 I'm here to talk about a really devastating disease. It's created a huge impact on basically everyone's lives. It's killed some of the most well-known celebrities, the most noble Steve Jobs recently. It's called pancreatic cancer. And pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease. Only 5.5% people who are initially diagnosed will survive after five years. And one of the main reasons due to this is that usually once it's diagnosed, the cancer is spread around the body when the patient has a very small chance of survival. And in order to prevent this late detection, we need a method for early detection, meaning a simple, rapid, sensitive, versatile, and minimally invasive sensor for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. And so there are a variety of proteins that are found in the blood of patients who have pancreatic cancer that are at elevated levels. I show society one called mesothelin. Mesothelin, it's highly overextressed by pancreatic cancer but not by healthy tissue. But in addition, it's highly overextressed by these things we call non-invasive pre-cursor lesions. Meaning if you can detect this protein, you can detect pancreatic cancer before it becomes invasive, possibly making the survival rate jump above 50% rather than a measly 5.5%. So in order to detect these ultra-low concentrations of mesothelin in your blood, I employed these carbon nanotubes, atom-thick tubes of carbon. And they're really the superheroes of science and material science because they have these broad applications which lead to inexpensive biosensors. In my case, I was looking at how the distance between neighboring carbon nanotubes highly impacts how electricity is transported along that. And so I am really fascinated by carbon nanotubes. I was reading this really interesting paper in my biology class. And all of a sudden we were learning about these new things called antibodies, organic molecules that actually bind specifically to one protein. In my case, it would be to mesothelin, kind of like a lock and key. And so then I thought, in my biology class, I was just sitting there behind my desk looking at this little paper, I thought, what if I put this antibody in a network of carbon nanotubes just wildly on a whim? And then it hit me, amazing. I was very, very happy. My biology teacher wasn't as happy when she found me reading a paper instead of writing an essay on biology class. So then, what you had to have then is a substrate that you can basically support this network of antibodies and carbon nanotubes. And I thought it had to be porous to take up this awkward solution, but also it had to be inexpensive and readily available. Filter paper, it fulfills all of these. And basically all you have to do is create new from dispersion of these antibodies and carbon nanotubes that are just flowing around, chilling out. And then you basically just dip coat your sensor, making it really easy to produce. And so here's a visual depiction of the sensor being created and how you test it, basically, it only requires a sixth of a drop. And you just put it on and then you just measure the change in electrical potential, just an electric parameter. So then in order to detect pancreatic cancer from the detection of this protein, basically what you have to do is you have to establish what we call cutoff level, where anything above that level of mesothione is considered positive, anything below we consider negative. And so usually it's 10 negrons for ML for mesothione, so that's why I chose. And so then I ran in vitro study just to make sure it was working pretty well and it worked spectacularly, actually. And then we went into actually testing human samples. We had patients who had pancreatic cancer and then also the non-vasive pre-care solutions. You can see they all fall in this range of 18 to 28 negrons for ML. That's well above the 10 negron per ML cutoff. All of these would be found positive by my sensor, meaning that it had 100% sensitivity towards pancreatic cancer. Then we had patients who did not have pancreatic cancer, they're either perfectly healthy and skipping around, or they had cryopancreatitis, meaning in inflammation of the pancreas, the disease was most often mistaken in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. All of these you can see are below 10 negrons for ML, meaning that they would all be found negative by my sensor, meaning that it had 100% selectivity towards pancreatic cancer. So it was giving near perfect diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, thus revolutionizing how we look at cancer diagnosis. Thanks. So then what we had, we were looking at another application of the sensor. We wanted to see if it could effectively look at how well a treatment was doing on a patient. What we had is five chemotherapy drugs were given to patients over five weeks, and you can see for each of the five chemotherapy drugs there were distinctive drops. So it could reliably monitor how effective a cancer treatment was. And so what happens is the sensor, it's really revolutionizing how we look at cancer treatment and diagnosis. Because compared to the current gold standard of protein detection and cancer, it's 168 times faster, over 26,000 times less expensive at 3 cents, and over 400 times more sensitive. And also it has limitless applications. You switch out the antibody and you can detect an entirely new protein. Meaning you can look at other forms of cancer, but also you can look at cancer treatments effectively. You could look at cancer drug resistance because these are caused by unique mutations in the DNA producing a unique protein, which you can pick up with my sensor. Also you can look at the effectiveness of a cancer treatment, meaning that we are revolutionizing how we look at cancer treatment, personalizing the treatment at a patient so you don't have that conventional guess and check method. Also you could look at other forms of disease, such as in food and water safety, E. coli, salmonella, rotavirus, and then also you could look at other blood pathogens, such as AIDS, STDs, and all of those. And so it could operate in any setting, such as a regular checkup, but also in developing nations, revolutionizing and possibly saving thousands of lives in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and the biomedical field. Yeah! Thank you.