 Before starting, I would like to thank the organizer of this session that so far is rich of interesting papers. I'm currently in the first year of my PhD and I'm working on quantification of pottery production and management of natural resources, especially fuel, of Roman terrasi gelata that is a red fine table where massively produced in central Italy and beyond. What I'm going to present today is an attempt to connect the terrasi gelata workshops with the landscape where they were located paying particular attention to the changes of conditions related with its property and use. This presentation is based on literature review and it's just the beginning of further work aiming to reconnect the pieces of the network existing in the past among products, environment and producers. Here a summary of what I'm going to talk about. First of all, I will briefly introduce the main characteristics of the human-made environment during Roman times. Then I will move on the terrasi gelata Italica Pottery and its two main production centers in the context of the Northern Etruscan spatial, social and economic transformations during the Augustan time, to trace a link between the production and the landscape in view of new human modifications. So talking about the land during Roman times, we can generally state that the whole Roman history was tied to the land. All productions both agricultural and artisanal were dependent on it and also the social and political development were influenced and at least partially determined by issues related to exploitation of resources and distribution of properties. I would like to underline that these categories that you see are just a tool of course for us to understand and distinguish things but in reality everything was fluid and interconnecting. During Roman times the exploitation of natural resources of all sorts was closely connected with property rights on land. Wealth and income were also based on an agrarian economy that means that the agri, so the agrarian land units were a sort of unit of measure of richness and prestige and in determining the property of the land and therefore the role of people in the society the centuriation played an important role by assigning to different people portions of land heterogeneous for size resources and possibilities available. The real economy is just the perfect example of this fluidity I was mentioning because this land property was already an assemblage in itself of different land types and economies in a mixture of human made environments and wilder ones. In such a context it is extremely important to study the exploitation, the processing and distribution of various natural resources both agricultural and non agricultural as I was saying not separately but in their constantly interactions. So now some key concepts about what Terracidilata is. This fine tableware can be defined as the archetypical Roman tableware and it presents a red and glossy surface and what was produced in several areas of the western empire and distributed throughout the Roman world and beyond. The starting point is the second half of the first century BCE in central Italy and it gradually grows both in their area and in others. The outcome was a high quality mass production exceptional in terms of standardization and quantity for a pre-industrial economy. The Italian production centers are mainly located in Etruria and two main ones are Arezzo and Pisa and from Tuscany the production expanded to southern Gaul here first at the end of the first century BCE and then to central Gaul and in the end to Germany at the beginning of the first century CE. In this region the production will last longer than in Italy itself because of the proximity with the military camps and perhaps of more favorable environmental conditions. Its distribution is extremely impressive compared with every other ancient product because Terracidilata is basically present in every Roman archaeological site and a stump fragmented ball from Pisa was found even in India together with other Terracidilata from central Italy and Italy. According to Peacock the success of a workshop depends on these three elements all of them and especially the upper two so Cayenne fuel are strongly related with the environment and the human exploitation activities. As said a strong relationship with the environment characterizes all the production activities in a pre-industrial economy but the more sophisticated complex and quantitatively big production is the more environmentally demanding it can be. In particular CE required an accurate selection and purification of clay and a long and high temperature fire in the oxidizing atmosphere consuming therefore a huge amount of fuel. Now let's focus on our geographical context so by observing Northern Naturia will be pretty clear how much the fine pottery production development reflects the economic and social progress derived from the transformations during the Augustan age and especially how much this transformation is connected with the land. At the beginning of the production so was the main manufacturing center of Terracidilata. The important progress is of the manufacturer significantly related to the change geopolitical and social conditions in the area as we can see. So the prototype phase of red sleepwear is concluded around 46 BCE exactly when the Caesarean colonists arrived in the area. In this year the characteristics of the new production are defined and at the same time something is changing in the ownership of the land defeated the nobility supporting Pompeius the rival of Caesare. The estates were now available for Caesarean and his entourage and again the acme of the technological quality of the products was achieved immediately after the Augustan land division and assignment between 30 and 20 BCE so again it marks a strong link between what was going on in the land assignments and what was going on in the production itself. One of the key figures of this production is Ateius a member of the Gens Ateia who supplied with this Terracidilata the troops of the German cast in the German cast along the limits in an almost monopolistic regime from 12 BCE to 9 CE and the localized these workshops in Pisa and in southern Gaul. According to historiographical and epigraphical sources one of the Atei serving Sulla centurion received a vast portion of land in Valdiciana part of the Arezzo territory and this property owned by the veteran Marcus Ateius constituted therefore the start of the fortune of the family. In the second phase of the production Pisa was the main center here the production started by the will of the Atei that moved the Ateia and Terracidilata workshops were concentrated in the cities northern suburbia sorry and in the territory along the Ocelander Cerculus river so in the north it was a river running here but now it's not in the city anymore and this production landscape is really similar to the one found in Arezzo constituted by proximity with the city and the countryside at the same time and by availability of water and clay this position was particularly fortunate here there was yes another workshop at the river mouth because the coastal line shore was here at the time so this position was particularly fortunate not only because of the vicinity to the water but also for the presence of a good quality clay in the riverbed of the Ausea optimal for this kind of production and therefore the riblet therefore chosen on purpose whilst most of the other pottery productions along history in Pisa use the clay of the Arno basin so the other river in Pisa plus Vali of course is the presence of a fluvial harbour and easy connection with the sea important element for the setting of the Ateius franchising again some dates from Pisa that can help us in applying the production as well so Pisa was a Civitas Federata since the second half of the third century BC and then Amunicipium at the end of the social war already at that time it had important roads and harbours that were used massively by the Romans and between 41 and 33 the colony was founded this means again that the land was centurated and divided among the colonists the new organization of the landscape come to constitute a stronger network with the communication infrastructures already existing here you can clearly see the centuration breed it's kind of well preserved in aerial photography and some landscape survey and the red dots are the villa recognized in surveys the production of of terra figilata starts around the 20 BC and it's immediately a mass production exporting in gold and along the limits another gents involved in the production both in Arezzo and in Pisa provides us several precious information it's the gents Racinha that again can help to understand the integration between productions lands and geopolitical transformations this group of people was the most prolific in terms of duration of the firm because especially one of the members Racinius Pisanus was active for at least 60 years and we know that accordingly thanks to the stumps one member of the gents was the curion of the colony in 4C and others so it was involved in the land assignment at that time and others were involved in other productions and exploitation as documented by stumps in Greece and Korah and lead Ingots furthermore several place names but in the area of Pisa and Arezzo are related with the family name Racinius so even now there are villages and areas called Raciniano, Rossignano that are clearly related with this Latin name. Pisa beside the pottery was a vital productive and commercial context in general according to the ancient sources a good quality cereals and wood especially timbers for ship building were produced and exported clay and stone were quarried and plus numerous villas numerous villas that we saw in the previous map and some harbour sites are archaeologically documented so considering the mentioned ship building and harbours we can suppose that mercatoris were present and active in Pisa and that in such a context rich voters were also involved in the trade organization of their products in the first place. Almost paradoxically a sign of an existing integration among agriculture manufacturers and trade in Pisa is constituted by the end of the territory itself, the end of the production after more than 150 years because despite of this huge change in the economy the local economy does not collapse with it showing that the network was solid and articulated enough to survive and to renovate and transform so and yeah just to conclude I hope that the picture I've just outlined helps to understand the strong interaction existing between big pottery production land ownership and especially special organization aiming at rational use of natural resources and producing income and wealth given the above I think that pottery production should be included in the big container of the old and compassing roman land administration regarding fields forests waterways and roads shaping the landscape in several ways among which the well-known centuriation grid constituted constitutes only one important but not exhaustive fragment behind the imperial power the big trace and successes that sometimes seem yes to be important but extremely abstract concepts we found out that there are real and tangible aspects such as land and resources thanks