 The ionosphere is a region of Earth's atmosphere that contains charged particles such as electrons and ions. It is affected by the Sun's radiation, which causes changes in the density and temperature of the particles. These changes can cause disruptions in radio communication signals, making them difficult or impossible to receive. Researchers have been studying these changes in order to better understand how they affect communications and other aspects of space weather. Two main phenomena in the lower and middle latitudes of the ionosphere are the equatorial ionization anomaly, EIA, and the equatorial plasma fountain, EPF, which involve the removal of plasma from around the equator by the upward E times B drift, resulting in troughs and crests. Additionally, there are irregularities in the ionosphere caused by neutral winds and gravity waves. During periods of high solar activity, the EIA is stronger and more pronounced than during periods of low solar activity. This is due to the presence of faster varying prompt penetrating electric fields and equator-ward neutral winds. At low solar activity, the EIA is weaker and less pronounced because the slower varying P. This article was authored by Nanen Balin, Li Bo Lu, and Huijun Lu. We are article.tv, links in the description below.