 Hi there. Tim O'Reilly, I'm the founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media, a computer book publisher, conference producer, and venture capitalist. I wanted to talk a little bit about my history with digital books. I, too, was moved by Hypercard. My company's first online book was actually a version of a technical book for Hypercard. We didn't look back. We started working pretty actively, trying to figure out how to get our books online from 1987 on. And interestingly, our quest to build a platform for digital book publishing led us very early to the World Wide Web. We were built, actually, one of the first graphical web browsers. Viola was out of UC Berkeley. We adopted it and hired the creator and worked to build a platform which we called GNN, the Global Network Navigator, because we realized that there was all this new content being created that was not in books. So we also were the first site on the web to discover the advertising business model. And that was sort of something I inflicted on the world. And although my notion of what the advertising was was the site itself, you know, so you think now if you go to O'Reilly.com, it's the kind of thing that you used to get in the mail. It's a catalog, you know, and with lots of content in support of commerce. But the, you know, we went on to continue to work with eBooks in 2000. I launched a technical book subscription service called Safari Books Online, which now has hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Started publishing eBooks standalone around the same time. eBooks are now a pretty major part of our business. And one of the things that probably has distinguished us from most other publishers in that regard is we've insisted from the beginning that our books be DRM free. You know, we wouldn't even sell them to Amazon unless they agreed for them to be DRM. And at this point we sell our, what we sell isn't sort of an eBook bundle. You can get your books. Once you buy a book from us, you can buy it in ePub, in Moby, in, you know, any other format, including Daisy. You can get any or all. And one of the things that we found from that is that it's really increased our market. It's amazing. We're now selling books in countries around the world where we were never able to reach with physical books. You know, so we maxed out about 30% of our book sales internationally with print. We're at about 60% international with eBooks. So it's actually, and we continue to hear that DRM free is incredibly valuable to our customers. But that kind of leads me to a couple of big issues that I think we all need to think about when we think about the future of books and the future of the library. First off, the term book itself is under tremendous transformation. There are entire classes of books that will never be produced again as books. And we don't know how far that's going to go. I mean, what's the need for an atlas or a dictionary as a printed book when you can deliver the same service, the same job for the user so much more effectively with an application? Even fiction, you might think, well, gosh, how can you do that, you know, without that wonderful magic of, you know, immersive reading? But of course, if you think about the job that it does for a reader, it's probably more in common between World of Warcraft and Harry Potter than between Harry Potter and the Encyclopedia Britannica. So we have to free ourselves from the notion that this body of jobs that we do for readers that was for so many centuries bound together by the form of the printed book will continue to hold. And we have to realize that there are going to be divergent paths for many of the jobs that authors and publishers do for readers. And then we're going to need different strategies for solving all of those things. Another lesson that I want to, and actually I should go back to my own business, you know, we publish technical manuals, technical books of various kinds, and we've seen a huge shift. We don't publish anything in print that's reference oriented at all anymore. You know, we used to sell tens of thousands of copies a month of certain kinds of reference books, and we just don't even publish them because the web is just better at reference. I want to mention another point. Going back to GNN, that first commercial website from early 1993, there are no copies of it online. We were there before Brewster had his brilliant idea of the Internet Archive. So I look back at that early history and somebody was asking me, well, what were those first web ads, what did they look like? And frankly, it was amazing. None of us could remember. We eventually found somewhere in our ephemera a copy of a brochure that had a picture. And you know, I just want to emphasize just how important it is for us to think about digital preservation in the context of the library. And so much of the creative output of our society is now digital. It's not in the form that we have expected it so long, the sort of the book as the document of record. And unless we get on with the job of preservation, and that also means incredibly, you know, curation at much earlier in the process because there's so much information, we're probably not going to keep it all. You know, I have my own personal archive and I used to just point links to things and now I find how many of my old links are dead. And I go, wow, I actually have to suck down a copy, keep it. If I want to even keep a record of my own intellectual output, let alone that of others. So I think there's a real job for DPLA to emphasize what are the best practices of digital preservation. But then you have to think about how do you do that in a distributed way because I don't think it's possible for one organization to archive everything, even though Bruce has done a pretty damn good job. You know, it's a scale problem. So we actually have to think about what does distributed preservation look like, what are the obligations of people to keep copies. And there's some real lessons in software because software is one of the great intellectual outputs of our age and we see an amazing set of tools for not only allowing collaborative development, collaborative consumption, but also archiving. Archiving is built right into most modern software. You use a platform like GitHub. You're actually keeping copies of every version at the same time as you're making it accessible. And I think it's really worth having the DPLA study, you know, how software is distributed, created, and shared today. I also think that it's really critical to think through search. Back when at the height of the Google Books controversy, I wrote an op-ed called Book Search Should Work Like Web Search. You know, we have this notion that somehow it's all going to be in one place. I think what we really have to start thinking about is, you know, how we can leverage the distributed nature of the Internet, find what's out there, establish standards for how people advertise what they've got, and above all, keep it in open formats that are actually linkable to. The big challenge of eBooks today is that they're increasingly being produced in proprietary formats under the control of a single company, and that is going to be a real challenge for the future of open access. Thank you.