 With reference to the trends and issues in early childhood education, we are discussing the moral stages of our child. So at stage 1, there is physical survival, selfishness and obedience. So we will see that in early age physical survival is the most important phenomena in our child. People at this stage mostly emphasis entirely on their physical survival and safety needs. As I was saying, when a child is very young, first of all, he needs his survival. He thinks that he has to save his life, he has to save himself, and now he doesn't care about others. He doesn't know how to sacrifice, or how to help others when they are in trouble. He doesn't know all these things. Now he knows that I don't have any problem, and I don't face any problem, and I don't have any trouble with my life. So they tend to place more emphasis on materialistic and lower needs rather than spiritual or higher needs. Now see, two children fight on a toy. Everyone wants that toy. So they don't think that giving it to someone else can make them happy, and that happiness can make them happy, or make them benefit. Now they think that this toy is for me, I should get it. They are quite materialistic. Now they don't know any spiritual or any other thought that will benefit them. So the things they see in them, they choose for themselves. They struggle for food, water, sexual satisfaction, etc. So the children who are not at the limit of their morals, who are too young, for them, their basic needs like food, drink, sleep, or any other need, they are more important to them. For them, there is some kind of spiritual or moral aspect, which they will come to know later. The first thing is that such small children who are less than three years old, or around three years old, they are selfish. We call them egocentric. Now they don't see anything other than themselves. You see, in every matter they are surprised to see how people can think differently from them. If I go to a shop, the toy that I see is mine, when I pick it up, people ask me why I don't like it, whereas all these things are mine. Similarly, on every food, on every good thing that they like, they don't like to hear any other opinion on it. So in this stage, people seek personal play, fun, happiness, and comfort very often at the expense of others. They will beat others, beat them, push them, and take the toy. Because at that time, they are more important to them, than to any other person, or their happiness, or their comfort. The second thing is that here, the standard of morals is obedience. That means, he knows that my parents, or my teacher, or whatever is bigger than me, a sibling, or a brother, are more powerful than me. And that I have to listen to him. So people at this stage obey blindly. What the authority commands in order to avoid physical punishment? What the elders say, they have to do it. Because they have to be punished. They know that if they do this, they can slap me. Or if they scold me, they won't do it. That means, their only good thing is to obey the elders. And they don't believe that they are elders. This is a moral thing to obey the elders. Because they believe that they feel that they can harm them, or that they can harm them, or that they can harm them with a reward, if they don't believe in what they say. So here, there is a little child growing up, in 3 to 5 years, unilateral respect for parents. So it is that he comes to his parent's house, with the most love and care. Even there, that child is 5 years old, sorry, he is 5 months old. So if your parents, your mother, or your father, harm them, they will be very surprised to see you. Why is he touching this? This figure is very important to me. So as the child grows up, 1.5 to 2 years, he starts speaking. So he doesn't let people own his mother. If someone else says that he is my mother, he can't give ownership like this. Because he knows that my benefit, if he is my caregiver, my mother, or my father, then he cannot sacrifice in any way for others. Then, immanent justice. Immanent justice is that when you create such a justice, when you start it, instead of looking at something else, you look at whether you will be in trouble or not. And thinking that if you do this, everything will be fine. I should not create such a situation that is difficult for me. So whatever things are looking good to others, according to the norm, you like them. So the children try to follow those who like others. And they try to avoid those who don't like others.