are women who understand the precision of having a home. We live in a country, for example, we are in black November in Brazil, that in some states, including the country, is celebrated on November 20th with a zombie symbolism of the palm trees, who was killed, a boss from Quilombo who was killed. But we have a country that, before its federal constitution, which was in 1888 and 1850, states that you have a law of land that is poor, that those who do not have possession do not have the right to land. And who do not have possession? The black people who were still leaving slavery. And then, talking about the zombie, we talked about giving the zombie woman, who with him followed the symbol of Quilombo. And these women come today to defend their territories. They are these women who feel the impact, first of all, of the climate change. We are in Recife and Recife. It is the third city in the country that can disappear. We are below sea level. And these impacts are felt, first by women, because they are the ones who lead a family. They are the ones who take care, mainly, where their children go. They are the ones who are at home and when they feel they come, who take their things, who take, even here in Recife, last year, we had a great tragedy, 130 dead people. And these people have colors, they have color, they have a face. They are not the magic people. They are always people like me. Black women, black boys, because, mainly, who are at home, when they feel they come, or the barrier slips in these places, as people said before, that the government does not arrive, that the state does not arrive. Who are we? And we live this insecurity. And women, as a majority, as a leader of families, are the ones who feel more. And I think they fight. If you are going to do any study in Brazil and Recife, in this record that I do, that I talk about the territory of workers in the world, today, literally, I'm talking about the territory of workers in the world, that I'm talking about with you, people from several different countries. If you are going to talk about this, you will understand that, if you are going to do this study directly, most of the houses, on the Brazilian side, are led by women, by black women, with very low income, and who always need to arrange a way of survival, of adaptation. We have a discussion. I'm part of an adaptation network, climate, anti-racist, because first of all, you think of the race, because, as I said, there is the face, there is the color and there is the people who first receive this impact of climate changes, because we live in cities that if you are going to look up, or if you are going to look at Recife in tourism, you will see that there are two cities, the city of Recife, that you are going to tourist, that you see that it is below sea level, but you are not scared, and there is the city that I live in, and there are the workers, that if you come there, you will see that there is a channel cutting, that there is yellow, and that there are houses with few structures that were built by these women, and that it is sustained by these women, and that's why women feel a much stronger impact. Sara, thank you very much indeed, a very powerful answer, and you give us a lot of history there, and you helped us to understand why you see this as a strong gendered and ethnic lens. It's very important the gender and the colour of those who are most vulnerable in your country, and as Romy Sato has just posted, for those who may not know it, Quilombo is a denomination for communities of black enslaved people who resisted slavery that prevailed in Brazil for over 300 years, and was officially abolished in 1888, and I say officially, because as Sara says, it is still not gone. You're saying it is still there. Now, for the final round of questions, because we don't have a huge amount of time, I would like Bubu and Sara to restrict your answers to two minutes maximum, so that we can at least get a few questions in. Bubu, final question to you, and it's about knowledge and data. Bubu, what data do you rely on to raise awareness of the interface between land rights and climate change? How accessible is the data? Bubu, we're struggling to get to you. Bubu, yes, you're muted. Can you hear me? Yes, we can. Thank you. In terms of credibility of data related to land rights and climate change, we prefer either civil society organisations study or non-governmental research institutions or academies, for example, universities. Although the government statistics office and other research institutions and international finance institutions like World Bank more often carry out surveys which cover a large sample size of respondents, but those surveys focus more on the macro and physical impacts of climate change. Social impacts of climate change from the perspective of the community, which we think is important, but that is something is often missing in those services. One issue of the CSU study or of a study conducted by a particular department of a university is the data accessibility. Online versions of those study reports are not much available despite the current trend of publishing the study report in the research gate or other service, other web portals. But the same goes for government data. We might get access to the national data. We have an NSO, National Statistics Office that is Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. We can get access to that national data, but it is very difficult to get the governmental data at the micro level. In recent times, I have found some useful data in relation to land rights climate change from FAO, UN Happy Dead Publications, which is one solid ground title. But we also rely on the media reports and some media house that have very useful and resourceful articles. They also have community voices in their reports. We also rely on their data also. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you for being brief. Sara, I would ask you to be similarly brief. From your experience, how can secure land rights contribute to the successful implementation of climate change adaptation measures? Please, Sara. Thank you. It is a community that has specific laws that should have specific care, because we are more vulnerable. And then we have this resistance, there are representatives who make this discussion with the prefecture and the civil society. But even so, the government, the company goes there and uses a lot of leadership to take this law that was also close to the federal constitution. But we act as guardians of these laws, of resisting in the territories, because our territories are the ones that make the city not all cemented. There is no concrete building a city below the sea level, fishing a city that has mugs and who studies climate change a little, what is happening is the importance of mugs to drain the waters that come from the river, from the sea, and when the rain falls. And these territories are the territories that take into account this. And we do this struggle, saying that we want to have our land as a land that is more collective and that does not open for this war with the immobiliaries, and with political power, because they do not take care of our territory while we are, but when the immobiliaries arrive, they make great commitments. Clara, thank you very much indeed for explaining the intersection between the land rights at your level in a low-lying city and the successful implementation of climate change adaptation measures, especially when you're looking at the context of big business and development. Fantastic stuff. Right, so let's now move on to the next part of the event. We have about 10 minutes for Q&A. If you have any further questions, please use the Q&A box, and if possible, identify yourself and the organisation you belong to. I won't get through every question, but the key ones are, here we go. There is one for you, Buble. Helena Paul from EcoNexus says, she worked on the voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land and other natural resources. And she wants to know, Buble, how useful is that, the voluntary guidelines? How useful? Yeah, thank you. Thank you for this opportunity to respond to the question. I would say from our experience, community, I mean, voluntary guidelines, that means the visibility is very much applicable here, because we see any kind of policy formulation, any kind of formulation of plan, or any kind of measures taken by the state. Often the affected people, the communities are left behind, but or few of them can get the chance to incorporate their voices. Because of the process to select the participants of that consultation, where the community consultation is required, that is not that much inclusive, that selection is very much dependent on the political, that is very much politically driven, and also there are some administrative bias. So the BGTT is very much applicable so that the community's voice is hard. And also we are talking about this community-led adaptation, also nowadays we are talking about locally-led adaptation. So local people or community people should be the heart of the process. So their voices, their views should be reflected in all the policies, all the plans and all the projects are supposed to be taken for them, supposed to be for their resilience and adaptation. Okay, thank you. Thank you, Bubu. Thank you for being brief. And Sarah, an important question for you. One of our participants wants to know what are the major lessons learned in securing land rights for traditional communities in the areas where you are working in Recife? The major lessons that you have learned in securing land rights for traditional communities? First of all, we don't guarantee land rights. We continue to fight and resist. But that's it. The main lesson is that, as we started talking about, women are facing this struggle and it's not romanticizing, it's not thinking it's beautiful. We are resisting and fighting every day. The main lesson is that we have to be together. And we are building strategies for those who should guarantee this right, which are the governments, right? Governments should guarantee this right. But we need to be doing this every day. One of the strategies is this. I'm here talking about the world because we have been asking for regularization in the prefecture since 2019. They say that they guarantee this right, but they don't give the start of it. They guarantee the right of people to have land rights because they don't want us to be in our lands. So the best way is to organize. We do this organization, even so, this organization is almost always very persecuted, this organization with women, with black women, with people from these communities. And you saw the video of Horta, and resisting is a piece of each thing. We do courses with women of artisanate and Horta is a great place of resistance. It's a great symbol because when we plant and show to the government that our land, that they reject, that they sell there, and make changes, saying that this land doesn't serve because they leave it there without a structure, we take the food out of this land. This is a great symbolism. We plant in the way our voices and our voices planted. This shows that our land serves and our land gives fruit. So one of our great strategies is to take out our land from our land to the food. The grass, the grass that makes tea, that makes the bathroom and that takes care of people. So this is a great symbolism and resistance. And Sara, a quick follow up. You're highly organized, which is excellent. But what about legal support? One of our participants wants to know whether you are getting legal support from any organization. In the presence of the public power and the power of the people together. The people are together doing this discussion. We don't have the right guarantees. We have a constitution that tells us that we have the right to have a living but we are always vigilant. We are black people and people who are in these territories that were occupied. We don't have that guarantee. We fight every day, as I said, we fight every day for our land and for our house. We don't have that guaranteed. But we join some organizations, we have organizations in Brazil, in the whole country that makes this discussion about land and territory. And we are almost always black women who are in these territories. We use our body to guarantee this right. We use our image, we use our speech and our struggle to guarantee this right to live. To guarantee this right to land. But there are organizations that support us with popular lawyers and we resist day by day on this land that is ours but that they always want to take because being in some cities, like mine, in Recife, we are always in dispute because they always want to use our lands and also many cities. Here we have traditional people who come before that lying discovery that is there, for example, in the city of Manaus and they go there and try to extract gold for garinfar. And here in this city, in Recife, they garinfar the land to put the building and the country is divided like this. But the great strength of us is our struggle, our people. Thank you very much, Sarah. And we've just got enough time for one more question to Buble. Well, we've got a couple of questions and I'm going to ask you to take them together, Buble. And you have answered some of this already but just as a reminder, our participant wants to know what the biggest challenge is for you and government to provide land tenure security in disaster risk areas to communities. You've answered some of that already but also this question really, what is the current ownership or tenure situation of the Charlands and have there been any community-led ideas or solutions proposed to improve access? Especially that question, what is the current ownership or tenure situation of the Charlands and have there been any community-led ideas or solutions proposed to improve access, Buble? If you can take the two together please and be as brief as you can. Yeah, I will try to respond with these two questions. One answer I will take not more than two minutes. One challenge we face is the top-down approach of solving the land tenure security because our land management system is governed by the top-down approach. So the policy, we have a policy that is cost-land distribution policy but it is not effective at all because government have other agenda, they have other interest. So the political economy at this moment is very challenging. So we think it is one of the best solutions to allocate the public land to the people who are climate vulnerable. So it will help them, it will make their resilience better and their adaptive capacity will be more sustainable. But instead of recovering the lands which are occupied by the musclemen, the influential people, government is not taking that trouble, government have the bias in some case the fear of, I mean there are political bias, administrative bias at the compliance level. For that these lands are not being recovered and distributed among the vulnerable families who are mostly the landless people. So by the policy they are entitled to get that land but as for the non-compliance of that policy they are not getting the land access to and the land to new security over that lands. So that is the most vital challenge we found the non-compliance part. And in terms of in terms of shorelands ownership land ownership, so government have no specific for shorelands. It is governed by some other laws and that Kuslan policies are applicable after that lands are identified and recorded as government land. So here also the non-compliance of that land law policies and laws are also the challenge. And the community in terms of community laid solution putting at the national level yeah we are trying to maximize the voice of the people by means of community dialogue and also we have arranged the public hearing where responsible government officials face the public face the communities and also at the national level we are advocating for that the community we have first we do arrange some consultation with the community and with their recommendation we do advocate for at the national level. So yeah in terms of that community they actions there in place but that is we must contrast that is not that much as we as we should thank you. Thank you very much indeed for that Bobu really appreciate your final answer and unfortunately participants and there are many of you I'm delighted to see you from literally all over the world we've run out of time and we will have to close the webinar but thank you very much for staying with us for the last hour even though we've overrun by a few minutes apologies for not being able to take all the questions. Let me thank our speakers Sarah Marquez from the Karanguiju Tabares Resist Collective and Buble Armour Deputy Manager at the Association for Land Reform and Development thank you to our audience as well for your participation thank you also to our hosts this webinar has been organised in partnership with the Land Portal Foundation the Asian NGO Coalition and the ALRD and the Global Forum on Agricultural Research and Innovation I'm delighted to have been your moderator thank you very much I look forward to being with you again it's been a really energetic and instructive conversation and let me say finally have a great day thank you Henry goodbye thank you Buble thank you Sarah and God bless you thank you