 Selamat datang, semua. Selamat datang dari Bokor, Indonesia. Jadi, banyak orang berbicara dari aduk-aduk keadaan untuk memasuk, dan, di beberapa kes, keadaan tersebut. Jadi, ini menyebabkan sebuah pelajar global untuk mempercayai sebuah dunia ke dalam dunia tersebut. Jadi, mengecewakan hari tersebut di Forest dan Water Day, Forest 3 dan Agroforestry Program, atau CGLR, adalah penjelasan untuk membuat Anda sebuah sebuah sebuah imposi global. Jadi, ini adalah interaksi dengan Anda semua untuk melihat bagaimana 3 dan Forest menjadi regulasi permukaan untuk water, energi, dan karbon. Dan semoga ini juga memberikan keadaan global keadaan dan agenda mitigasi. Jadi, nama saya Berya Limona. Saya di sini dengan sebuah pelajar di IKRAF C4 Office di Bokor. Dan saya juga ingin memberitahui ke sebuah pelajar, Peter Menang dari IKRAF Narodik. Peter, Anda membawa kami? Ya, kita bisa melihat Peter online. Jadi, dia akan memberikan Anda juga sebuah pagi dari Narodik. Jadi, pertama sekali, saya akan memperkenalkan sebuah pelajar. Dr. Peter Hongren dari IKRAF C4 akan memberikan remaksannya. Tolonglah. Terima kasih banyak-banyak. Dan saya akan sangat-besar karena saya rasa semua orang yang menikmati keadaan sebuah imposi di Bokor. Dan saya juga ingin berbicara. Jadi, selamat datang di IKRAF C4 di Bokor, Indonesia, dan di IKRAF Narodik, dan semua orang online. Sebuah imposi, seperti yang kami sudah diperkenalkan oleh IKRAF C4 dengan program CDR yang melihat pelajar global untuk perkembangan dan diperkenalkan dengan IKRAF C4 sebagai salah satu pakaian yang penting. Jadi, seperti yang kami lihat, hari ini sangat penting. Hari ini, hari Indonesia atau keadaan, dan setelah hari ini, hari ini sangat penting. Pertama, kami memiliki air dan kemudian kami memiliki air. Dan itu sebabnya imposi berbicara dengan dua aspek. Dan imposi berbicara pada pemeriksaan yang diperkenalkan sebuah imposi di Global Environment Change oleh David Ellison dari Universitas Melayu dan Universitas Melayu di IKRAF, bersama dengan 21 orang pelajar. Mereka mencari perjalanan perjalanan di air dan kemudian bagaimana ini berbicara dengan perkembangan. Dalam 10 pakaian ini, pemeriksaan ini akan menentang berbagai aspek tentang ini. Dan saya rasa ini sangat berbicara karena apa yang kita butuh, adalah sebuah narratif baru tentang perkembangan dan perkembangan. Sebelum lama, kami telah berbicara bahwa perkembangan berbicara dengan perkembangan. Dan banyak pemeriksaan di Indonesia telah berbicara bagaimana kami berbicara untuk memastikan perkembangan di perkembangan dan dari segi atmosfera. Inilah cara kami akan memperbaiki perkembangan global. Ini adalah objek yang bagus tapi tidak benar-benar pembentukan. Perkembangan dan perkembangan adalah penting untuk banyak-banyak cara kami berbicara. Meskipun jika kami melihat kelimat tersebut, perkembangan dan perkembangan adalah penting dalam banyak cara yang lebih dari kekacauan. Kami melihat beberapa mereka melakukan kumpulan ini. Bagaimana perkembangan dan perkembangan berbicara dengan kelimat di local, kelimat di regional, bagaimana mereka terbicara perkembangan dan memastikan bahwa kami bisa berbicara sehingga perkembangan dan perkembangan dari perkembangan di luar. Ini adalah pengalaman perkembangan dan perkembangan yang baik antara perkembangan dan perkembangan. Jadi ini sangat penting bahwa kami berubah dan mempunyai perspektif moralis bagaimana perkembangan dan perkembangan bisa berkumpulan ke kelimat yang lebih baik untuk masa depan. Perkembangan ini sangat penting sebahagian itu. Sementara ini kami juga perlu sebagai sebahagian tersebut dari beberapa perspektif berkembangan bahwa kami mempunyai kelimat global dan seharusnya kita mempunyai dan mendukung perkembangan global. Kita akan berbincang dengan banyak cara yang lain dan juga melihat perspektif berkembangan dan perkembangan. Jadi cara lain untuk melihat ini adalah bahwa kami beberapa tahun lalu perkembangan dan perkembangan dan perkembangan di perkembangan. Dan tentu ini dua perkembangan dan perkembangan kita tidak akan dapat menggunakan kelimat depan tanpa kami juga bisa mencapai semua STG dan kembali, kami tidak akan dapat mencapai STG tanpa kami dapat menjaga kelimat kita dalam perkembangan. Jadi sebagai konsekuensi perkembangan ini, perkembangan dan perkembangan adalah di tengah-tengah perkembangan. Kita akan mendengar beberapa jam. Kita akan menjadi saya harap sangat informasi untuk banyak orang kami membuat kemampuan untuk mengambil kemenggan bukan hanya kemenggan tapi semua kemenggan tapi semua kemenggan dan kemenggan yang kita mengambil dari perkembangan dan perkembangan. Jadi lagi, selamat datang kembali. Terima kasih, Peter. Terima kasih, Peter. Jadi saya gembira melihat bahwa pemeriksaan pertama kita, Prof. Daniel Wurnier Sol, Prof. Daniel Wurnier Sol. Jadi Prof. Daniel Wurnier Sol. Dia seorang sisi senior dari SIFOR dan juga seorang senior lekser dari Bogor Agricultural University. Jadi, Daniel, itu yang kita bawa dia. Dia akan menjelaskan kemampuan global pada pemeriksaan ini. Prof. Daniel Wurnier Sol. Ya, Prof. Daniel Wurnier Sol. Oke, terima kasih banyak untuk menjadi kemampuan. Ya, Nairobi bisa mendengar kamu sangat baik. Sebelum itu, apa yang saya cakap hari ini adalah untuk membawa kemampuan. Ya, kita bisa mendengar kamu dari Nairobi sekarang sangat baik. Dalam kemampuan global. Seperti Peter mengatakan, hari ini, kita berhubungan hari Pemeriksaan Pemeriksaan Pemeriksaan dan esok hari Warnier Sol. Jadi, ini benar-benar untuk membawa kemampuan dan air pada pemeriksaan ini. Topik yang itu seharusnya berdasarkan kerja kita, selama dua tahun yang berhasil dengan sebuah kumpul dua minggu lalu, karena itu susah untuk membawa kemampuan. Tapi kemampuan ada di sana. Pemeriksaan saya adalah kemampuan di kemampuan tapi bukan air. Walaupun kita tahu bahwa air adalah kemampuan pemeriksaan pemeriksaan, tetapi waktu hidupnya sangat jauh sebelumnya jadi itu bukan kemampuan pemeriksaan yang sangat penting. Jadi, saya akan membuat kemampuan kemampuan yang besar. Satu adalah untuk melihat kemampuan Pemeriksaan Pemeriksaan yang kita punya, terutama pada obyek yang di-stipulasi di artikel kedua. Kemudian, lebih praktik, pemeriksaan pemeriksaan yang terhadap Pemeriksaan Paris yang bisa kita lihat bagaimana air dan air bisa dibuat dalam menggunakan beberapa pemeriksaan besar yaitu 5 pemeriksaan untuk pemeriksaan, terutama pemeriksaan pemeriksaan kemampuan pemeriksaan. Kemudian kita akan lihat bagaimana kita bisa masuk ke pemeriksaan dengan membawa air dan air dalam kombinasi. Jadi, obyek pemeriksaan pemeriksaan pemeriksaan kemampuan pemeriksaan kemampuan pemeriksaan di artikel kedua pemeriksaan dan juga untuk membuat pemeriksaan pemeriksaan berlaku. Jadi, pemeriksaan itu akan berlaku tentang 100 tahun apabila pemeriksaan berlaku, kemampuan pemeriksaan. Kemudian, pemeriksaan itu akan berlaku serius dan kembali ke pemeriksaan dalam pemeriksaan pemeriksaan kemampuan pemeriksaan pada tahun 1997. Dan itu adalah perjalanan yang kecil dengan 5% kemampuan pemeriksaan pada tahun 1990. Tapi itu tidak berlaku di mana-mana. Jadi, kemampuan pemeriksaan ini adalah berlaku berlaku dengan kemampuan dalam pemeriksaan pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan pemeriksaan. Dan kemudian pada tahun 2015, kita mendengar tentang pemeriksaan ini untuk menghormati tempatnya ke 2°C di 200°C atau 100°C. Dan banyak negara pemeriksaan yang berlaku untuk lebih rendah tempatnya kemampuan 1.5°C. Jadi, bagaimanapun pemeriksaan ini akan berlaku dalam pemeriksaan pemeriksaan. Seperti yang kita lihat di artikel 4, itu adalah pertunjukan pertunjukan. Di mana semua pemeriksaan mengindikkan pertunjukan mereka. Dan juga cara untuk menghormati pemeriksaan. Sehingga pada tahun 2015, semua pemeriksaan menghormati pemeriksaan ini. Tapi dalam artikel 5, itu adalah pemeriksaan yang sangat jelas. Mereka adalah pemeriksaan pemeriksaan. Untuk mengingatkan artikel ini juga menghormati pemeriksaan dengan mempunyai menghormati pemeriksaan. Tapi secara spesif, dalam pemeriksaan kita bisa lihat pemeriksaan pemeriksaan di artikel 7. Jadi, saya menghormati pemeriksaan karena kita harus bekerja, bagaimana bagaimana pemeriksaan kita bisa menghormati pemeriksaan. Dan menarik pemeriksaan, pemeriksaan finansial yang dibuat pada pemeriksaan yang sebelumnya, yang menghasilkan pemeriksaan global dan kemudian pemeriksaan spesial yang sudah dihormati, tapi yang baru membuat pemeriksaan pemeriksaan pemeriksaan. Dan lebih penting, pemeriksaan finansial memungkinkan pemeriksaan dan adaptasi dalam cara balans. Jadi, kita harus memahami pemeriksaan yang menghasilkan pemeriksaan Pemeriksaan Paris. Jadi, bagaimana kita akan masuk ke pemeriksaan ini? Jadi, jika kita lihat pemeriksaan yang kita membuat dan menerimu dalam pemeriksaan yang dibuat pada pemeriksaan. Kita memiliki 5 pemeriksaan di sana sebenarnya. Satu adalah pemeriksaan pemeriksaan. Ini adalah sesuatu yang menghasilkan pemeriksaan, tapi tidak menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Tapi bagaimana ini bisa dibuat pada pemeriksaan? Sudah tentu pemeriksaan yang berbeda adalah sangat penting untuk bermain dalam menghasilkan pemeriksaan di dalam atmosfera. Jadi, pemeriksaan menghasilkan pemeriksaan di sana untuk menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Kalaulah saya akan menerimu ini lebih dari pemeriksaan biopresipitas dan pemeriksaan di sana. Pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan adalah sistem menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Ini sangat penting, karena pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan sangat mudah menghasilkan banyak energi untuk menghasilkan dan menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Dan itu akan menghasilkan energi untuk menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Jadi, di lokasi atau bahkan secara regional ini sangat penting untuk memiliki eksik. Dan kemudian tiga mesej adalah proses pemeriksaan yang menghasilkan pemeriksaan yang berbeda untuk menghasilkan pemeriksaan di seluruh region, untuk menghasilkan pemeriksaan dan menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Jadi, ini sangat penting untuk memiliki pemeriksaan untuk menghasilkan pemeriksaan di masa yang sama juga menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Dan tiba-tiba sangat terkenal dalam pemeriksaan yang menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Walaupun jika pemeriksaan cukup besar atau tidak, pemeriksaan yang dibuat oleh pemeriksaan, adalah pemeriksaan yang sangat efektif untuk menghasilkan pemeriksaan di seluruh region. Jadi, jika kita memiliki pemeriksaan di kecil, kita bisa memasuki pemeriksaan tersebut untuk menghasilkan pemeriksaan dan kemudian menghasilkan pemeriksaan. Itu sangat penting. Hidro-metrologik pemeriksaan sangat berhubungan dengan pemeriksaan. Dan pemeriksaan yang sangat terkenal dalam pemeriksaan. Jadi, dengan semua jenis ini, kita memiliki pemeriksaan yang diperlukan dalam pemeriksaan. Kita harus menghasilkan pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan bersama di bundle dan dengan pemeriksaan yang berbeda. Seluruh pemeriksaan adalah menggabungkan di klinik global, tetapi di pemeriksaan di mana-nama, pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan berbeda. Bagaimana klinik atau pemeriksaan atau pemeriksaan pemeriksaan bisa memiliki pemeriksaan dengan pemeriksaan. Sudah tentu pemeriksaan yang bisa memperkenalkan pemeriksaan di klinik dan pemeriksaan sangat benar-benar menghidupkan pemeriksaan. Kita juga bisa bekerja dengan pemeriksaan ke klinik untuk pemeriksaan. Mereka bekerja dengan Pemeriksaan Pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan bisa menjadi pemeriksaan teknikal atau pemeriksaan. Jadi, ada pemeriksaan yang bisa kita bekerja dengan pemeriksaan untuk menghidupkan pemeriksaan di air pada waktu yang sama. Jadi, dengan itu, saya akan selesai berbicara mengenai jalan jauh. Itu bukan kisah yang tidak ada di klinik. Itu bukan pemeriksaan yang bisa kita selalu berbicara dengan klinik atau pemeriksaan di klinik. Sudah tentu pemeriksaan global ini membuat pemeriksaan dan klinik. Tetapi, klinik dan air berbicara dengan jalan jauh. Walaupun tidak dalam jalan jauh dan jalan jauh, klinik akan berbicara dengan klinik. Klinik juga dan klinik juga membuat pemeriksaan dan klinik juga memimpinkan pemeriksaan. Jadi, klinik yang sangat berbicara untuk mengenai jalan jauh dan air di jalan jauh di jalan jauh. Sebenarnya, keadaan air di jalan jauh adalah di mana-mana. Mereka menggunakan jalan jauh sangat serius dan mengenai air yang sama dengan jalan jauh yang memimpinkan atau memimpinkan jalan jauh sangat berbicara dengan jalan jauh dan jalan jauh bisa membuat jalan jauh tersebut dan juga membuat pemeriksaan global dengan jalan jauh yang dikenali oleh klinik. Jadi, menemukan pemeriksaan di jalan jauh adalah selalu memberi kemungkinan untuk melakukan itu. Jadi, dengan itu, saya ingin berterima kasih untuk klinikmu. Ya. Jadi, oh ya, saya bisa melihat dia. Hai, David. Hai, saya bisa mendengar kamu. Oke, bagus. Jadi, saya ingin memperkenalkan pemeriksaan itu, David Ellison dari Universiti Surabaya dan saya menemukan pemeriksaan yang penting untuk pemeriksaan dengan pemeriksaan global dengan jalan jauh ini. Jadi, saya ingin menemukan pemeriksaan itu dengan jalan jauh dan juga menemukan pemeriksaan hari ini dan esok. Tolonglah, David. Terima kasih. Terima kasih. Maksud saya, saya tidak akan berbicara ketika itu akan terjadi terima kasih. Selamat datang dan selamat datang di Cool Insights untuk dunia yang panjang, pemeriksaan pemeriksaan dan pemeriksaan yang penting dengan pemeriksaan hydrologistik dan pemeriksaan klinik. Pemeriksaan ini adalah sebuah pemeriksaan yang diberikan lebih daripada tahun yang lalu. Dan ada dua produk basic dari pemeriksaan ini, atau pemeriksaan. Sebuah policy brief di Managing Forest untuk air dan untuk pemeriksaan pemeriksaan yang diberikan oleh We Forest dan pemeriksaan yang baru diberikan di Global Environmental Change. Saya ingin mulai pilihan ini dengan sebuah contoh. Fokus pada Nile River Basin. Ia datang dari salah satu pemeriksaan klinik kita. Dan jika Anda melihat di Nile River Basin, Anda mendengar bahwa ada sekitar 200 juta orang yang bergantung pada pemeriksaan Nile River untuk memasukkan mereka. Dan karena pemeriksaan itu sangat penting, itu juga penting untuk memahami bahwa basin blue Nile memiliki sebuah total amount air yang berlalu pada pemeriksaan Nile River. Sudah tentu, pemeriksaan basin blue Nile adalah pemeriksaan yang lebih kecil tetapi memiliki sebuah klinik yang sangat besar. Jadi pertanyaan yang penting itu menjadi, apa pemeriksaan pemeriksaan blue Nile? Jika Anda adalah seorang pemeriksaan basin, Anda mungkin akan mengikuti sebuah total amount pemeriksaan yang berlalu pada pemeriksaan blue Nile. Dan kami akan melihat pemeriksaan itu terutamanya besar pada pemeriksaan blue Nile bahwa area Ethiopia dan tentu saja, ada lebih kecil pada pemeriksaan Ethiopia. Tapi pertanyaan yang saya akan memakai adalah, apakah kita harus pergi lebih jauh dari ini? Sekarang beberapa orang memiliki pemeriksaan yang lebih kecil. Dan apa yang Anda mulai memiliki adalah masyarakat atau sebuah klinik yang besar masyarakat yang memiliki persifatasi pemeriksaan blue Nile sebenarnya memiliki dari jauh lebih dari pemeriksaan pemeriksaan West Africa pemeriksaan pemeriksaan Rainforest. Dan apabila Anda memiliki itu, itu juga penting memiliki masyarakat yang lebih kecil pada pemeriksaan pemeriksaan yang berlaku di area ini. Jika Anda melihat map ini, Anda bisa melihat area pemeriksaan redis ini, area pemeriksaan di konggo yang lebih besar. Ada beberapa yang mempercayai kecil-kecil 25% di Rainfall di Kuala Lumpur, dengan pemeriksaan yang berlaku di sini, pemeriksaan yang berlaku di Kuala Lumpur bisa dipercayai pemeriksaan pemeriksaan di Kuala Lumpur pada pemeriksaan tersebut. Sekarang, saya ingin berbicara tentang konsepnya pemeriksaan hydrologis. Dan pemeriksaan tersebut yaitu pemeriksaan tradisional selalu berlaku di Kachman Basin. Pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan pemeriksaan yang berlaku di Kuala Lumpur dan pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan pemeriksaan di Kachman Basin. Tapi, kita tidak mengikuti mengenai eT seharusnya. Dan kita tetap di Kachman Basin. Tapi, apa yang kita tidak cuba menerimanya adalah apa yang berlaku di total pemeriksaan. Dan tentu saja, apabila kita memulai mengenai sejarah pemeriksaan, pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan pemeriksaan akan berlaku di kawasan. Tapi, ada banyak pemeriksaan yang berlaku di tersebut. Tapi, ada banyak pemeriksaan yang berlaku dari pemeriksaan tersebut. Mereka berlaku dengan pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut. Kita juga mulai mengenai pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut. Jadi, pemeriksaan tersebut dari perusahaan ke agri atau ke urbanisasi memiliki pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut. Dan ini bisa memiliki persiputasi. Selain itu, dalam pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut tapi ada banyak pemeriksaan tersebut yang juga berlaku di luar di luar di luar dan memiliki persiputasi di luar. Sekarang kita memiliki pemeriksaan tersebut dan dan까지 ialah pemeriksaan tersebut dan ini bisa dapet untuk timur pemeriksaan tersebut. Dan pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut Pemeriksaan tersebut dan ini bisa dimiliki persiputasi pemeriksaan tersebut apabila kita memiliki pemeriksaan tersebut pemeriksaan tersebut Dan anda bisa mengingatkan dalam kemampuan deforestasi, jadi kemampuan deforestasi, kemampuan deforestasi di kawasan tinggi, atau kemampuan deforestasi di kedua jenis, dan apa yang kita ingin bisa memberitahui lebih jelas, adalah bahwa ini bisa mengimpak kemampuan total persifatasi yang terlalu di basen, kemampuan total runoff yang terjadi di basen, dan tentu juga kemampuan total atmosfering yang terlihat di basen, sekali lagi untuk menjadi kemampuan jenis lainnya. Selain itu, jika kita aporasi kemampuan, kemampuan yang sama bisa dipikirkan. Anda bisa memikirkan kemampuan aporasi dan kemampuan. Anda bisa memikirkan kemampuan aporasi di kawasan jenis, Anda bisa memikirkan kemampuan aporasi di kawasan jenis, dan kemampuan basen. Ini membuat modifikasi perjalanan Lanyu sekali lagi bisa memiliki kemampuan total persifatasi yang terjadi, kemampuan total runoff yang terjadi, yang terjadi, dan juga kemampuan total atmosfering dan kemampuan atmosfering yang berlalu di basen, untuk mengubah persifatasi di tempat lainnya. Jadi, organisasi spesial yang berlalu di mana perjalanan di mana di tempat lainnya adalah penting. Perjalanan land, persifatasi atmosfering dan memiliki penjualat atmosfering dan kemampuan total dan kemampuan di atmosfering berlalu berlalu berlalu di basen atau berlalu berlalu berlalu berlalu berlalu di basen dan kemampuan atmosfering mengembangkan persifatasi dan water balance, dan tidak atau tidak bisa dipercaya. Selain itu, keadaan kebangsaan dan produksi air-mosfetnya berguna untuk keadaan-keadaan. Sekarang, karena organisasi spesial berguna, ini memiliki alat-alat untuk keadaan-keadaan. Karena sukses air-mosfetnya adalah keadaan-keadaan dan karakter, keadaan-keadaan harus mengikuti hubungan yang lebih besar. Kepadaan air-mosfetnya, keadaan-keadaan berguna di kaca-kaca tempat. Mereka menggantikan hubungan yang berguna. Mereka tidak mencari apa yang mengatakan persifatasi total yang diiliki dalam kaca-kaca. Kepadaan air-mosfet tersebut di kaca-kaca tempatan tersebut, jadi, keadaan-keadaan berguna adalah lagi yang tidak berguna untuk keadaan-keadaan. Mereka tidak dapat berguna berguna di kaca-kaca tempatan tersebut. Kepadaan air-mosfet tersebut di kaca-kaca tempatan tersebut adalah rare untuk kaca-kaca tempatan dan di mana mereka berguna, mereka tidak selalu mengikuti keadaan-keadaan atau re-export air-mosfetnya. Akhirnya, klinik tersebut klinik tersebut di klinik, tidak di air-mosfet. Tapi mungkin klinik tersebut antara air-mosfet, air-mosfet dan klinik tersebut. Ia penting untuk mengingat bahwa dalam pemerintah kita klinik tersebut klinik tersebut air-mosfet, air-mosfet dan klinik tersebut. Jadi, di klinik tersebut klinik tersebut klinik tersebut dan kemampuan peraturan dari peraturan yang membantu membuat kemampuan dan juga untuk membuat kemampuan. Cindy akan bercakap tentang ini hari ini. Douglas akan bercakap tentang transport atmosfiri, moistur dan interaksi yang dilakukan oleh peraturan peraturan peraturan EWAPO dan peraturan peraturan atmosfiri. Yan akan bercakap tentang peraturan peraturan peraturan tersebut dan konsekuensi tidak memiliki peraturan peraturan peraturan tersebut. Saya juga ingin bercakap tentang peraturan peraturan peraturan tersebut dan juga sedikit tentang infiltrasi dan peraturan peraturan tersebut. Sekarang dengan peraturan peraturan tersebut. Ia penting dikenali bahwa peraturan tersebut dan peraturan peraturan tersebut bisa berkongsi sebenarnya dan membuat kemampuan tersebut dan membuat kemampuan tersebut untuk peraturan peraturan tersebut. Sudah tentu, pertanyaan penting adalah apa yang ini berarti untuk peraturan peraturan tersebut? Bagaimana penting untuk peraturan peraturan tersebut untuk peraturan peraturan tersebut dan mungkin terlebih penting bagaimana konsekuensi peraturan tersebut dalam peraturan tersebut? Dengan peraturan peraturan tersebut dan peraturan tersebut, Ulrich dan Naida telah melakukan banyak kerja melihat peraturan tersebut yang menjadikan bahwa jika Anda mengambil semua peraturan tersebut atau peraturan tersebut Sebaiknya jika Anda memiliki beraturan tersebut, Anda memiliki lebih banyak peraturan di luar tersebut dan lebih banyak peraturan tersebut dan lebih banyak peraturan tersebut. Peraturan tersebut dibuat dengan bahwa kemampuan dan peraturan tersebut adalah dikunci atau dibuat dengan peraturan dari peraturan tersebut. Sekarang, itu juga terlihat benar-benar bahwa jika Anda mempergerakkan sebuah total amount yang mempunyai, sekali lagi, sebuah negatif yang mengingatkan sebuah total amount air terbentuk karena ia membuat sebuah total amount kebentuk. Ini menjadikannya, tentu saja, bahwa ada beberapa level ideal untuk menjadikannya yang bisa membuat kebentuk yang lebih tinggi dari air terbentuk. Ini menjadikannya benar-benar benar untuk lancar panas dan itu menjadikannya benar-benar benar-benar benar. Jadi, bahwa lainnya juga ada yang perlu dipercoba. Jadi, untuk menghubungi, kebentuk panas menghasilkan sebuah penting dalam sebuah sebuah hidrologik kemahiran. Lebih banyak kebentuk panas mengenai sebuah perkara yang baik. Ia bisa menerima persifatasi dan kebentuk air yang berlalu dan keadaan di tempatan. Namun, kebentuk panas dalam kebentuk panas dapat menjadi kebentuk negatif yang memiliki kebentuk. Tidak banyak kebentuk panas dapat memiliki kebentuk negatif. Kebentuk panas mengenai kebentuk panas In addition to down and upstream considerations, it is also important to think about down and upwind relationships. However, most assessments of the local water balance fail to do this. Forest represent powerful adaptation tools. In the appropriate surroundings forests can positively impact atmospheric moisture production, water availability, cooling, rainfall, infiltration, groundwater recharge and other positive features such as flood moderation and biodiversity, which we talk about a little bit in the paper. And of course, as illustrated by the Blue Nile Basin example, livelihoods depend upon our recognition of the trans boundary nature of hydrologic space. Water and energy cycles should be placed at the core of water and land use management and planning strategies. Carbon is secondary, so we would then argue that it is time for a paradigm change. Thank you very much and I turn the floor to others. Yes, hello and my talk is pre-recorded, so this should work. Yes Cindy, so shall we start the presentation? Yes. I'm Cindy Morris, a microbiologist from Francis National Agricultural Research Institute in Avignon. In this short presentation, I'm going to talk about how some of the microorganisms that are commonly present on plants might have a role in rainfall that perhaps we've never heard about before. What are the factors that determine when, where, and how much it rains? First of all, the large scale circulation patterns of the atmosphere create the conditions that make rainfall possible. But the atmosphere is full of particles called aerosols that are also involved in formation of clouds and rainfall. There are numerous natural and anthropogenic sources of aerosols that are regularly emitted into the atmosphere. Aerosols interact with ambient atmospheric conditions and can be decisive in whether rain will occur or not. Depending on their chemical physical properties, aerosols have different effects on clouds and rain. There are three main types of aerosols that influence the formation of clouds and rain. Cloud condensation nuclei, giant cloud condensation nuclei, and ice nucleating particles. Cloud condensation nuclei and giant cloud condensation nuclei catalyze the condensation of vapor to liquid cloud droplets. Ice nucleating particles catalyze freezing of cloud droplets to make drops that are heavy enough to fall as rain. Why is catalysis of freezing for rainfall? You probably learned in introductory physics that water freezes at zero degrees celsius. But in fact, the spontaneous freezing temperature of pure water is minus 39 degrees C. At warmer temperatures, in other words, between zero and minus 39 degrees C, catalysts are needed. These catalysts are called ice nuclei. Therefore, in rain clouds, such as this cumulonimbus cloud, there are not always conditions where spontaneous freezing of water can occur. If the tops of these clouds are warmer than minus 39 degrees C, then freezing of cloud droplets will require catalysts. Freezing will be initiated in the cloud depending on the types and abundance of ice nucleating particles. In order for rain to form in such a cloud, ice particles catalyze the freezing of cloud droplets, then frozen droplets collide with super cooled liquid droplets, leading to the formation of drops that become heavy enough to fall. Other processes, such as collision of drops in very turbulent clouds, also make raindrops form, but at mid and northern latitudes, freezing of cloud droplets is involved in most rainfall events. Other type of rain clouds, such as nimbo stratus clouds, are not as tall as cumulonimbus clouds. Therefore, their minimum temperatures are about minus 10 degrees or warmer. For freezing to be set off in these types of clouds, ice nucleating particles that can catalyze ice at rather warm temperatures are needed. What is the nature of ice nucleating particles and what is the range of temperatures at which they can catalyze freezing? This figure represents one of the most recent compilations of data on the freezing activity of the ice nucleating particles naturally found in the atmosphere. The x-axis indicates the temperature at which they can initiate freezing. The y-axis allows us to compare the rate of freezing caused by particles of different shapes, sizes, and nature. To compare the strength of the ice nucleation activity of all these different types of ice nucleating particles, the authors of the study calculated this force in terms of the number of ice nucleating sites per square centimeter surface area of each type of particle. That is what is indicated on the y-axis. Most of the known ice nucleating particles catalyze freezing only when water is cooled to below minus 15 degrees Celsius. These are the mineral and other inorganic particles that are very abundant in the atmosphere. Only certain biological particles and in particular the bacterium pseudomonasaryngii can catalyze freezing when water is warmer than minus 15 degrees Celsius. And furthermore, biological ice nucleating particles can incite freezing at temperatures as warm as minus 2 degrees. How do bacteria such as pseudomonasaryngii catalyze ice formation? Like all bacteria, pseudomonasaryngii has proteins in the outer membrane of its cell. One of these proteins has a special affinity for water. This ice nucleation protein binds water molecules, orients and organizes them near the surface of the bacterial cell. This makes the thermodynamic conditions more favorable for ice formation depending on the ambient temperature. This is a very rapid reaction as you will see in this short film of pseudomonasaryngii inducing ice to form in water that has been cooled to minus 7 degrees Celsius. This water would have remained in a liquid state if we hadn't added the bacterial suspension. The main sources of biological ice nucleating particles in the environment are the microbial communities on plants. The outer surfaces of leaves, for example, are naturally colonized by bacteria and fungi in the same way that our skin has a natural microflora. Healthy leaves can have 10,000 or more bacteria per gram of leaf. Different species of plants harbor different quantities of ice nucleation active bacteria. Therefore, the amount of ice nucleation active bacteria that can be released into the atmosphere from plants depends on the species of plants in the landscape. In fact, most of the known ice nucleation active microorganisms are found on plants, in leaf litter, or in soil. Furthermore, the residues of these organisms after they die and decompose can adhere to mineral particles of the soil and maintain their ice nucleation activity. All of these different ice nucleation active microorganisms and the soil particles with debris from these organisms can be wafted up into the atmosphere. These different observations have led to the idea that ice nucleation active microorganisms are the key to a feedback cycle between land cover and the atmosphere. This feedback cycle has been called bioprecipitation. In this cycle, microorganisms are lifted into the atmosphere, they incite rainfall through their ice nucleation activity and are deposited back to the ground with rainfall. The rainfall is favorable for growth of plants and microorganisms, thereby reinforcing the cycle. There is accumulating empirical support for bioprecipitation. Upward flux of ice nucleation active bacteria has been measured. Ice nucleation active bacteria have been found in clouds in several independent studies. In simulated clouds in experimental cloud chambers, ice nucleation active bacteria are able to cause the expected rates of ice formation. Ice nucleation active bacteria are in precipitation as it falls from clouds. The first strains of bacteria to fall with the onset of rain from a cloud are those able to catalyze freezing at the warmest temperatures. This is what you would expect if they were inciting the rain. Just after rainfall, ice nucleation active bacteria multiply rapidly. There is some evidence to indicate more rapidly to rain than the rest of the microbial population on plants. And finally, the amounts of biological ice nucleating particles in the air just above plant canopies also increases with the onset of rain. This suggests that the generation of biological ice nucleating particles that can become aerosols is high when ambient conditions are propitious for rainfall. What are the implications of these observations for the policies and strategies we use to manage plants in agriculture, forestry and agroforestry in particular? This is a critical question because land use is changing at unprecedented rates with crops now accounting for at least 50% of vegetated surfaces and over 90% of managed land cover. If we consider the amounts of bacterial aerosols that are emitted in types of land covers, it is clear that tree culture and other crops are responsible for the vast majority of microbial aerosols. Therefore, the choice of plant species and agroforestry practices could have an important influence on the microorganisms on these plants. Furthermore, the geographic location of these plants could be important to assure that their microorganisms are released into atmosphere in strategic context that have an impact on rainfall. Therefore, to manage crops and forests for their effect on the water cycle is not simply a question of managing plants. It is a question of knowing the microflora of plants and managing them in conjunction with the plants. To prepare this presentation, these are the sources of the images that I used. And if you are interested in obtaining more information, you can consult these links and request to join the BioEye mailing list. Thank you, CD, for your presentation. So for the other participants we will upload. Yes, CD. Can you hear us? Yes, I just said I hope everyone got the video images and heard the sound. There's a little technical problems but it's okay. We got you from Nairobi very clearly. Thank you. The most important thing was to see how the bacteria induced freezing in that tube and for me, the video, you didn't see it but if you want to see it, it's on the list of those websites. Okay, thank you. So let's start the questions and answer. So we are inviting the participants from the room here and also for online participants to write their questions in the chatroom. So we have all the speakers ready I can see they get to be online and also sending. So please remember to join the conversation on hashtag using your Twitter and also hashtag 4FH2O. Hai. Hai, Lay. Hai, Lay. Ya, this is Peter. People asking in the room if they can ask directly as well. Yes, Lay. Hai, David. This is Michael in Nairobi. Can you hear me? Thanks for your presentation. It was really good. One question I had, I liked your diagram something that I'm interested in and been reading on is how groundwater in agricultural areas, this has been done mainly in irrigated areas in the United States can enhance evapotranspiration and actually the coupling between the land surface and the atmosphere. So I was wondering if you could elaborate on that a bit. Can I just get the main question again? Just the last part. Ya, so how groundwater storage can actually enhance the coupling strength between the surface and the atmosphere? Yes, should I go ahead and answer right away? Certainly if there is no groundwater available or if the groundwater table goes lower and lower, there is a reduced potential for evapotranspiration from any area that is there. So the argument from this work would be essentially that you need the trees in order to produce the groundwater recharge in the first place. If you take them all away then you deplete your groundwater resources over time because if they're being used for other things and there's no recharge, then they're going to disappear and of course that would then diminish evapotranspiration. So having that groundwater resource and recharging it through the presence of forests and vegetation, sort of this optimal amount of forests and vegetation is crucial to the evapotranspiration regime. Of course, once again, having too much forest in particular in semi-air environments can produce, once again, the opposite effect. So it's important to recognize that there are limits in this kind of relationship, but there's also a kind of optimal tweaking that is possible. It's unfortunate that Aida and Uwe couldn't be here with us to talk about this as well. There's a question. Maybe the question to Cindy of a park that I think we lost a bit in the presentation, but from a senior slide, there is this question, this bacteria with all these special properties, are they mostly found in the forest or are they on different plants or how about that, are some trees have more of them than others? Yes. Can you tell us a bit about how could we find out that there is one slide I showed that indicated that different plant species harbor the amounts of these organisms. For example, something like pine trees do not have very few ice nucleating bacteria, very few bacteria in general. Then there's some broadleaf trees that in fact do. Your question is really important because I think we don't know because there's probably also an effect of location in the sense that the plant species itself can influence the amount of bacteria, the climatic conditions can also have an impact. I think it would be important to look, it's not very complicated to find these things. There's one question that someone typed in about why location of forests matters and I can answer that too, but it's also for David. As I said in the end of my slide where the sources of these ice nucleation active bacteria are important because if they're in particular up a forest, up a mountain slope where you have the formation of orographic clouds and this is a place where the clouds, everybody's seen this before, the clouds will form up on mountaintops. Those kind of places where there's uplift and then rapid formation of clouds afterwards could be very beneficial to assure that the clouds are seeded naturally through the movement of aerosol. That's why location would matter. If they have to travel very long distances to get to a place where it's favorable for cloud formation, they might dilute out, they might dry up. I would also like to respond to this question about why location matters, or how location matters. Probably the easiest way to think about this is imagine you manage a catchment basin and you want more water availability in your catchment basin and if you go on the simple idea that forest cover is positive for water you might plant more forests in the catchment basin, but of course the atmosphere moves. So if you plant more forests, they produce evapotranspiration and they take most of it away. So you actually probably would end up with less water in your catchment basin, and that's actually a very standard conventional theory that forest take water away from the catchment basin. We think that's absolutely true. So if you really wanted to try to influence precipitation in your catchment basin how do you do that? You have to do it upwind because what you want is more atmospheric moisture that can potentially fall into the catchment basin as rainfall. So this spatial organization, this idea of location is incredibly important and cannot ignore it. So Thank you, David. Over to Peter. Thanks a lot, David. We have a question online from Paul McLean Untuk semua pembentangan sebenarnya fokusnya dalam air air tapi dia pikir pengalaman air air juga sangat penting untuk perusahaan, dan ini sangat tergantung oleh modifikasi manusia juga. Jadi dia hanya ingin reaksi pada penting yang penting, saya rasa. Itu cukup jelas untuk Daniel, David, dan Cindy. Ya, saya akan menjelaskan saya sudah menjawab masalah ini pada slide yang saya lakukan pada potensi air air air. Sudah tentu air air air yang penting. Maksud saya, banyak masyarakat bergantung pada air air air untuk minyak air air atau untuk mengirigati produk kultur. Dan tentu saja, yang penting dari slide itu dan dari yang saya mencari bahwa air air tergantung ke potensi air air jika Anda mengambil air air air dan air air yang tergantung dari air air tergantung akan bergerak atau akan tergantung dan tidak akan tergantung dan juga kualitas air air akan bergerak untuk menggantung kawasan air air dan kawasan air yang tergantung untuk pembinaan macropor dan sebagian yang ada di kawasan air supaya air dapat memiliki air air kawasan air yang tergantung untuk menggantung dan untuk air air tergantung untuk menggantung Jadi, idea air air yang tergantung sangat penting. Saya juga ingin mengambil sesuatu Ya, dan saya pikir untuk memikirkan air air tergantung sebagai kawasan air tergantung dari air air mungkin itu pembinaan, David Anda mungkin ingin mengarut saya tapi itu adalah kawasan air air dan jadi mereka tidak sangat bergantung Ya. Saya akan kata memanjakan air air yang tergantung Sudah tentu. Apabila saya berbicara tentang idea kawasan air tergantung itu benar-benar mengenai kawasan air air dan saya pikir Anda juga mengambil idea kawasan air air dan kemungkinan untuk kawasan air air adalah fungsinya kawasan air yang tergantung dan di kawasan air tergantung yang Anda memiliki. Jadi, ya, ini semua pembinaan yang bergantung bersama. Pembinaan muncul kemungkinan untuk air air dan pembinaan yang bisa bergantung dalam pembinaan perasaan dan dana-dana alat atau curl di setiap kawasan air dan sesuatu yang akan dil・・ bergantung bersama dan sangat berbahaya. Baiklah, saya pikir Saya sangat gembira dengan itu. Terima kasih. Sampai jumpa lagi. Oke, terima kasih Peter. Ada pertanyaan untuk menghubungi dari Emilio de Los Rios. Jadi, Emilio berkata bahwa kubungi dan form adalah penting untuk menghubungi masyarakat di atmosphere. Saya tidak yakin saya adalah orang yang terbaik. Ya, saya tidak yakin saya adalah orang yang terbaik untuk menjawab itu kerana saya tidak menghubungi masyarakat di atmosphere. Saya bercakap tentang menghubungi masyarakat di air. Itu adalah transporasi vapour di air. Tapi tentu saja, masyarakat di atmosphere adalah penting untuk itu. Seperti sebuah botan. Ya, karena lebih baik untuk Anda. Danial, maaf. Bisa menjawab itu? Ya, maaf. Ya. Oke, saya rasa masyarakat di atmosphere tidak menghubungi masyarakat di air. Tapi masyarakat di atmosphere akan sangat penting. Terutama apabila masyarakat di atmosphere sederhana. Jadi, apa yang kita disebut masyarakat di atmosphere akan sangat efektif menghubungi masyarakat di air. Maksudnya, menghubungi masyarakat di air ketika mereka berguna. Tapi menghubungi masyarakat di atmosphere yaitu menghubungi masyarakat di air. Tapi menurut saya ada yang berguna Saya berharap saya akan sangat gembira dengan kamu. Bagaimana dengan kamu? Karena saya tidak mempunyai dynamik. Tidak ada pertanyaan dari sisi ini. Sekarang. Kita ada di sini. Bagaimana dengan kamu? David dan Cindy membuat jelas bahwa di water, tempatnya berguna banyak. Tidak ada di water di satu tempat, tidak sama seperti di water di lain tempat. Daniel memulai keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan menjelaskan keadaan di carbon. Carbon di satu tempat sama seperti carbon di lain tempat. Jadi, pada saat ini, pada masa kita berbicara tentang carbon yang sama di satu tempat yang sama, dan di sini di water, kita mengingatkan bahwa konteks berguna banyak. Bagaimana kita memilih pada pertanyaan pada masa ini? Bagaimana kita memiliki pertanyaan di realiti? Mungkin Daniel dan David, Cindy dipercaya pada hal itu. Maaf, saya tidak dapat pertanyaan. Saya rasa saya memiliki pertanyaan, mungkin saya bisa coba dulu dan Daniel bisa menjawab keadaan keadaan keadaan keadaan. Jadi, karena keadaan berguna banyak, terutamanya untuk perusahaan. Maaf, komputer saya merasakan. Terus kembali. Jadi, tempatan berdasarkan banyak untuk perusahaan dan produksi masyarakat. Dan kemudian, di mana perusahaan dan kemudian perusahaan tidak bergantung. Tapi dalam perusahaan kekualitasan yang lebih dikunci, ia sangat penting untuk memulai mengenai air dulu. Karena perusahaan bergantung pada air yang bergantung kita tidak bisa memiliki karbon kekualitasan. Dan jika Anda tidak berpikir tentang air dulu, Anda mungkin berhubungan perusahaan di tempat yang tidak bisa dihubungan. Dan kami tahu bahwa ini sebenarnya terjadi. Ada kadang-kadang terlalu banyak perusahaan di tempat yang tidak tergantung. Jadi, dalam perusahaan kekualitasan, idea bahwa air bergantung, dan bagaimana perusahaan bergantung dengan air bergantung, harus dipikirkan untuk memikirkan konteks adaptasi. Dan jika kita tidak berhasil melakukan ini, dan kita hanya memikirkan karbon, kemudian kita bergantung. Karena air tidak bergantung. Boleh Anda mendengar saya, Daniel? Ya. Pertanyaannya adalah karbon tidak bergantung dari tempat ke tempat. Karbon adalah sama dari tempat A atau tempat B. Tapi dalam perusahaan air, tempatnya bergantung. Jadi Anda harus memanjakan tempatnya dengan tempatnya. Dan di antara tempatnya. Bagaimana Anda pikirkan kekualitasan air bergantung atau mekanisman yang ada di sana memanjakan kekualitasan air bergantung dalam perasaan air? Baiklah. Saya akan beri Anda contoh, atau mungkin analogi. Apabila orang mencoba membuat air bergantung, itu akan menyebabkan negara-negara. Sudah tentu, ini akan membuat banyak masalah jika negara-negara membuat air bergantung dengan proses yang lain. Jadi itu akan membuat masalah. Jadi jika Anda memikirkan dalam perusahaan air bergantung bahkan di perusahaan air bergantung atau bahkan di perusahaan air bergantung mereka akan membuat perusahaan air bergantung. Jadi, ya, karbon membuat air bergantung dalam perusahaan air tapi air bergantung atau air bergantung juga. Itu adalah hal yang sama. Jadi jika Anda memiliki air bergantung yang lain, mereka akan membuat perusahaan air bergantung. Ya, ya. Jika saya bisa menyebabkan itu, Daniel, apabila saya tinggal di Montana, air bergantung dari kota West dan melalui kelas masyarakat Washington, Idaho, dan kemudian ke Montana, dan orang di Idaho merupakan kelas air bergantung untuk menghantar air bergantung. Mereka diperkirakan oleh masyarakat Montana karena Montana berkirakan, itu air bergantung. Dan itu adalah situasi yang benar. Dan itu adalah di newspaper dan segalanya. Dan itu adalah situasi yang benar. Siapa yang menggantung air bergantung? Ya, saya hanya... saya akan menyebabkan yang lain. Saya akan menyebabkan mungkin satu lagi kompleksitas untuk itu. Saya rasa itu membuka perkara yang berbeda. Dalam keadaan kelas masyarakat, masyarakat masyarakat adalah unit yang dilatih, bukan? Dan itu bukan... seperti Daniel bilang, Anda bisa... apa yang harus saya berbicara regional. Tapi di UNFCC, parti dan fokus principal di analisi adalah negara. Jadi, kita mungkin... ini tidak perlu kompleksitas yang lebih sulit dan kelas masyarakat yang dapat berbicara dengan... kelas masyarakat sekarang mungkin harus berubah. Mungkin... mungkin ada analisi perjalanan air yang berdasarkan kelas masyarakat sebelum kelas masyarakat yang penting terjadi. Dan itu mungkin bisa dipercayai sebagai kelas masyarakat. Bagaimana kelas masyarakat yang bisa dipercayai? Mungkin bisa dipercayai. Jadi, saya ada satu pertanyaan dari audien kami disini. Jadi, ini bisa untuk semua kalian. Ada pertanyaan. Lay, Lay, David... Ketika... David ingin berbicara dengan sesuatu, saya pikir dia ingin menambah sesuatu. Entahlah? Atau mencabar, dia bergerak. Ya, David. Saya menginginkan bahwa kelas masyarakat atau kelas masyarakat harus bersedia untuk berbicara tentang kelas masyarakat. Dan tidak perlu sebuah mekanisman dalam kelas masyarakat yang menghargai atau membutuhkan kelas daripada mereka membuat kelas masyarakat besar dalam kelas masyarakat. Jadi, ini penting untuk mencabar mekanisman yang menghargai parti atau kelas masyarakat untuk berbicara dengan setiap orang dalam kelas masyarakat hydrologis dan bagaimana mereka berbicara kelas masyarakat dalam kelas masyarakat. Tapi ini adalah hal yang sangat komplik. Bagaimana kamu membuat kelas masyarakat untuk menghargai kelas masyarakat dalam kelas masyarakat dalam kelas masyarakat untuk menghargai kelas masyarakat? Saya akan kembali ke tempat kelas masyarakat tersebut. Untuk kelas masyarakat tersebut, kelas masyarakat hanya mempertimbangkan kelas masyarakat yang berbicara kelas masyarakat tidak membuat kelas masyarakat. Bagaimana kamu mengalami kelas masyarakat atau tersebut atau kelas masyarakat untuk menghargai dan menghargai kelas masyarakat? Ini bukan masalah untuk di United States yang berbicara dengan kelas masyarakat yang berbicara. Tapi untuk Afrika atau South America atau untuk Eropa atau untuk kelas masyarakat kelas masyarakat dan kelas masyarakat tidak menghargai dalam kelas masyarakat. Jadi kita akan menghargai kelas masyarakat tapi ini sangat penting untuk berpikir dan saya bersyukur untuk menghargai kelas masyarakat. Saya akan menghargai kelas masyarakat. Terima kasih, David. Bisa mendengar saya? Bisa mendengar? Oke, ada alasan akhir dari semua kalian. Saya rasa ini juga menghargai kelas masyarakat dengan kita yang terakhir di sini. Jadi, sila beritahu apa yang penting untuk menghargai kelas masyarakat dalam kelas masyarakat untuk menghargai kelas masyarakat. Jadi, saya rasa ini adalah pertanyaan yang penting untuk pertanyaan pertama untuk kelas masyarakat. Saya akan menghargai kelas masyarakat untuk menghargai kelas masyarakat dan David. Bisa mendengar? Bisa mendengar? Oh, karena kelas masyarakat memiliki kelas masyarakat di sini? Ya, itu baik. Danial tidak bisa mendengar. Danial tidak bisa mendengar. Jadi, Danial, kalau kamu bisa mendengar pertanyaan adalah kelas masyarakat dalam kelas masyarakat kelas masyarakat, kan? Bisa mendengar? Ya, saya akan jawab. Saya akan jawab. Dia menghargai kelas masyarakat. Jadi, saya akan bilang bahwa kita sudah berbicara dengan jelas tentang kelas masyarakat dan cara yang penting untuk kelas masyarakat. Tapi, kelas masyarakat dimana kelas masyarakat datang. Dan kelas masyarakat adalah kelas masyarakat yang perlu untuk kelas masyarakat yang dibuat dari kelas masyarakat dan kelas masyarakat. Sehingga kelas masyarakat adalah kelas masyarakat kelas masyarakat. Ya, terima kasih, David. Saya akan menyebabkan yang paling penting untuk mencoba memikirkan apa yang terjadi dalam kelas masyarakat yang akan memperkenalkan kelas masyarakat untuk kelas masyarakat untuk kelas masyarakat dan juga memberi kelas masyarakat yang akan memperkenalkan kelas masyarakat. Dan juga kelas masyarakat akan mengajar kelas masyarakat yang tidak terjadi pada kelas masyarakat. Jadi, apa yang terjadi untuk memikirkan kelas masyarakat yang dapat memikirkan kelas masyarakat dan juga kelas masyarakat kelas masyarakat. Kita ada sebuah langit untuk pergi untuk mendapatkan itu. Oke. Terima kasih, semua. Jadi, saya akan menikmati pertanyaan dan pertanyaan. Dan kemudian saya akan kembali ke Peter. Peter Melang dari Nairobi. Jadi Peter akan memasukkan pertanyaan dengan Michael. Dan kemudian akan datang ke sini. Jadi, please Peter. Hai, Lang. Kita akan mencoba mendapatkan Michael untuk kita mulai. Jadi, hanya sekejap untuk menghubungkan video dari kita. Dan kemudian kita mulai, tolong. Pada masa depan, Michael Marshall adalah agroekologi. He's one of our scientists here at E-Craft HQ. He'll be talking on evapotranspiration in East Africa as a basis of recycled rainfall elsewhere. So, following on from the other presentations that have been done so far. So, we're still waiting for the video to start running. Okay. So, I think we're going to dive into a few applications in the next few talks. And the work that we do is in terms of land surface modeling or large scale hydrologic modeling, land use, land cover change and how that might affect climate regionally and also over larger distances. So, I think I can claim credit for this talk as just an inspiration. Most of the work was done by my student, John Musaw, who's a PhD student at Vanger University. So, what is land use science? Well, land cover or what's on the land and land use, how that land is used, changes over space and time. And so, basically what we try to understand is how those changes, those conversions, the most famous is probably deforestation, affects climate in our case or hydrology. And so, this diagram basically shows some of the major types of land changes there are. Most of us focus on deforestation, but of course there's also urbanization or irrigation, harvesting, basically removing biomass from the surface and not only the change, but how much change occurs, the rate, which can all affect the climate. And so, how do they affect the climate? By something we call feedbacks. We call them feedbacks because the process actually can enhance itself or diminish itself. And so, what are some examples of feedbacks? Well, the most famous is, like I said, deforestation, when you cut trees down, that can increase what we call sensible heat. That's the heat we feel. And increase the sensible heat, decrease latent heat or evapotranspiration. That's the heat, basically, when you sweat, your body cools down and you feel this cooling effect. That's latent heat. And so, when you cut down trees, it actually increases sensible heat and that can affect the surface temperature. So, that's a type of feedback process. And there's others, like roughness. When trees, as they get taller, they enhance wind, vertical wind, which can increase mixing. So, these are all the different processes that we see how they affect feedbacks. And of course, they have larger implications in terms of the hydrologic cycle, which is intensifying or greenhouse gas emissions or snow cover, which I know nothing about, but it's there. So, there are three major types of ways land cover can affect climate. And the most popular or the most famous is moisture recycling. So, this diagram shows you basically the top one, the top panel, the coupling between soil moisture and rainfall, meaning as soil moisture increases, there's more of apotranspiration. That's the moisture that comes from plants in the soil. And that feeds into rainfall. And we see this most strongly if you can notice on the diagram in these sort of transition zones, these transitions between the tropics and subtropics. Of course, there's been more work to show that other areas also see this strong coupling. So, there's another effect called local coupling. And probably the most famous paper is the rabbit fence. And for those of you who have never been to Australia, the rabbit fence is an area that demarcates very green irrigated agriculture and the very dry interior. And what we notice actually is that in these drier areas, there's more sensible heating and more temperature and that increases convection or dryness, sorry. Whereas we see in the green area, there's more of apotranspiration and moisture, and so it feeds onto itself. So this is a type of local coupling. And then we have another type which is due to, like I said, the vertical mixing. So as you increase the roughness of a surface, either with buildings or trees, that actually increases wind and moisture mixing and can enhance rainfall. And then as David alluded to in his presentation, one that we're really interested in which hasn't received a lot of funding or interest is this indirect recycling. And so probably one of the most famous cases as David alluded to is we've seen massive deforestation in Central Africa. We can also see these wind direction arrows showing basically what we call the West African Monsoon. And what we think is is that the forest actually acts as a buffer against moisture loss. So when moisture comes from the Atlantic, it buffers the moisture and then that moisture feeds into Ethiopia, the fertile part of Ethiopia, the agricultural important area. And so if you cut those trees down, the moisture will actually go down, the buffer, and you can see drying. And so Spraklin and Taylor showed this empirically that deforestation leads to this process. But there's a counter argument, too, by the climate modelers in that if you cut the forest, it will increase temperatures and what we call a dry low. And that will draw rainfall. But of course, there's a dispute between modelers and empiricid. The objectives of our project were basically to assess changes in the area index. That's the amount of vegetation on the ground and how that might relate to changes in temperature and precipitation or rainfall. And we did this using what we call remote sensing or satellite data and hydrologic modeling, large scale hydrologic modeling. VIC, the very low infiltration capacity model developed in Princeton. We did this over a 30-year period at 8 kilometer resolution. Okay, why did we pick East Africa? Well, off the record, it's because we're in East Africa. On the record, it's because East Africa, as you can see in this diagram, represents a high mixing ratio, recycling ratio of rainfall, meaning the rainfall that falls is recycled back to the air. It's also an area of extreme land use, land cover change. It's very sensitive to climate variability, droughts, floods. Also an area of rapid population growth and those pressures that help encourage deforestation, rainland degradation. And of course, the people that live here are highly dependent on rainfall. Okay, so the input data is there were three main sources. The NDVI, Normalize Difference Vegetation Index, which tells you vegetation abundance. The Climate Hazards Group, which is a group I used to work with during my PhD. They've developed a rainfall dataset and then of course Princeton University who provided additional input data, temperature, but also the hydrologic model, which has been tuned to East Africa thanks to Lee, who's one of our scientists here. Okay, so this is basically a diagram. You can see highly dynamic vegetation cover in East Africa. The drier regions are dominated by open shrublin, grassland savanna. You can see some forest still here in Tanzania over much of Uganda, the Lake Victoria Basin. And what this diagram shows is basically the persistence of this land cover. And you can see areas 0.5 and higher show high persistence. So that means that these land cover types will probably be there in the continued future. Okay, so we basically did a trend analysis and here is the diagram for vegetation abundance, the leaf area index, and precipitation. We didn't see a lot of patterns. Probably the most interesting here is in southern Tanzania, which is a forested region. We can see some connection possibly between increased forest cover and decrease in precipitation, which seems rather counterintuitive. So that's something that we need to further explore. We would expect more rainfall in areas with increased leaf area index. Again, these are changes in temperature, maximum. That's like daily temperature, the hottest time of the day, minimum temperature, which is the coldest time of the day, nighttime temperature. Daytime temperatures but nighttime temperatures are quite interesting. We're seeing increases over much of East Africa, particularly in the driest regions. Okay, so this is probably the most important and interesting slide to you. We basically looked at how rainfall and vegetation relate over time. Okay, we have vegetation now. What's the rainfall pattern? We also looked at what we call lags. Meaning, okay, it rains, but it doesn't respond. And what we saw, as a lot of us might expect, these areas in the red represent strong coupling, meaning if you increase vegetation cover, you get more rainfall. So there's this moisture recycling. Now, this is going to lead to a second paper in which we look at how this recycling not only affects East Africa but how it tele-connects or connects to distant sources. We've been talking about. And then another interesting pattern was in the nighttime temperatures, minimum temperatures, and what we see is in areas where vegetation cover has decreased, we see an increase in nighttime temperatures. And the reason we think that is because when you cut down the vegetation or the vegetation gets more sparse, temperatures tend to warm up because there's more sensible heating. And those temperatures might not have such an effect on the high daytime temperatures but the nighttime temperatures because that heat is stored. And so if you've ever noticed on a really hot day, you tend to have a really hot night, too. And so there's that memory that the soil has. Okay, so the major findings, basically we did see trends primarily increasing in forest and agricultural areas. And then decreasing trends in shrublins. And there's a lot of evidence to show that is probably due to population pressures basically to agriculture, pastoral communities. And then probably the most interesting things, too, this positive feedback between rainfall and LAI or vegetation cover, meaning as you increase vegetation cover, you get more rainfall. And then a negative feedback and temperature. And we say negative because as you decrease the vegetation cover then the nighttime temperatures increase. So this can be found in more detail in hydrology and earth system sciences. It's a really good journal, Open Access. And the paper was just accepted two days ago. And then John will be presenting his findings at the European Geophysical Union this year. So if you have any more questions, you can ask me. But of course John is really the expert. Thank you. Thank you very much, Michael. So as usual, please keep your questions. We'll now move on to our next presenter. Asta, Ghebrekystos. Asta will be managing this from her end as well. And we'll try to link her up in a way. But Asta is a scientist that is... Hello? Hi Asta. Hi Peter. Hi, go good, very good. Asta is a scientist that works at Ecraft and at Erlangan University. And she's primarily leading dendrochronology work and linking that to climate change in a way. So we will ask Asta to just run with representation. So I will talk about three rings stabilizers of the hydro climate and I agree with the previous presenter that of course water is more important in the climate change and for all of us and in fact for the trees also, water is more important than the carbon supply. And that is there is a lot of things that we need to know. In my presentation I will just highlight about the knowledge gaps and research needs and the information hidden behind the bark that we uncover using science called dendrochronology which is a well established science in temperate regions. It has been used to study from sail to landscape and from regional but in tropics this is a new frontier and it has of course a lot of application and today I will focus on hydrology and a little bit of climatology. So dendrochronology, dendromis I mean time superior in chrono is about getting trees and basically we start with collecting samples from dead trees using chainsaw or we don't need to cut the tree we can use increment cores without cutting the trees. So as I said for the trees also it's about water so it is not only about managing the stomatal conductance but as you know trees are take water by their roots and the water flows to the vessel or so dendrochronology and evaporates via stomata so when you look at the circle which is a vessel I'm sorry I cannot show here but this is managing the water need depending on the supply so at the beginning of the growing season growing condition is I mean favorable and they can form bigger size they use bigger straw to transport water to the leaf and towards the growth of the end of the growth period they do small so that's how we mark the ring boundary so after marking the ring boundary we measure the ring width also because as you can see here in the slide so using this pattern we can reconstruct what has happened in the past what's going on today and we can use this information and I will show you later in the next slides so basically it's not enough to measure just few trees we measure many trees and we use a prostrating to establish a pattern so if the following formation and by doing formation is is influenced by climate the pattern would match after doing this there are a lot of statistical procedures to remove the non-climatic boundary to edge and other factors and please if you are interested to know more about what's the video it is loaded later so also depending on what you want to know we measure stable isotopes measure anatomy, measuring width and we measure isotopes from trees so for isotopes we use trees that we collect for trading analysis and we use mass spectrometry it's a lot of process we collect powder samples and we extract cellulose and I don't have the time to talk about or this procedure but I will just show you the theory behind it trees they use carbon and water to fix their for photosynthesis so carbon it has heavy and light isotope the heavy isotope it's low to move so it's discriminated as the new boundary layer so the lighter isotope carbon 12 enters into the stomata and inside the stomata also so the radius responsible for photosynthesis discriminates the heavy isotope so carbon 13 is discriminated by fractionation through diffusion and bring photosynthesis so here if the tree is happy, if the climate is favorable the stomata will be open so there will be constant in and out of carbon and carbon 17 will be depleted so if the plant is stressed the stomata will be closed and it will fix whatever carbon is inside so it is enriched so during drought years carbon 17 is enriched during moist years it's depleted this is the basis for oxygen isotopes is also heavy and light 16 ohm, 18 ohm 17 ohm, 18 ohm yang lebih penting jadi ketika kita melihat di atas sebuah atas dan sekalipun 0 per mil tapi ada perusahaan perusahaan jadi apa yang ada di dekat di dekat ada di dekat dan ada di dekat di dekat di dekat di isotope yang panjang karena di isotope panjang panjang lebih cepat dan ada di dekat di dekat jadi kalian lihat di dekat di dekat dan di dekat yang selanjutnya dan perusahaan yang selanjutnya di dekat ini kita disebut efeknya tapi ini bukan satu-satunya hal ini dimodifikasi oleh latihan ini juga dimodifikasi oleh latihan jadi apa yang terjadi bagaimana perusahaan ini dimodifikasi jadi untuk perusahaan ini perusahaan yang digunakan air atau air jadi perusahaan di dekat tidak ada perusahaan tidak ada separasi dari isotope yang panjang jadi jika Anda memilih perusahaan air atau perusahaan air dan perusahaan air atau sub-water Anda akan tahu di mana perusahaan itu jadi apa yang terjadi perusahaan ini berlaku pada perusahaan air saya minta maaf saya minta maaf jadi di perusahaan air ada perusahaan perusahaan dan isotope yang panjang mereka berusaha lebih cepat karena mereka anak-anak dan akan ada perusahaan di isotope yang panjang ada banyak perusahaan bioprimi saya tidak bisa pergi dan berusahaan itu tapi apa yang penting disini water yang penting itu di sedangkan di temperatur jadi yaitu ada lebih tinggi perusahaan 18O dan berkondisi kawasan di depisasi 18O jadi ini penting yang harus kita memiliki jadi berdasarkan parameter ini seperti yang saya beritahu kita bisa menggunakan statu anatomik kita bisa menggunakan 3 ringgit dan isotope dan mereka dapat memberitahu banyak hal tentang hidrologi, tentang apa yang berlaku, apa yang berlaku hari ini, dan apa yang berlaku pada CO2 di atmosfet. Jadi ini adalah bekerja oleh student PhD, Muldeta. Ini adalah penjelasan yang paling lama yang diselesaikan di Afrika. Ini adalah 100 tahun yang telah diperkenalkan, memperkenalkan dari, menggunakan jenis jenis dari Itiopia, berbeda di Apelblou, Nairobi. Sebenarnya di sini ada berlaku juga sebelum tahun 1980-1990, dan berlaku di tahun 1985 lebih berlaku. Jadi informasi ini adalah penting jika Anda ingin memikirkan kemampuan klinik dan klinik. Kita juga tidak bisa menggunakan klinik untuk menggunakan jenis jenis jenis jenis jenis, untuk menggunakan air. Jadi di sini, di tahun yang lalu, perlukan berlaku lebih berlaku. Sebelum ini berlaku sekitar 6-7 tahun, tapi sekarang perlukan berlaku setiap 3 tahun. Dan ini berlaku dengan alin. Dan penting jika klinik ini tidak hanya di lokasi, ini memiliki alin yang besar, seperti yang bisa dilihat, kemampuan klinik yang terlalu besar di sini di sekitar Sahal Bet. Jadi ini berlaku dengan kemampuan klinik yang terlalu tinggi dan negatif, dengan klinik yang terlalu tinggi. Ini adalah klinik yang terlalu tinggi di sini. Dan kemampuan klinik yang terlalu tinggi, dan kemampuan klinik yang terlalu tinggi, ada sebuah perlukan berlaku dari satu tempat yang lain. Jadi, kemampuan klinik yang terlalu tinggi di West Africa, menggunakan klinik yang terlalu tinggi, dan di sini dari klinik yang terlalu tinggi, kemampuan klinik yang terlalu tinggi di Sahal Bet. Michael bercakap tentang ringan berlaku, ringan berlaku juga sangat bagus. Mereka berklinik dengan klinik yang terlalu tinggi dan negatif, tentu saja jika klinik yang terlalu tinggi, dan kemampuan klinik yang terlalu tinggi, kita lihat klinik yang terlalu tinggi. Tapi klinik disini adalah, jika kita lihat klinik ini saja, kita akan berharap bahwa Sahal itu berlaku atau berlaku. Tapi apabila kita lihat kembali pada masa, pada tahun 1920, jadi tahun 1940, juga ada bahan klinik yang terlalu tinggi. Jadi, apabila kita lihat klinik itu, ada klinik yang tidak terlalu tinggi. Klinik yang terlalu tinggi adalah bahan klinik yang terlalu tinggi. Jadi ini menunjukkan bahan klinik yang terlalu tinggi. Astaghfirullah, bisa kamu bergerak sedikit? Ya, Astaghfirullah. Hai Astaghfirullah, bisa kamu bergerak sedikit? Ya, karena... Yang lain adalah... Ya, ya, ya, kami bisa dengar, kamu hanya beritahu jika kamu bisa bergerak sedikit, ya, dan memasukkan kamera kamu mungkin, ya. Oke, oke. Jadi yang lain... Oke. Yang lain yang ada di sini, kamu lihat, kami juga memasukkan isopsogin. Ia menunjukkan bahan klinik di saat ini, bahan klinik di sini, dan kemungkinan khusus. Sesetengah khusus mereka menggunakan, menggunakan bahan klinik yang terlalu tinggi, kemungkinan khusus, yang terlalu tinggi dibuat dengan kemungkinan klinik yang terlalu tinggi. Tapi yang lainnya menggunakan bahan klinik yang terlalu tinggi, dan ini juga... saya berkontribusi dengan kemungkinan khusus. Jadi, mereka adalah menggunakan bahan klinik dengan menggunakan bahan klinik yang berbeda dengan bahan klinik. Yang lainnya di sini, kamu lihat, tidak ada kemungkinan khusus dalam bahan klinik yang menggunakan bahan klinik. Dan kemungkinan kemungkinan khusus dalam bahan klinik yang menggunakan bahan klinik. Sebab Hata-ibuah khusus dan kemungkinan khusus Dan ini, sejujurnya, perjalanan bergerak, dan ini adalah perjalanan. Jadi, itu penting untuk tahu, atau jadi, apa itu, apa itu tempatan tempatan, itu tidak seperti karbon, dan itu juga kekurangan, apa yang kita memeriksa di Pina Faso, itu kekurangan yang lama, di Sahabat. Jadi, itu memberitahu kami tentang sebuah klinik, itu memberitahu kami tentang klinik, dan sebuah proses fisiologi yang berbeda dengan pilihan yang berbeda, itu yang kita bisa berbicara untuk restorasi, dan apabila kita berbicara tentang pilihan, apa pilihan, dan apa. Jadi, yang lainnya dari Pina, Anda tahu di Pina, mereka mengubah perjalanan sebuah klinik kemampuan, dan kita ingin melihat apa pilihan dalam hubungan air. Jadi, itu adalah pilihan pilihan, yang satu adalah pilihan, yang satu adalah pilihan Armandini. Jadi, pada masa keadaan, kita mengubah pilihan, dan kita berkata, pilihan pilihan pilihan pilihan, dan pilihan pilihan pilihan, karena seperti yang saya bilang, klinik kemampuan itu adalah tentang air. Jadi, itu adalah pilihan yang berbeda. Itu adalah pilihan pilihan. Asta, bolehkah Anda memberi pilihan? Saya sangat minta maaf, tim ini bergerak, tolonglah. Ya, ya, ya. Jadi, dalam pilihan, ada pilihan pilihan, dan pada pilihan pilihan, mereka menggunakan air tersebut. Ini menggunakan air tersebut. Jadi, ini adalah perbedaan yang berbeda dengan air tersebut, dan pilihan pilihan, dan penting dalam air tersebut. Sebagai air, CO2 bergerak, dan ini mengubah efeksi air tersebut. Dan jika pilihan pilihan, mereka bergerak. Efeksi air tersebut bergerak. Apa pilihan untuk air tersebut? Jika ini berlaku, ini pilihan pilihan, itu bermakna air tersebut bergerak. Dan ini akan mengubah air tersebut. Ia penting mengenai potensi air tersebut, yang lebih tinggi dalam pilihan pilihan, dalam pilihan pilihan, kita tidak tahu. Jadi, ini yang saya mau berkata, ada banyak implikasi di restorasi, banyak pilihan di air tersebut, dan pilihan air tersebut. Jadi, ini waktu untuk melihat ke belakang, untuk membuat pilihan pilihan pilihan pilihan. Saya minta maaf, saya harus berbicara. Terima kasih. Terima kasih, terima kasih. Terima kasih, terima kasih untuk berbicara. Kamu hanya risau tentang masa. Terima kasih banyak-banyak, sangat menarik. Kita ingatkan orang-orang, bisa kamu terus berbicara dalam pertanyaan tentang pilihan air tersebut? Kita harus berbicara dalam pertanyaan. Jadi kita bisa kembali ke pertanyaan pada akhir pilihan kedua kita. Lay, bisa kamu berhenti dalam pertanyaan ke minus dari akhir? Ya, tersesat. Terima kasih, Tuan. Jadi, tersesat. Kamu akan mencoba konsep air tersebut. Ada air tersebut yang tersebut, air tersebut. Ada air tersebut yang enak, atau dengan air tersebut. Ada air tersebut, atau air tersebut untuk diperlebiadkan ke kawasan. Namun, kesejahteraan penjangan Prof. Dr. Rainer Fynor Quick dari PP, juga hian alih penjalan anak perbunan dari Dalhaini University di Singapura, akan menemukan cerita air tersebut untuk penjangan air tersebut. Ya, terima kasih. Kita masih memiliki sedikit setup yang bisa kita mulai. Saya gembira untuk menjadi pembentangan terakhir dari hari ini dan mencoba melakukan apa yang kita lihat sejauh ini. Dan kita lihat diagram yang kita gunakan disini di penelitangan ini. Jadi kita memiliki pakaian yang mudah, pakaian yang mudah, dengan pakaian yang merupakan, yang adalah pakaian yang merupakan, yang datang ke pakaian. Pada pakaian, kita dapat air di dalam pakaian. Dan kita dapat air yang dipakai di lokasi, dan itu menjadi air terdapat. Dan itu bisa dipakai di lokasi. Sekarang, di banyak pembentangan dari hidrologi, mereka hanya mulai untuk melihat air di dalam pakaian atau di dalam pakaian. Jadi banyak hidrologi adalah hidrologi air. Dan saya melihat seberapa kali sebelum orang mengerti bahwa apa yang mereka lakukan dengan air, mungkin 60% air sebenarnya terdapat di dalam pakaian yang digunakan oleh penelitangan. Itu lebih merupakan air yang merupakan air yang merupakan air yang merupakan air yang merupakan air. Dan kemudian, keadaan tradisional dari air yang ditutupkan di dunia, yang memiliki air yang merupakan air yang merupakan air yang merupakan air yang merupakan air. Tapi, seperti yang kita lihat juga dari David, dan di banyak cara, dan masih lebih terdapat daripada itu, karena kita tidak dapat mengambil air yang ditutupkan, air yang ditutupkan tidak terdapat di Afrika, bergantung dengan penelitangan, atau yang ditutupkan oleh penelitangan, atau apa-apa pun, variable yang luar biasa, tidak, kita mula mengerti bahwa air yang ditutupkan di dunia, dan kita mula mengerti bahwa air yang ditutupkan di dunia, dan apa yang berlaku? Jadi, dalam bahasa saya, saya akan berbicara tentang air yang ditutupkan di dunia, jadi air yang ditutupkan di dunia, dan kita memiliki bahwa air yang ditutupkan di dunia. Sekarang, air yang ditutupkan adalah, saya akan jelaskan lagi, dan banyak hal yang dikatakan dalam bahasa saya adalah dalam bahasa ini, bahwa kita memiliki bahwa air yang ditutupkan di dunia, dan juga diberikan di Paris, Dan ini adalah kisah bahwa bahwa bahwa air yang ditutupkan di dunia, ada bahwa, bahwa alih pada masa yang dikatakan dalam bahasa, ke sebuah area lain, dengan alih yang dan dikambing, bahwa tidak hanya langan, keadaan akan mendapat pain fal. Saya suka bahwanya semuanya, tapi alih di belakang itu tidak terpaksa. Dan kemudian kita punya konaksisi, kita memiliki bahwa di mana hal yang dikatakan, dan dipercayaan air yang dikirakan semasa air terkiru. Jadi kita ada dua bahan ini, air terkiru. Kami harus melihat kawasan ini, dan Anda pernah dengar banyak kali sebelumnya. Kita bisa menerimanya seperti air terkiru, dan air terkiru. Dan koneksi ini membentuk bahan-bahan terkiru. Mereka sangat berguna untuk mengingat lokasi, tetapi koneksi telepon itu bermaksud, jika Anda melakukan sesuatu di sini, itu menginfluensi, bukan hanya di negeri kawasan, tetapi menginfluensi di tempat di luar sana. Dan seperti yang kita lihat di depan awal, saya pikir bahwa sebuah kawasan, siapa ada kawasan untuk membebaskan kawasan mereka? Kita akan membuat keputusan tentang itu. Siapa ada kawasan untuk membebaskan kawasan yang lebih jauh? Itu adalah koneksi telepon. Kita lihat, kalau kita lihat koneksi ini, luar tanam, panci, twa criteria, dan tuaman. där uance tentang ihmat, apa tu uang uno, di Shake, dan bab paidi berk batu disebakan. Kita lihat kita dapat lihat ber gasket, All of these, there's data connections of grade, if I pollute the water in the river and the downstream neighbor has polluted water. If I change the buffering, I may cause floods somewhere else. If I use all the water for my feed plantation, there may be droughts elsewhere, so three of these data connections they operate within the watershed and we've had many rules and regulations and policy and conflicts and wars about those aspects of water so far. But we now start to understand that the further data connection is about rainfall. And if the politicians could decide on the rainfall, well, it would be a terrible discussion, they would never agree on that. We start to see that the rainfall in this country has the tons of water the neighbor has done that can lead to many conflicts and many bad things at the same time. It could lead to agreement if we start to understand what it actually is and that there's something we need. We have this common but differentiated responsibility language in the climate convention that gets new meanings when we start to understand the data connections in the rainbow water. We also see here this point of the fully vegetated chunk of land in which rain is falling but also contributed back to the atmosphere with a moderate amount of river flow. And if we move the trees, we would get a precipitation but it would all come to the river much bigger. And we would have much less passed on bigger dam winds neighbors. Now, I'm going to show you a rather famous diagram by a Dutch artist called Escher of the waterfall. And it has always been this debate. It's showing a perpetual mobility. It suggests that water keeps flowing by itself and on high school physics. You know that perpetual mobility doesn't exist. Well, we could do at least as long as we have solar energy driving it. But within this drawing, please pay close attention to what happens here at this point. Because what we see in this Escher diagram is two cycles of water. And there is what we call a short cycle where water comes from the land and goes back to land. And we have the long cycle. If you take two steps, then you go back to the ocean. And you come back from the ocean back to the land. So we have this perpetual mobility of our water hydrological cycle which is driven by the solar energy. Okay, let me click at the right place. Easy. And we can see that rainbow recycling is the short cycle and that water spinning over after one turn back into rainfall. And the rest of the water comes back to the oceans and that is the long cycle. Now, there has been a lot of debate in the literature what percentage of the rainfall in the world is short cycle rain versus long cycle rain. There was a time that we said it was only 10%. Short cycle and 90%. And now we think it is between 40% and 60% is short cycle rain. At the same time, it matters a lot where we are. It's an interesting concept now. Well, these are some key papers about root from the ends who worked on the originative atmospheric moisture. You see the dominant pattern of how air moves depends on how the planet is turning and that we can combine measurements of atmospheric moisture and calculate back how much of the rainfall is recycled versus how much is primary coming from oceans. And that to these two key figures. So actually the thesis of root has the same as your diagram but I missed the point of the short cycle. Now, the upper diagram shows it in different colors. What part of the rainfall on a different place is dependent on recycled water. So if you see the reddish colors, that means places, the rainfall depends on neighbors on land. If it is blue or green, then the rainfall depends on oceans and El Nino and ocean tempers or whatever. The second map is equally interesting. It tells us if a unit of water goes back to the atmosphere from where you are, if it is red, then almost certainly that atmospheric moisture will come back as rainfall over land. If it is blue, then it will go back to the oceans. So we see basically source areas and sink areas of teresil recycle water in this map. And we'll come back to the point of that. If the slide would like to move, actually the slide doesn't move. Now, if we zoom in on that map, we have two of our biggest talks about what happened in East Africa and the rainfall in Ethiopia. According to this type of information, and it depends hardly on the time of year that you look at, but the dominant flow of atmospheric moisture into East Africa comes from the Indian Ocean. And it finds its way over East Africa and then bends along to come into Ethiopia. And at the same time, there is in other parts of the year water coming from the, or moisture coming from the Atlantic Ocean. So we have two different sources on that. Now, interesting thing, the river Nile we talked about before, the river Nile actually connects it's in two different data connections part. Towards South Sudan and Uganda, all the evaporation that happens there does find its way to become rainfall in the Sahel. There may be water that first fell in Kenya and then went to Victoria and then evaporated. If it evaporates in White Nile, it will come back as rainfall in West Africa. If it finds its way all the way up to Egypt, then evaporation from Egypt will find its way towards India and ultimately towards China. So if we start moving around water in the Nile and we get more water from the White Nile as irrigation water in Egypt like the Jomle Canal has been time to do, we start shifting rainfall from Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria towards rainfall in China. Now, if we won't fully understand that, then the politics and the data about that will be very substantial. But I think we should not play ostrich on here. If we start to understand it, we need to bring up the complexities of it into the geopolitical frame. Now, within that overall map of the sink and source areas, there are three specific data connections that are worst-discussing today. The first is, on the left side, within the Amazon and it is well known that the Amazon gets water from the Atlantic Ocean and there is several types of recycling going on within the Amazon and ultimately, waterfalls on the Amnesty Mountains. At the same time, the area that primarily depend on terseal rainfall are in North West Argentina and neighboring countries out there. So, if there is major change in the forest in the deep area of the Amazon, it is likely to have major impact on rainfall in neighboring countries like Argentina and Paraguay. The second part focuses on the African Telephone Action and that's still a bit complex. I mean, it's very clear that Sahel and Ethiopia are on the receiving end so a lot of their rainfall depends on rainfall in cooperation elsewhere in Africa but according to the source I use here, most of the Ethiopian water has come through the East African Route with other versions that have more of it entering through the Congo-based route and I think there's still but it is clear that the important parts of Africa where a lot of people live and where they are very much dependent on rainfall, their rainfall is recycled and depends on the government elsewhere. On the Asian side, there is a very interesting telephone Action where we see that most of the rainfall in China is recycled rain. An important area where the rainfall comes from is Myanmar and mainly South Asia. So as we currently have major changes in the forest and the forest cover in Myanmar we can easily predict that it will have affected implications for the rainfall in China and that's a very different type of relationship in the climate than we've currently seen in the international climate negotiations where emissions anywhere in the world seem to be similar and mitigation anywhere in the world is similar. We have strong geographic connection here. So David, Alison mentioned that point that it's beyond the watershed but we have the terminology for that now that is the precipitation shed. The watershed is all the land area that contributes water to the river. The precipitation shed is all the land plus ocean that contributes water vapor that will become rain in any specific place and that's a useful concept so the geopolitics is about the precipitation shed and so far we have watershed management as a status discipline. We don't have precipitation shed management yet but our story here is that this is the type of thing we would need if we take this stuff serious. So in a little more technical sense the key balance equation is still that the river flow equals the precipitation minus the evapotranspiration plus or minus the buffering but so far we've seen that given rainfall and now we start to understand that precipitation itself is part of the cycle and that we shouldn't see it as this is what happens given the rain no, the rain itself is the feedback process from other things that we described but this is one attempt to summarize what we know, we know trees are using all the water by doing that they recycle water in the atmosphere by doing that they cool there's a direct link between the cooling effect and the water use at the same time please modify the soil to make the soil a more effective buffer but on one hand immediate and we'll see tomorrow more detailed stories the direct cooling effect is directly linked to that at the same time that water loss is not water loss that is recycling and our current policies water loss and we need to understand what recycling means so traditionally we look in hydrology at the patch of land where that all happens that patch of land is part of a attachment that things are connecting in natural flows this is the version of the diagram that David was probably looking for and in the parlance of the Sahel, we see that we have two contradicting forces on one hand we can use more water than other on the other hand trees create infiltration into the soil that allows water infiltrate and in the parlance the traditional agroforest systems of the Sahel seem to be optimal in terms of groundwater infiltration if we would increase the seed entity beyond what farmers have develop we would have less groundwater if we remove the trees then we get runoff and erosion with it the story about forests and floods deserves a separate symposium and it's a longstanding discussion but in some work that is currently being published and we have seen that on one hand you see the link between vulnerability of people and what happens but to outline it there is a consistent way to see that if you shift from forest to tree when mosaic landscape to have open landscape you lose some of that buffering and you do increase the risk of extreme events extreme rain loss and what we see here is a bit complex diagram but you see a link between the upper part which is the atmospheric hydro climate the tide of the tree and the tree still went down the level that Astro talked about carbon exchange we see the tree and the soil interacting with the storage and the infotission and we see the whole story what happens in groundwater and how much can be used for irrigation and for domestic use now the ecosystem services framework actually is quite comprehensive that allows us to talk about all these different functions as being part of the ecosystem services at the same time within ecosystem services we have trade-offs between provisioning and regulated services and we can try to take this into the debate about to what extent local entus influences the neighbors the far away neighbors and the people that would in the same precipitation shell and then we see that the dominant discussion rainfall is linking it with aninyo-laninya cycles so temperature in the ocean translates into water vapor that influences either too much rain or too little rain on the land that is the long cycle at the same time by a large 40% of rainfall is that threshold and within that we can define ecosystem services as returning clean water to the river and ecosystem services returning water vapor to the atmosphere and ecosystem services in reducing pollution and dealing with it that way but the key challenge that this is my last slide is that where so far the climate convention has divided their issues into two parts there is issues about mitigation reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and there's issues of adaptation with the climate that is changing we really are not actually comfortable with either part of it and although water is a dominant greenhouse gas it is not part of mitigation at the same time we're not really talk about adaptation we're not about learning to live with changing climate we're actually about changing the climate we're actually about modifying the temperature and the things that matter for most people but if we have only this choice of mitigation adaptation then the debate that we have now is more easily framed within the adaptation part of that story anything else still coming? ya so we say the hydro climate all the things about clouds and rainfall whatever and the albedo energy that depends on the land cover they actually matter a lot for climate and current climate models are gradually getting better in incorporating all these other aspects of it and at the same time and we'll get back to that tomorrow whenever we meet farmers, whenever we meet anyone, whenever we meet some living in the city and very clear to everybody that these provide shape that these change the temperature that you want these in order to make the climate what you want and so far we have to tell people yesterday is this carbon thing and you have to measure this and that and it's a long story if we can start with the local knowledge if we can start with the local concerns if we can start from what people know about these in terms of modifiers and the story is so much easier we have a difficult route ahead with the common the differentiate the responsibility between countries when we start to realize that one person does influence the rainfall somewhere else it's very difficult at that level but at least at the the farmer level I think if we tell the story in terms of water we connect much more readily to the concept that people have the concerns that people have and the dire benefit that people can see from having the right feet in the right place at the right amount that's my last part so far and I hope tomorrow we'll hear more detail on the temperature part and we'll take it more into that discussion with we forest if you actually want to interact with restoration and what does it mean and we'll take it further back to the discussion of global climate at a high level but the main story so far there is a missing middle we don't have institutions that relate Myanmar and China in terms of rainfall we don't have institutions within Africa that link what happened to East Africa to the rainfall in Ethiopia and two decks to Egypt and all the Nile water they had and two decks to all the whatever so that's a scale that is relevant in understanding of the world that is currently not represented in the institutional part and I think that there is the main challenge that we identified going from the biophysical understanding of how things actually work towards these interventions thank you so after these three presenters we can start the questions and answer session for the online participants please pose your questions into the chat rooms okay let me start with the first questions from our audience here from Ahmad Solihim so the question is to Aya can he do any yes very clearly so let me start the question for Aya so how the anatomy of who can define the prior events such as climate change and water shortage or process and how do you think it differs in the climate region for example people versus temperate yes I will hand over to you at the answer how the anatomy of who can define the prior events such as climate change and water shortage or private and how it differs from climate region for example tropical versus temperate region okay so I mean anatomy of the wood yes please as I showed it shows different scale size depending on the availability of water large basis size and smaller basis size so ring when there is a lot of water it forms bigger size so this pattern can be measured anatomy but more easily it is on the ring weeds it is wider ring moist years is narrow ring during drought years so we can use the anatomy by measuring the basis size by looking at the distribution it's a new actually tool and can be used for example to compare the reaction of different species to drought for xylem cavitation and immobilism there is a lot of things that can be done it is different from region to region in temperate region it's easy because they have this distinct climate parameter like winter and summer but in the tropics it's complicated there are trees that form wings but there are also ring less trees but the isotopes can also be used for species that they don't form wings the isotope to mark the ring boundary and to look at what has happened in the past so it's different but it's possible in both regions and we can reconstruct what has the climate change on the anatomy on the ring weeds and on the different isotopes on carbon and oxygen is it clear yes, i'm not an expert on this however i can conclude that it is the anatomy of trees can provide information solve a different changes and it's kind of difficult more difficult to make sure it is in a tropical region it depends if there is drought the celticide will be small so that is how they change in each year seasonal and internal one yes yes okay thank you actor when i go to Peter we can hear you now we can hear you now can you hear us we have one question can you please ask a question please ya thank you very much for the presentation from the team well here in Nairobi we are directing this question to astaa yaa and i'm directing this question to astaa astaa iqraf and then university in regards to isotopes and radiation one question is how how does the cosmic radiation affect the growth of spruce trees and the ring inside them and the next question is does cosmic radiation have positive effect for the healthy growth of plants and in which way thank you actually my my talk i start answering ya this isotopes that i talked about oxygen and carbon they are kind of finger pins let's say like that and they are not affecting the plant growth is the climate that affecting the plant growth but this isotopes fractionate depending on the climate variability and the physiology of the species so i mean of course radiation has its impact but i cannot tell about free health using the carbon and and oxygen isotopes it's about the physiological processes water sources and climate impact so i'm not sure if if i answer your question it's not radioactive thing this one it's stable radioactive it takes time it has its impact and the other isotopes okay we have one question online what do you use and the question is from Michael and the question goes in the slide vegetation precipitation feedback you model the lag effect of vegetation could you talk about what's the intuition behind modeling temporal effect so probably the most famous case is the relationship between NDVI the normalized defense vegetation index this is a remote sensing index that responds to vegetation abundance or greenness there's quite a few studies that show that there's a lag effect in that you have rainfall and then the vegetation responds and that could happen over two or three months so it's important to consider these effects because rainfall recycling for example might happen over shorter periods of time but how vegetation responds to temperature or rainfall might happen over longer periods yes we have one more question from Hermias so maybe he will go with that and then we can come back to the online questions thanks good Hermias thank you of course mine and denaster also could give their comment i think my view is that when you talk about land cover change, forest change we often attribute to anthropogenic causes but these days there are also drought induced natural causes of three mortality, three dieback which also again affect the ecosystem services we would expect from trees and forests so i would like to see your views what's going to happen in the years to come and the change in drought is also going to affect them and they may not be acute also they might be also victims and i would like to see your views on that, thanks i guess i'll answer first so what we know is that the hydrologic cycle is intensifying and so the bad news for dry areas is generally they're going to get drier and the wet areas are going to get wetter and so i think in any proposal i write or paper i always encourage tree growth as a climate buffer because not only can it enhance rainbow water it's also an alternate source of nutrition and income whether you're in a drought or a wet year i mean i think that trees are dying three mortality is increasing there is a lot of i mean study going global and i think it's very important to focus on the adaptation of species to this different drought events and the impact on hydrology and carbon cycle so i especially on this global initiatives or reforestation so yeah just to know more about this yeah if i can add to it i think we've so far focused on the spatial scales within the local and the regional but of course in terms of time we also deal with very different processes and all the emphasis so far on infiltration infiltration does not depend on current tree as much as it depends on the previous trees and on the old tree channels and the stuff that creates macropores in the soil and it interacts with the earthworms and the soil biota that create macroprosy but to easily you can degrade within a few years but to rebuild it takes 5 to 10 years so if we where we see three mortality the current species that are no longer adapted to it and yeah in terms of soil it takes maybe 5 years before you see the full negative effect on that so the short term effect of cutting trees in many cases is positive because we still have the tree the soil structure and the longer term we see the degradation and the combination of the temporal scaling and the spatial scaling makes it very difficult to deal with and we want to say and we want performance based policy and we want to measure the water before we believe it no, sorry with variable climates and the type of time frames that we deal with here and if we don't believe it until we've seen it they were definitely too late to deal with it so this question do we trust reasonable, inferential models on what is wise ways of handling the land and in the carbon we went to know we can measure it and we can have performance based payments and in here with water we need to try to manage land in the proper way we have metrics on that but we cannot go as full group of fully evidence and performance based things, we need to manage land in the proper way with reasonable outcomes and we have to be happy with that because of the uncertainty in time and space Yes, thank you Pamela I think it's related to your last statement about the performance based indicator there is a question for Amman, so in here a student from IPV so he got a lecture from his lecture that water is a part of in house gas and for sure it is not counted in the UNF, this is debate of two sheets, four and so on do you think it should be included? Well, maybe Daniel that he still could comment on that as well and a thought that depends on how you define green house gas but it is very clear that water vapor in the atmosphere has a strong green house gas effect if like radiation and it keeps the long way radiation inside etc so clouds and water vapor are the number one gas vapor in the atmosphere that translates solar radiation into temperatures at the same time when the whole debate on green house gas is started, the argument was that water vapor has a short lifetime in the atmosphere it goes in and it goes out and the assumption was that by large it would not be changing whereas if you look at CO2 or methane or nitrous oxide they have that green house gas effect and at the same time they are designed in the atmosphere for many many years and the policy is based on we need to mitigate now because there is a build up etc so water vapor does not have that long term accumulating effect methane or nitrous oxide but it has by far the most direct effect of temperature in what is the green house gas effect in the physical sense per se so it has not been part of the UNFWC debate but it has the most immediate direct effect of weather and the climate that all of us perceive as a work of some of the co-authors on this paper of reasons we know clouds tends to associated with forests and it was a big event in France wiping out parts of forests and they could see for several years the pattern of clouds in that area was changing quite a bit around it until the forest came through and it was a recovery so thinking of clouds as green house gas thing actually helps understanding of it and it knows part of the current green house gas accounting that they see I hope that verify the two sides of the knowledge yes we can see some of the audience here are noting so you so let me head over thank you Cindy has raised some very interesting suggestions here that are really good for all of the presenters to look at I think also Daniel and David if they are still available she said could we make a map of regions corresponding to precipitation shed or other divisions that would be appropriate for managing the water cycle could we name each region as if there were states and create a tool alternative but also useful to set up the institutional infrastructure that Miner suggested at the end of his talk I don't know how long that is but I think the whole idea is could we begin to look at those precipitation and look at regional implications and things like that so I think maybe Miner then David and then maybe everyone else and the person who has introduced that terminology and published most of it about is Patrick Keyes who I've been a student at that point in time and of course the problem with precipitation shed is where do you stop and because ultimately the whole world is the precipitation shed of any place on earth and we can be pretty sure that there is no water vapor coming back from the moon so it is somehow within planet earth that all points on earth are connected to all others same time if you put a limit and say well I want to know where 95% of the water vapor comes from yes then we can draw lines on the map or I want 90% or 98% or 99% so in the work of Patrick he present those type of maps and examples at the same time I think what we've seen here for example focusing on the Nile we see that well if the water the rainfall in Ethiopia comes in from the Indian Ocean over Kenya and then it goes to Uganda and evaporate there evaporates through the atmosphere goes back to Ethiopia falls into the blue watershed it goes down to Egypt and then irrigation water and that irrigation water ends up evaporating and flowing back to India and never back to the Indian Ocean so it is a nice concept but there is no single way to draw a line and when we get this second ground of recycling taken along with it, it gets a bit complex like watersheds you never know what the groundwater the surface structure of the watershed and whether the watershed is really tight or not specification sheds I don't think there will be legally tight and then we get conflicts and law cases about that it will get pretty messy I think we should take it at this point that hey guys in East Africa or African Union you can sort out things in East Africa and there are important areas where rainfall can be modified at that scale and without going the full specific line that we see in watershed management because ultimately the role role is specification sheds of any other point I just wanted to say it's sort of like somehow we need to start the discussion so a map of course it's not to say there's frontiers but if you look at countries with national borders they do colonialism, they go elsewhere for resources, it's sort of the same idea but it would be an idea of what are the best institutes to link up now way to make a proposition to get the discussion started, that's all I would like to add I think our ability to do the mapping is still developing and we're not very good at it yet and there could still be great improvements in technology the evapotranspiration is one of the most difficult things to measure that I know of and this has been a technical problem that has dogged us for centuries and it's particularly pressing now with impact of climate change so some of the groundwork for this mapping is now being done but we still have quite a long way to go I certainly agree with Cindy that it would be great to have all of those maps and to know very precisely what precipitation sheds or what precipitation sheds really are we still need to do a lot more work I was participating in a paper very recently that it will hopefully get published soon where we were asked specifically to provide an estimate of exactly how much moisture is changed by deforestation and the impact that would have on the catchment basin we were concerned with and of course we had to try to provide a precise measure but doing that in numbers that are highly reliable was incredibly difficult to do right now it's much easier to create ball part measures that might be accurate but getting very precise measures is still quite difficult on the other hand we should never go to the stage of ignoring the role of the precipitation sheds or of the larger frameworks that supply atmospheric moisture to all locations in the world but we still have a long way to go and I guess I would like to make one more point the areas in these precipitation sheds that matter the most are the terrestrial services because we can't really impact oceanic evapotranspiration unless of course we can impact climate change through mitigation and hopefully we will be able to do that but at the current moment we're not doing that as quickly as we really need to do it but we can impact what goes on on terrestrial surfaces and that of course has a big impact on atmospheric moisture production from those surfaces so the real focus for the most part needs to be on the terrestrial surfaces so the loss or potential gain of vegetation and forest cover in particular that will contribute to atmospheric moisture production and to the hydrologic cycle overall and thanks David Michael once has some comments to make on this as well and then I don't know if Asta has and then we'll come back to the presenters just to add to what David was saying I think and this is something Asta and I have discussed and also mine I think what might be more important is increasing our knowledge base by focusing on areas where we know there's we can link the process to the impact so for example there's been a lot of work on deforestation in the Amazon and it's the climate there's been almost nothing on the DRC and there's a lot of evidence to show that there is a link between deforestation and food insecurity in Ethiopia and so I think as these regional folk guide because there are definitely hotspots worth focusing on that that's a way to sort of maybe increase awareness in Ethiopia work Asta and I we actually made it to the final round of a different proposal and so I know there's interest there so that's what I would recommend thanks Michael I don't know if Asta had any comments I agree with what Michael said I don't have any okay Miner seems to have his hand up at some point maybe that is taking us to the discussion tomorrow there is a lot of discussion among scientists in do we know enough to talk with policy makers about this part do we need to have the full estimate of what percent the actual mean before we should bother scientists with that part I think tomorrow we should focus a bit on that and do we know enough to bring this to the international negotiation forum and my own sense is this important stuff here that is quite different from current understanding it is important to bring it on the table but it is important to focus on those things that we do know it is the focus where it helps with knowing that options etc but yes of course I did all the work more time for research there is a lot of interesting thing in what Cindy is talking about all the trees of the world how do they differ etc we would love to scientists to work on that point but how much do we need to know before we start this policy debate and my own take is this is stuff it is important that we get the Chinese government to understand that their influence in Myanmar and meet back on their own climate it is important within Africa that we get this debate about what are you doing with your discovered influences before we have the final detail and the final number correct but maybe that is the point for hopefully people in the virtual participants can think about the reflect on it and there will be points to pick up tomorrow we heard a lot of very interesting technical stuff but do we know enough to bring this on the policy platform discussion and how do we deal with the uncertainty and the need for further refinement that we still have maybe that is a nice point for our facilitators to reflect on and get us into tomorrow thank you for that very propagating statement and also like an introduction for tomorrow sessions so at the same time GPM, GMT Class 7 or Indonesian Over Time and as I mentioned that tomorrow we will have another round of discussion it will be very interesting as it will translate the knowledge to action and please also not to forget that you also can contribute to enhance the next research agenda on this issue okay thank you no, thank you thank you to the presenters and we look forward to tomorrow's discussion I think everyone in the room would agree with me, it's been interesting I can see everyone nodding so thank you and bye to Bogor, thanks bye bye thank you thank you thank you and we just remind all the virtual participants please keep adding questions to us, we will compile them overnight and tomorrow we start with a reflection on whatever has come in from the people who are not in the room and maybe not at the same time so please keep adding that to the chat room and please keep thinking about it so tomorrow we will have an even better second stage thank you thank you