 Good day, everyone, and welcome to today's Sustainable Development Impact Summit session. Fast forward to Frontier Technologies. To get the most out of this virtual session, please take a moment to check your setup. Make sure you're connected to high-quality Wi-Fi, 4G, or, you know, land connection. Connect your device to a charger to make sure you don't run out of battery partway through. And please, before you start speaking, just check that your camera and your microphone are turned on. When you're finished, we ask that you mute your microphone. Also, please note that we're recording today's session, although any breakout rooms we enter won't be recorded. And the first half of today's session will be live streamed on the forum website. As we get started, for those joining us on Zoom, please feel free to use the chat box to introduce yourself and ask comments or questions. For those joining us on live stream, welcome. And with that, I'll hand it off to our session moderator, Florence Godry Perkins, founder and CEO of Digital Health Partnerships. Hello, everyone, and good morning, good afternoon, or good evening wherever you may be joining us from. Welcome to this exciting session on Frontier Technologies. My name is Florence Godry Perkins, and I'm really thrilled to be moderating this conversation. We're going to explore innovations and how they relate to solving major social and environmental challenges. My particular area of focus is digital technology to better access health, especially in lower and middle income countries. But in fact, pushed, I'll get the Lucent and Nokia back in 2011 into a social innovation shared value strategy to use ICT technologies to achieve SDGs. So this is a subject that's very dear to my heart. We have with us today four outstanding experts who will take us into the realm of select technologies that they're working on and how those can bring us closer to a sustainable future. One question that we're going to want to bear in mind as we move into the discussion, and this will be especially relevant in the breakout groups that we'll also have is how do we keep in check also unintended consequences of some of these advances that we are, you know, quite astounding, some of them that you're going to hear about. All the Frontier Technologies in general can make sustainable development a reality, such as improving people lives, people's lives, promoting prosperity or protecting the planet. The rapid pace at which they're happening may also introduce sometimes in serious policy challenges. They can potentially widen inequalities. They can also introduce new ethical dilemmas. There is probably no better current example right now than our social media platforms which have created absolutely amazing opportunities for the world. We've had some unintended consequences. So the way that this session will flow is that we are first going to have an approximately 40 minute conversation with our four speakers here. And then we'll move into 20 minute breakout sessions, which will be led by our four speakers. One will be on the role of space technology and climate action. The other on probiotic production process to sustainably feed the future and that will be led by Lisa and then the data or artificial intelligence transforming agriculture will be the third breakout. And then we'll have quantum computing on being the fourth, the fourth one. Before we, and after these breakout sessions, what we'll do, which they will last about 20 minutes will reconvene and there will be a sort of reporting back on some of the things that you've discussed. So these breakout sessions are a chance for the audience to interact further with the panelists and to engage with them. And so we would then report back and then make some conclusions on the session. Before I go and remind everyone on some logistics questions, we would love for the audience to take a little poll which should in principle pop up on your screen there. And the question that we'd love for everyone to answer is what technology are you the most excited about for advancing the sustainable development goals. So you'll see on the screen that you have space, synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, probiotic production process to sustainably feed the future or 3D printing and other. So if you can take a few minutes to fill that out. And just as a reminder, and I think we were reminded of that earlier to make sure that you stay on mute that if you wish to speak. And this will be especially relevant during the breakout sessions of course when there will be interaction is if you can just click on the icon at the bottom of your screen. You can raise the hand button so that the moderator of the breakout sessions where you're trying to to speak the session is not being recorded but notes will be taken and distributed. I don't know, Ruth, if we're going to have the results of the poll right away or we are no call efficient so we have artificial intelligence. It looks like is the one everyone here in the audience is the most excited about in the second we have the probiotic production process, which is one of the things of course we're going to be speaking about today. It's a very exciting field indeed, and then we have space. We'll be speaking to us about that and then know and then come synthetic biology and 3D printing, which is one of not one of the subjects will be broaching today so thanks very much for that. So let me now introduce our experts and speakers so we can get to know them a little bit before we find out more about their technologies. I would love to start with you. You are the director of the United Nations Office for out of space affairs, and you're going to speak to us on the role of space technology and climate action. Can you just briefly introduce yourself just, you know, a minute, a couple of minutes and, and also what drives your your working thinking. I wonder if you want to introduce yourself. Yeah, can you, yeah, can you hear me. Can you hear me. Can you hear me. Yeah, great. So, thank you. As we say in space loud and clear. Well, thank you so much for, for allowing me to be part of this interesting panel discussion and I'm very pleased to be with you and also to get to know people. People working at top level people working in other fields, which can be also relevant for the activities we do in space. So my point is that I always been a space person so I'm an astrophysicist by education I've been working. All my professional career in the field, first at national level in my home country then at regional level at the European Space Agency have been in Brussels for a couple of years. And then, since now, March 2014 I'm the director of the office for outer space affairs in the United Nations, nations which is an office of the secretariat which means that we report to the General Assembly, and so we serve the 193 member states of the United Nations. And the main Monday the main goal of our activities is to bring the benefits of space space based data infrastructure services and applications to everyone everywhere, trying to bridge what we call the space divide, which is the difference between the countries. Which are already, which are mastering already space technologies for the benefit of their own citizens, and the countries which are emerging or developing in this field and trying to catch up and trying to really use space at the maximum extent possible to for sustainable development. So, overall, it's it's quite an interesting, let's say activity, because it's the social side of space, how we can really use the infrastructures available and and data available for the benefit of everyone so it just really in in in a nutshell, my, my professional career and what we do at the UN in space. And thank you. Over to you. Thank you for this brief introduction. I can't help. You know, sort of underlying because this is a fairly unique, unique piece of information is that you actually have an asteroid named after you. I was reading in some information on you and this was an honor of your contribution to space exploration. There's an asteroid called the people that was named by the International Astronomical Union so I guess it's pretty unique feature that I wanted to underline so it's an honor to have us with you. Yeah, thank you. My pleasure. Yeah. So let's now turn to Dr Lisa Dyson. She is the founder and chief executive officer of air protein and she's joining us from California today, and she's going to speak to us about probiotic production process to sustainably feed the future it's absolutely fascinating as you'll see. Can you tell us a little bit about who you are in your background and and what has been driving you also. Yes, absolutely. So wonderful to be here with all of you. Thank you so much for that intro. And yes, my name is Lisa Dyson, I am a scientist by training my PhD is in physics from MIT. I did research at a few different institutions including Stanford and UC Berkeley before transitioning into the business world, where I worked at the Boston Sultan group for a number of years having executive self business problems. And what I was missing in my life was impact. And I really began focusing on climate change as an issue. After going to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina hit, and just really seeing the devastation there. You know, people were essentially refugees, leaving their homes and trying to find shelter elsewhere where people lost their lives. The community was very much in shambles and I began thinking years later about science and kind of my background as a scientist and climate in particular. And my question was how can, how can technology be a part of the solution. And also my background in business really taught me that one place where we could scale technologies is through business. And so I started a company called Q Verde really focused on taking carbon dioxide and using it as a building block for products to make everything from oils to biodegradable packaging material and ultimately proteins. And so I started air protein, really as a focus on the food industry, specifically, and the food industry as we know is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gas emissions, emitting more greenhouse gases than the entire transportation sector. So if you really want to have an impact on climate change, one of the areas where we really need to focus is food. So we developed a technology a way of taking carbon dioxide as a fundamental building block, an element of the air that we're breathing right now, and using that as a building block to make nutritious proteins. And so air protein is really on a mission to redefine meat and how meat is made, of course, one of the, the largest greenhouse and many sectors, and making a way that uses significantly less land, significantly less water, and uses carbon dioxide as a building block instead of making producing lots of greenhouse gases along the way. So we make meat from elements of the air and air protein, and I'm excited to be one of the group of companies that is making the meat industry specifically more sustainable and food in general more sustainable. Yeah, extremely impressive. Thank you. We look very much forward to hearing more about this. It is absolutely fascinating. I just like to add that Dr. Dyson, you are, you know, very brilliant. And you've received for this, many, many awards and too many for me to cite here but I would just cite the latest one which you were ranked as one of the top 100 female founders of 2019 by Inc magazine. So really a great honor to have us to have you with us as well today in sharing your time and expertise with us. I'd like to go ahead. I'd like to now turn turn to Daniel Kopo. And Daniel is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Prospera Technologies. Prospera was founded in Israel and he is going to speak to us of data and artificial intelligence transforming agriculture. He's usually based close to Palo Alto, but no, in fact, yes, he is joining us from there today. Daniel, can you kindly say a few words about yourself as well so the audience knows you a bit better before we move into what you do. Oh yeah. And first of all, thank you very much for having me today and great, great to be here and honored to be with some of these incredible panelists. I, as you mentioned, I'm one of the co-founders and CEO of Prospera Technologies, an AI company focused on on how to optimize the agriculture industry. When I come from a software background from a very, very young age, then I work for different intelligent units in Israel, followed by working for different startups in many various domains. I did a little bit of management consulting where I found that big impact probably needs to come from newer innovations and set off with a few friends from university to figure out how we can help some of the growers in the world close the gaps between the technology available and the technology that is out in the field. We got into agriculture completely by accident, and I like to call it a process of falling in love with an incredible industry, given we do not come from an agriculture, agriculture background, actually positioning us quite uniquely in this today is what is today called ag tech agriculture technology domain, mostly coming from most companies and innovation coming from companies that actually come from agriculture or agronomy. We as outsiders come from a machine learning background and I think that creates a lot of interesting questions for us so we try to formalize a lot of challenges and problems that happen in this domain. Today we as a company look at multiple data sets, including satellite and information coming from space but all the way down to imagery coming from the field and try and help farmers globally with reducing the amount of chemicals that they use, reducing the amount of water and fertilizer and ultimately becoming to be more profitable business. And we work today, mainly in the US, Mexico, and Latin America in general, and company, as you mentioned forests is based out of Tel Aviv and I'm based here in California together with a team that we have in the Midwest. So thanks very much for having me today. Thank you so much, Danielle. And I would then very much like to introduce Jeremy O'Brien, who is our first speaker and is the chief executive officer of C Quantum, also based out of the USA. And he's going to talk to us about quantum computing. And it's possible implication on sustainable development. Jeremy, can you also in turn tell us more about you and what has driven you to your activity today. Sure. Thanks very much, Florence. So yes, I'm, I'm one of the co-founders and the CEO of CyQuantum. And I'm also one of the co-chairs of the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council on quantum computing. I just learned about the promise of quantum computing back in 1995, and I immediately understood that this technology will ultimately be nothing short of a necessary tool for humans to invent our future. And consequently, I've been working on bringing quantum computing into reality ever since for 20 years as a professor of physics and electrical engineering and for the last five years as CEO of CyQuantum. But until recently, I've been very hesitant to talk about quantum computing in the context of the SDGs. And not, not because I didn't believe that quantum computing would have a profound impact in these critical areas. In fact, I don't believe there's a more positively well-changing technology out there or on the horizon. I think across agriculture, healthcare, energy and climate, quantum computing will be the most profoundly well-changing technology that we've uncovered today. But I was hesitant because I wasn't sure we were going to get there quickly enough to have a substantial impact by the 2030 delivery date for the SDGs, and I'm now convinced that we will, and I'd love to share some more with you. Lovely. Thank you so much, Jeremy. We look forward to hearing more about all of this. I'd like to turn back to you, Simonetta, now. Let's find out more about each one of your frontier technologies. So can you tell us more about the role of space technology in climate action, Simonetta? Yeah. So for sure, in a nutshell, what I can say is that in the last 60 years, which is the time that we measure and sense the launch of the first satellite in orbit, in reality, space has become a sort of a game changer in many fields in our everyday life in the way in which we can address global challenges, including climate change. It's an extremely powerful tool. And in reality, space really contributes to our understanding of the planet, but in particular, it's also able to allow us to monitor the situation and not only climate change, but in a lot of different fields. Well, recently, more or less a couple of years ago, we conducted a study combining Earth observation data and in global navigation satellite systems, so precise navigation and location. And we found that we analyzed the 169 targets underpinning the 17 sustainable development goals, which are, let's say, the backbone of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. And in a very conservative manner, so we have been very, very conservative, what we have been doing is through this analysis we found that as a minimum 40%, 40% of the SDGs can only be achieved through the user space, the user space. So there is no possibility of any decision making in the world or any possibility to fulfill for any country in the world the goals contained in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development without space. Now, I'm personally fully convinced that if we add also the third dimensional space technologies, which is telecommunication, we combine that we include also high resolution images, well, we easily go beyond 50%. Even if 40% is already huge number, well, you can imagine that the more we go up, the more it means that space is really mandatory for anyone in the world to be, I mean, to be part of any policy and decision making. And this is true for developed countries, but also for developing an emerging countries, if you want even more. Well, we also, if you want, what we do is also the stronger link to disaster risk reduction, in particular, we focus on the emergency response phase. So how to use space based data infrastructures to support the member states of the United Nations in their, in the way of managing disasters. Now, disasters, natural disasters in particular certain types of disasters are becoming more and more extreme, and this is strongly linked to climate change. And so what is extremely important to notice is that if we combine the effects of disasters and therefore the disaster linked to climate change with the pandemic, and the issue that we have the issues that the challenges that we had to face recently and we continue to face with coronavirus. Well, we see that there is a huge, an exponential increase in the number of, for example, of infected people when you combine a natural disaster with the pandemic, which is also something that you can monitor in a way from space. And another extremely important element that we that I would like to underline is that we count a little bit less than 60 essential climate variables, which are the variables that are absolutely needed, absolutely mandatory to be monitored in order to understand which could be the future of our climate and therefore being able not only to look at the adaptation and mitigation but also trying to see what we can do to prevent a little bit of the situation to become worse and worse. And with satellites, you can cover more than 50% of this ECB, essential climate variables. So without space, you cannot really monitor the impact and the main variables of related to climate change. In a nutshell, the point is that even if space is perceived as something far away, because you know satellites are in orbit, so not exactly on Earth, still what we can do from space and there's also one important point that I would like to underline. The developed countries are able to send in space a lot of satellites, constellations of satellites in most cases, the data are available free of charge and in an open manner, so there is free and open access for a lot of satellites in orbit and for a lot of data available in orbit. And when this is not possible, we as the Office for Outer Space Affairs, we facilitate the connection between the various stakeholders in order to support countries which are more in need with the support of developing developed countries. So just to tell you that in reality, you don't need to have a satellite in orbit, if you are a given country, you don't need to have a satellite in orbit to benefit from space if you have all the connections and the right approach to the use of satellites, etc. So what we probably need to do is to on one side to put back science at the center, and I believe the pandemic and climate and the issue with disasters is bringing us collectively to understand that science must be at the center, science and technology and space is a key tool for a sustainable development, but also a key tool for trying to take out this important challenge for humanity, which as the Secretary General said just at the beginning, just opening the 75 edition of the General Assembly in a virtual mode that this is not any more climate change, this is a climate crisis. Thank you very much, that was very, very clear. And, you know, being key I worked for years in the telecommunications industry more on the on the ground, you know, with deploying fiber and whatnot, and, you know, it's, it's, it's no question that there's an area of the world that can only be reached. Yes, space and satellite so that in itself is already extremely key. Thank you. Again, we'll come back to you so that we try to understand in a lot of part of the conversation a little bit more so some of the challenges that you that you face but for now let's let's turn to Lisa. We would love to understand more about this fascinating process that you're working on. Can you, can you tell us more I what I wanted to underline is that the next technologies whether it's Lisa or Danielle that are going to talk about it, talk about is that they're, they're all they're both going to talk about something related to food and there's really no more fundamental need than food and that's not about to go away or change so these next two frontier technologies we're going to talk about are very important. Before is yours Lisa. Thank you. Yes, so we call what we do a probiotic production process because it's similar to making yogurt, or brewing beer making cheese. And so what we start off with is elements of the air that we breathe carbon dioxide and oxygen, and they were able to use this probiotic production process to make a really nutritious protein. And the work that we're doing is inspired by work done by NASA during the space program during the 60s and 70s, where they asked a question how can we feed astronauts on long space journeys to Mars and distant planets. And that's the same question as how do you recycle carbon essentially because we're carbon based life form, and we get our carbon through our food and we need carbon to survive. And once you leave the planet with a certain amount of carbon, you can't pick up any more along the way so you have to figure out how to recycle it. And they were really thinking about astronauts are breathing out carbon dioxide, how can we capture that, and then use that as an input to the food that they're eating. So we've developed this way of using something again like making yogurt that has carbon dioxide as a form of heat stock or core building block and oxygen other elements of the air, we use renewable power as well to ultimately create a protein flower, and that protein flower can then be turned into meat using culinary techniques like temperature and pressure. Think of making pasta from wheat flour, similar type of concept, but we're really focused on creating the textures that you get when you're biting into a steak or a chicken breast, as well as the flavors that you get. And so we're part of a movement so veggie burgers and veggie foods have been around for a long time and I myself started eating them two decades ago, and really when I converted to become a vegetarian. But the question is how do you appeal to the broader populations out there that love pork that love steak, and they're really not changing their, their habits. They don't want to it's very difficult for them to. And so I'm one of the group of companies that are really looking at how do you then define meat in a more broad way, define it as what you end up with on the plate versus what it comes from defined it as the textures and flavors that you're used to and that you love, versus in the case of a steak, taking two years to make that steak. So right now the current technology that we use to make steak takes two years, and lots of land, lots of water, and lots of greenhouse gases are emitted along the way. So it's very old technology and it's ripe for disruption. And so, you know, we're focused on how do you not make take two years to make steak but instead just four days. And how do you do that using significantly less land and water as inputs in order to make that to give people the textures and flavors that they're looking for when they're biting into a steak. So that's kind of the core of the technology and the impact, you know, what we're really focused on is, is, you know, by 2050, we have to feed 10 billion people. And how do we do that in a way that doesn't emit massive amounts of greenhouse gases that doesn't use all the land that we use right now the current food production system. There's been an area that's been cleared for that this the size of South America and Africa combined. Just look at last year there were record fires in Brazil, and a lot of that was to make room for cattle grazing. And so how do we, how are we going to feed 10 billion people by 2050 if this is already the amount of land that's been cleared for our current food production process so we're really looking for solutions and developing one of the solutions for that a way that takes significantly less land. And by comparison, it would take a soy farm the size of Texas to give you the same amount of protein that you get from an air protein farm the size of Walt Disney World. So significant land reduction, water reduction and using CO2 as a building block versus emitting lots of greenhouse gases. It's wonderful. It's fascinating. And of course the impact on just even the environment that you just mentioned sounds so stupendous. I was reading that there is also an expectation of consumption. I don't know how recent, of course, the number is probably not so recent, but there was an expectation that animal protein was expected to be to increase in consumption. 70% from like 2007 to 2030. And this indeed sounds not very sustainable at all in view of the problems that we face with climate change today. So your, you know, sort of frontier technology here is extremely opportune of course, in face of the challenges that we face. Well, we'll come back to you. Also, Lisa to understand some of the challenge that you face and to understand a little bit better where you stand in the process also I'd love to know more about that but let's let's first perhaps ask Danielle to tell us a little bit more about AI and data and how that improves agriculture. Can you tell us more about this, this what Prospera does so that we, the audience understands better sort of the concrete applications and the impact that it can have on a more sustainable world. Sure, yeah. And I think it's a great follow up to some of the interesting comments Lisa had, I think we're, we're tackling very, very similar problems in different ways. And, and really as we need to, as humanity we need to feed a growing population in a much more efficient way. And I think one of the, you know, the area we're focusing on is taking this current system that is built and seeing how we can make it more efficient agriculture is one of the, not the largest industry in the world. It is GDPs of countries it is it is really, I think everyone here realizes it's a very huge industry both financially but then also in terms of the land it takes and we're looking to see how we can make every single piece of land more efficient which is going to be a necessity for for humanity. If you think of agriculture and macro spec, we've been growing as humans food for the last 10,000 years. And really, if you look at the potential per acre or any unit of land, it's been quite stagnant for those 10,000 years and 100 years ago, more or less, new innovation came in. We had mechanization so we had tractors and combines and different pieces of equipment and we had smarter irrigation and the introduction of genetics and understanding how to breed seeds or plants and and new chemicals. And ultimately, the manufacturing function in this value chain, the function that takes these different inputs of seed and chemical and fertilizer, and a piece of land and produces an output of produce, whether it's grain or or fruit or vegetable. That piece really, and now is overwhelmed with lots of information with a with a very big, big, you know, very difficult task. So when you think of growers globally, and it this this this is relevant to both developing countries as, you know, more advanced countries. The practice of growing is quite complex. There are many, many questions of how to irrigate how to fertilize how to spray these are very difficult questions. And what we find is that the production is extremely sub optimal. So, when we look at how much yield potential you can get from seed or if you would imagine and simulate a optimal growing environment, we are extremely far away. So one area to handle is create new genetics and seeds to to improve productivity but another is to help, you know, growers globally with making better decisions in terms of the day to day activities in the field. And these namely include how to irrigate how to fertilize and as I mentioned how to spray and for spare as a company, together with other initiatives in the industry, looks at how we can take data and help with those decisions that today are more or less based, more or less made based on intuition and I would say less scientific in a less scientific based approach and our approach as a company is looking at the most scalable data acquisition methods out there. So, from our perspective, if you would look at a field, whether it's in a greenhouse or in the open fields and have a camera on every single plant and have a soil probe on every single plant and have a climate station and have just lots and lots of data for most of us, we would say yes probably with all that information and computational powers. We'd be able to produce more yields than just having no data at all and no interpretation capabilities, but by doing what I just mentioned you would be losing a lot of money on that field. Deploying that amount of technology so as a company we look at scalable data sets and see how can we take something that we can use globally and help with improving that field in a cost efficient way. We look at data from satellite as Simone mentioned, so we actually take that application and see how can we use that data to help farmers and growers. But then we also look at imagery coming from drones and irrigation systems and really our angle is to look and be hardware and sensor agnostic so we could look at multiple types of data, mainly focusing on imagery and computer vision technologies within the domain of AI artificial intelligence and help growers with detecting insects and pests from an image stressed areas to help them with making irrigation more efficient, etc, etc. And in turn build extremely scalable solution so just as one example we partnered with the largest irrigation company in the world. So this company has hundreds of thousands of pivots, which is one of the most scalable irrigation methods in the world globally. And we take the data coming from these pivots combining it with satellite imagery and are able to tell growers how to improve the way they irrigate and finding that they can reduce as much as 20 or 30% in the amount of water and fertilizer they're using and still achieve higher yields. So when we think about sustainability this is a key factor for growing at scale using less inputs and achieving higher yields. Thank you very much. Very exciting as well Daniel and I see the time is ticking and I wouldn't just ask more questions but maybe during the breakout groups, you'll manage to delve into it when one of the, you know, questions, not that we have time to really address it here because I'd like to also give the floor to Jeremy is, and I read somewhere and again don't quote me on it but that 70% sort of agriculture production is actually by small farms mostly in lower and middle income countries so I would be, you know, super curious on, you know, how you plan to address that whether you already have and whatnot I think I read somewhere that you had moved into Mexico, and I'm sure that probably there's, you know, there are things there but perhaps, again, we'll come back, you know, hopefully we'll have time to talk at least about a few challenges or before moving into the breakout groups and otherwise we'll go into it during the breakouts. Jeremy let's let's turn to you. And your field is, you know, I, to me is completely well fascinating and complex to to understand. And it promises basically I mean if we take it very high level for someone like me who's not an engineer quantum promises to do in minutes what modern supercomputers you know would take decades or centuries to to complete so can you tell us about your work what you do at SeaQuantum into boards and and what you see, you know, try to, you know, perhaps also what you see as the most powerful future use cases really that can be shared equitably across the world hopefully Your floor is yours. Thank you, Jeremy. Sure. Thanks Florence. In fact, you know, a quantum computer will be able to do things in in minutes that a, you know, a conventional computer would take billions of years to do so it's really redefining what's possible. And so it's really taking problems that actually are forever otherwise impossible and making them possible. And that's the first thing I think really to understand about quantum computing is that there are there are problems across all of science and technology that we will never solve on any conventional computer that we could ever build. And the reason that they're forever impossible is that they grow exponentially in the size of the problem. And so they just take a completely impractical amount of time. As I say these problems span all of science and technology and thereby underpin pretty well all of human activity and I think for the purposes of this discussion. It's important to appreciate that were we able to solve some of these problems we could have a very profound impact on a lot of the science and technology that could be deployed to tackle the SDGs. Now I said in my introduction that I've been working on this on this problem for 25 years so you might reasonably ask, well where is it given given all this great promise. And the challenge to realizing this technology is that you need around a million quantum transistors or qubits in order to tackle all of these problems that I'm sketching for you here. It's been my conviction actually since last century, which makes me feel a little bit old to have to say that but it's been my conviction that we won't have quantum computing in my lifetime, unless we figure out how to harness the existing semiconductor chip manufacturing capability that we have. And of course, that capability has been the result of more than 50 years of development and a trillion dollars of investment. And it's really in my view, the culmination of human technological achievement what we can do in terms of making silicon chips. And as of last year, Cyquanum is in the production line of a tier one semiconductor chip foundry global foundries, which is what has has changed my willingness to talk about quantum computing in the context of SDGs, because we now have a, you know, we have now have clear sight of that million cubic quantum computing capability and we're, you know, a handful of years away from, from delivering that. So now, what keeps me up at night is not whether we can realize this technology or not in my lifetime, but how we're going to deploy this technology. And I'm determined that we deploy this technology in priority because there will be a substantial supply demand mismatch initially. And I'm determined that we deploy it to have the highest positive impact that we can. And the good news is that the SDGs provide guardrails for thinking about that. And as far as I have concluded, and I'd love to have discussions with you all here during the during the breakout, but I think the priorities climate energy and health care in that order. And so on the climate side of things, as the highest priority, I would say the prospects for designing, you know, new clean energy devices new materials for those devices, more efficient batteries that could change the whole economics around electrification new materials for increased fuel efficiency, new fuels themselves, solving optimization problems, new fertilizers and that consume less energy in their production, and, you know, provide more sustainable ways to feed the population insulation materials building materials the list goes on. The one I'd like to focus on just briefly now is a catalyst for carbon capture and use so as I think people here know, we need to suck many gigatons of carbon back out of the atmosphere in parallel with reducing our emissions to zero as quickly as possible. If we could design a catalyst that we could cheaply and easily produce and deploy to turn that carbon into useful products and we've heard a lot of exciting examples of that already in this session. Then that would that would have a profound impact in our in our battle to fight climate change and that's something that I'm particularly interested in and so how about I pause there and and hand back to you Florence.