 Introduction Part 1 of Volume 1 of A Voyage Towards the South Pole This is a LibriVox recording, or LibriVox recordings from the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org Recording by David Cole, Medway, Massachusetts A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World Volume 1 by James Cook Introduction Part 1 Formal title A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World Performed in His Majesty's Ships, The Resolution and Adventure in the years 1772, 3, 4 and 5 Written by James Cook, Commander of the Resolution in which is included Captain Furno's narrative of his proceedings in the adventure during the separation of the ships in two volumes illustrated with maps and charts and a variety of portraits of persons and views and places drawn during the voyage by Mr. Hodges and engraved by the most eminent masters. General Introduction Whether the unexplored part of the Southern Hemisphere be only an immense mass of water or contain another continent a speculative geography seemed to suggest was a question which had long engaged the attention not only of learned men but of most of the maritime powers of Europe. To put an end to all diversity of opinion about a matter so curious and important is His Majesty's principal motive in directing this voyage to be undertaken the history of which is now submitted to the public. But in order to give the reader a clear idea of what has been done in it and to enable him to judge more accurately how far the great object that was proposed has been obtained it will be necessary to prefix a short account of the several voyages which have been made on discoveries to the Southern Hemisphere prior to that which I had lately the honour to conduct and which I am now going to relate. 1519 Magellan's The first who crossed the vast Pacific Ocean was Ferdinand Magellan's a Portuguese who in the service of Spain sailed from Seville with five ships on the 27th of April 1519. He discovered the straits which bear his name and having passed through them on the 27th of November 1520 entered the South Pacific Ocean. In this sea he discovered two uninhabited islands whose situations are not well known. He afterwards crossed the lion discovered the Ladrone Islands and then proceeded to the Philippines of which he was killed in a skirmish with the natives. His ship, called the Victory was the first that circumnavigated the globe and the only one of his squadron that surmounted the dangers and distresses which attended this heroic enterprise. The Spaniards, after Magellan's had showed them the way made several voyages from America to the westward at Alvaro Mandana de Neira in 1595 which is the first that can be traced step by step for the antecedent expeditions are not any down to us with much precision. We know however in general that in them New Guinea, the islands call Solomons and several others were discovered. Geographers differ greatly concerning the situation of the Solomon Islands the most probable opinion is that they are the cluster which comprises what has since been called U-Britain, New Island, etc. 1595 Mandana on the 9th of April 1595 Mandana with intentions to settle these islands sailed from Kalao with four ships and his discoveries in his route to the west were the Marquesas in the latitude of 10 degrees south the island of San Bernardo which I take to be the same that Commodore Byron calls the Isle of Danger after that Solitary Island in the latitude of 10 degrees 40 minutes south longitude 178 degrees west and lastly Santa Cruz which is undoubtedly the same that Captain Cataret calls Egmont Island in this last island Mandana with many of his companions died and the shattered remains of the squadron were conducted to Manila by Pedro Fernández de Kiros the chief pilot 1605 Jueros the same Jueros was the first sent out with a sole view of discovering a southern continent and indeed he seems to have been the first who had any idea of the existence of one he sailed from Kalao the 21st of December 1605 as pilot of the fleet commanded by Luis Paz de Torres consisting of two ships and a tender and steering to the west southwest on the 26th of January 1606 being then by their reckoning a thousand Spanish leagues from the coast of America they discovered a small low island in latitude 26 degrees south two days after they discovered another that was high with a plane on the top this is probably the same that Captain Cataret calls Pitcairns Island after leaving these islands Jueros seems to have directed his course to west northwest and northwest to 10 or 11 degrees south latitude and then westward till he arrived at the bay of St. Philip and Iago in the island of Tierra del Espirito Santo in this route he discovered several islands probably some of these that have been seen by later navigators on leaving the bay of St. Philip and St. Iago the two ships were separated Jueros with a Capetana stood to the north and returned to New Spain after having suffered greatly for want of provisions and water Torres were the Almoranta and the Tender steered to the west and seems to have been the first who sailed between New Holland and New Guinea 1615 La Mer and Shouten the next attempt to make discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean was conducted by La Mer and Shouten they sailed from the Texel on the 14th of June 1615 with the ships Concord and Horn the latter was burnt by accident in poor desire with the other they discovered the straits that bear the name of La Mer and were the first who ever entered the Pacific Ocean by the way of Cape Horn they discovered the island of dogs in latitude 15 degrees 15 minutes south longitude 136 degrees 30 minutes west Sondre Grante in 15 degrees south latitude and 143 degrees 10 minutes west longitude Vataland in 14 degrees 46 minutes south and 144 degrees 10 minutes west and 25 leagues westward of this Fly Island in latitude 15 degrees 20 minutes Traitors and Cocos Islands in latitude 15 degrees 43 minutes south longitude 173 degrees 13 minutes west two degrees more to the westward the Isle of Hope and in the latitude of 14 degrees 56 minutes south longitude 179 degrees 30 minutes east Horn Island they next coasted the north side of New Britain and New Guinea and arrived at Batavia in October 1616 1642 Tasman except some discoveries on the western and northern coasts of New Holland no important voyage to the Pacific Ocean was undertaken until 1642 when Captain Tasman sailed from Batavia with two ships belonging to the Dutch East India Company and discovered Van Diemen's land a small part of the western coast of New Zealand the friendly Isles and those called Prince Williams 1594 Sir Richard Hawkins thus far I have thought it best not to interrupt the progress of discovery in the South Pacific Ocean otherwise I should before have mentioned that Sir Richard Hawkins in 1594 being about 50 leagues to the eastward of the River Plate by a storm to the eastward of his intended course and when the weather grew moderate steering towards the Straits of Magellans he unexpectedly fell in with land about 60 leagues of which he coasted and has very particularly described this he named Hawkins Maidenland in honor of his royal mistress, Queen Elizabeth and says it lies some three-score leagues from the nearest part of South America 1689 Strong this land was afterwards discovered to be two large islands by Captain John Strong of the farewell from London who in 1689 passed through the Straits that divides the eastern from the western of those islands to this straight he gave the name of Falkland Sound in honor of his patron Lord Falkland and the name has since been extended to the two islands it separates having mentioned these islands I will add that future navigators will misspend their time if they look for Peeps Island in 47 degrees south it being now certain that Peeps Island is none other than these islands of Falkland 1675 La Roche in April 1675 Anthony La Roche an English merchant in his return from the South Pacific Ocean where he had been on a trading voyage being carried by the winds and currents far to the east of straight La Mer fell in with a coast which may possibly be the same with that which I visited during this voyage and have called the island of Georgia leaving this land and sailing to the north La Roche in the latitude of 45 degrees south discovered a large island with a good port towards the eastern part where he found wood, water and fish 1699 Haley in 1699 that celebrated astronomer Dr. Edmund Haley was appointed to the command of his majesty's ship the Paramore Pink on an expedition for improving the knowledge of the longitude and of the variation of the compass and for discovering the unknown lands supposed to lie on the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean in this voyage he determined the longitude of several places and after his return constructed his variation chart and proposed a method of observing the longitude at sea by means of the impulses and occultations of the fixed stars but though he so successfully attended to the two first articles of instructions he did not find any unknown southern land 1721 Rogovine the Dutch in 1721 fitted out three ships to make discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean under the command of Admiral Rogovine he left the Texel on the 21st of August and arriving in that ocean by going round Cape Horn discovered Easter Island probably seen before though not visited by Davis footnote see Vazer's description of the Isthmus of Darien end footnote then between 14°41 minutes and 15°47 minutes south latitude and between the longitude of 142° and 150°W fell in with several other islands which I take to be some of those seen by the later English navigators he next discovered two islands in latitude 15°S longitude 170°W which he calls Baumann's Islands and lastly, Single Island in latitude 13°41 minutes south longitude 171°30 minutes west these three islands are undoubtedly the same that Bougainville calls the Isles of Navigators 1738 Bouvette in 1738 the French East India Company sent L'Ocier Bouvette with two ships, the Eagle and Mary to make discoveries in the South Atlantic Ocean he sailed from Port Laurent on the 19th of July in that year touched at the island of St. Catherine and from thence shaped his course towards the south east on the 1st of January 1739 he discovered land or what he judged to be land in latitude 54°S longitude 11°E it will appear in the course of the following narrative that we made several attempts to find this land without success it is therefore very probable that what Bouvette saw was nothing more than a large ice island from hence he stood to the east in 51°L to 35°E longitude after which the two ships separated one going to the island of Mauritius and the other returning to France after this voyage of Bouvette the spirit of discovery ceased till his present majesty formed a design of making discoveries and exploring the southern hemisphere and in the year 1764 directed to be put in execution 1764 a Byron accordingly Commodore Byron having under his command the Dolphin and Tana sailed from the Downs on the 21st of June the same year and having visited the Falkland Islands passed through the Straits and Magellans into the Pacific Ocean where he discovered the islands of disappointment Georges, Prince of Wales the Isles of Danger, York Island and Byron Island 1766 Wallace he returned to England the 9th of May 1766 and in the month of August following the Dolphin was again sent out under the command of Captain Wallace with a swallow commanded by Captain Catherine they proceeded together till they came to the west end of the Straits and Magellans and the Great South Sea in sight where they were separated Captain Wallace directed his course more westerly than any navigator had done before him in so high a latitude but met with no land till he got within the Tropic where he discovered the islands of which Sunday Queen Charlotte, Egmont Duke of Gloucester Duke of Cumberland La Tea Otehite Aimeo Tafamanu Hau Silly Bascarbon Keppel and Wallace and returned to England in May 1768 Cateret his companion Captain Cateret kept a different route in which he discovered the islands of Osnaburg Gloucester Queen Charlotte's Isles Cateret's Gowers and the strait between New Britain and New Ireland and returned to England in March 1769 1766 Bougainville In November 1766 Commodore Bougainville sailed from France in the frigate La Boudreuse with the store ship La Troie After spending some time on the coast of Brazil and at Falkland Islands he got into the Pacific Sea by the Straits and Magellans in January 1768 In this ocean he discovered the four Farcadines the Isle of Lancius and Harp Island which I take to be the same that I afterwards called Lagoon Thrumcap and Bow Island About twenty leagues farther to the west he discovered four other islands Afterwards fell in with my tear, Otahiti Isles of Navigators and Fallone Hope which to him when you discover is he then passed through between the Hebrides discovered the Shoal of Diana and some others the Land of Cape Deliverance several islands more to the north passed the north of New Ireland touched at Batavia and arrived in France in March 1769 This year was rendered remarkable by a transit of the planet Venus over the sun's disk a phenomenon of great importance to astronomy and which everywhere engaged the attention of the learned in that science In the beginning of the year 1768 the Royal Society presented a memorial to his majesty setting forth the advantages to be derived from accurate observations of this transit in different parts of the world particularly from a set of such observations made in a southern latitude between the 140th and 130th degrees of longitude west from the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and that vessels properly equipped would be necessary to convey the observers to their destined stations but that the society were in no condition to defray the expense of such an undertaking In consequence of this memorial the Ray Admiralty were directed by his majesty to provide proper vessels for this purpose Accordingly the Endeavour Bark which had been built for the coal trade was purchased and fitted out for the southern voyage and I was honoured with the command of her The Royal Society soon after appointed me in conjunction with Mr Charles Green's the astronomer to make the requisite observations on the transit It was at first intended to form this great and now a principal business of our voyage Either at the Marquesas or else at one of those islands which Tasman had called Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Middelburg now better known under the name of the friendly islands But while the Endeavour was getting ready for the expedition Captain Wallace returned from his voyage round the world in the course of which he had discovered several islands in the southern sea and among others Otahiti This island was preferred to any of those before mentioned on account of the conveniences it afforded because its place had been well ascertained and found to be extremely well suited to our purpose I was therefore ordered to proceed directly to Otahiti and after astronomical observations should be completed to prosecute the design of making discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean by proceeding to the South as far as the latitude of 40 degrees Then if I found no land to proceed to the west between 40 degrees and 35 degrees till I fell in with New Zealand which I was to explore and then to return to England by such route as I should think proper 1768 Cook's first voyage In the prosecution of these instructions I sailed from Depford the 30th July 1768 from Plymouth the 26th of August touched at Madeira, Rio de Janeiro and Strait's La Mer and entered the South Pacific Ocean by Cape Horn in January the following year I endeavoured to make a direct course to Otahiti and in part succeeded but I made no discovery till I got within the tropic when I fell in with Lagoon Island two groups, Bird Island, Chain Island and on the 13th of April arrived at Otahiti where I remained three months during which time the observations on the transit were made I then left it discovered and visited the Society Islands and Ohetaroa then proceeded to the south till I arrived in the latitude of 40 degrees 22 minutes longitude 147 degrees 29 minutes west and on the 6th of October fell in with the east side of New Zealand I continued exploring the coast of this country till the 31st of March 1770 when I quitted it and proceeded New Holland and having surveyed the eastern part of that vast country which part had not before been visited I passed between its northern extremity in New Guinea landed on the latter touched at the island of Savu, Batavia the Cape of Good Hope and St Helena footnote in the account given of St Helena in the narrative of my form of voyage I find two mistakes its inhabitants are far from exercising a wanton cruelty over their slaves and they have had wheel carriages and porters knots for many years end footnote and arrived in England on the 12th of July 1771 in this voyage I was accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander the first a gentleman of ample fortune the other an accomplished disciple of Linnaeus and one of the librarians of the British Museum both of them distinguished in the learned world for their extensive and accurate knowledge of natural history these gentlemen animated by the love of science and by a desire to pursue their inquiries in the remote regions I was preparing to visit desired permission to make a voyage with me the Admiralty readily complied with a request that promised such advantage to the Republic of Letters they accordingly embarked with me and participated in all the dangers and sufferings of our tedious and fatiguing navigation the voyages of Messas de Serville Kergoulon and Marion of which some account is given in the following work did not come to my knowledge time enough to afford me any advantage and as they have not been communicated to the world in a public way I can say little about them or about two other voyages which I am told have been made by the Spaniards one to Easter Island in the year 1769 and the other to Otahiti in 1775 End of Introduction Part 1 Introduction Part 2 of A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Around the World Volume 1 by James Cook This LibriVox recording is in the public domain Recording by David Cole Introduction Part 2 Before I begin my narrative of the expedition entrusted to my care it will be necessary to add here some account of its equipment and of some other matters equally interesting and with my subject Soon after my return home in the Endeavour it was resolved to equip two ships to complete the discovery of the Southern Hemisphere The nature of this voyage required ships of a particular construction and the Endeavour being gone to Falklands Isles as a store ship the navy board was directed to purchase two such ships as were most suitable for this service Other opinions were espoused by different people touching the size and kind of vessels most proper for such a voyage some were for having large ships and proposed those of 40 guns or East India Company ships Others preferred large good sailing frigates or three decked ships employing the Jamaica trade fitted with roundhouses but of all it was said to the admiralty's consideration on this subject as far as come to my knowledge what in my opinion was most to the purpose was suggested by the navy board as the kind of ships most proper to be employed on discoveries is a very interesting consideration to the adventures in such undertakings it may possibly be of use to those who in future may be so employed to give here the purport of the sentiments of the navy board thereon with whom after the experience of two voyages of three years each I perfectly agree the success of such undertakings as making discoveries in distant parts of the world will principally depend on the preparations being well adapted to what ought to be the first considerations namely the preservation of the adventurers and ships and this will ever chiefly depend on the kind, the size and the properties of the ships chosen for the service these primary considerations will not admit of any other that may interfere with the necessary properties of the ships therefore in choosing the ships should any of the most advantageous properties be wanting and the necessary room in them be in any degree diminished for less important purposes such a step would be laying a foundation for entering the undertaking abortive in the first instance as the greatest danger to be apprehended and provided against on a voyage of discovery especially to the most distant parts of the globe is that of the ships being liable to be run aground on an unknown, desert or perhaps savage coast so no consideration should be set in competition with that of her being of a construction of the safest kind in which the officers may with the least hazard venture upon a strange coast a ship of this kind must not be of a great draft of water yet of a sufficient burden and capacity to carry a proper quantity of provisions and necessaries for her compliment of men and for the time requisite to perform the voyage she must also be of a construction that will bear to take the ground and other size which in case of necessity may be safely and conveniently laid on shore to repair any accidental damage or defect these properties are not to be found in ships of war of 40 guns nor in frigates nor in East India Company ships nor in large three decked West India ships nor indeed in any other but North Country built ships or such as are built for the coal trade which are peculiarly adapted to this purpose in such a vessel an able sea officer will be most venturesome and better enabled to fulfil his instructions than he possibly can or indeed that would be prudent for him to attempt in one of any other sort or size upon the whole I am firmly of opinion that no ships are so proper for discoveries in distant unknown parts as those constructed as was the endeavour in which I performed my form of voyage for no ships of any other kind can contain stores and provisions sufficient in proportion to the necessary number of men considering the length of time will be necessary they should last and even if another kind of ships would stow a sufficiency yet on arriving at the parts for discovery they would still from the nature of their construction and size be less fit for the purpose hence it may be concluded so little progress had been hitherto made in discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere for all ships which attempted it before the endeavour were unfit for it although the officers employed in them had done the utmost in their power it was upon this consideration that the endeavour was chosen for that voyage it was to those properties in her that those on board owed their preservation and hence we were enabled to prosecute discoveries in those seas so much longer than any other ship ever did or could do and although discovery was not the first object of that voyage I convention to traverse a far greater space of sea till then unnavigated to discover greater tracts of country in high and low southern latitude and to persevere longer in exploring and surveying more correctly the extensive coasts of those newly discovered countries than any former navigator perhaps done during one voyage in short those properties in the ships with perseverance and resolution in their commanders will enable them to execute their orders to go beyond former discoverers and to continue to Britain the reputation of taking the lead of nations in exploring the grove these considerations concurring with Lord Sandwich's opinion on the same subject the Admiralty determined to have two such ships as I here recommend it accordingly two were purchased of Captain William Hammond of Hull they were both built at Whitby by the same person who built the endeavour being about 14 or 16 months old at the time they were purchased and were, in my opinion as well adapted to the intended service as if they had been built for the purpose the largest of the two was 462 tonnes burden she was named Resolution and sent to Deptford to be equipped the other was 336 tonnes burden she was named Adventure and sent to be equipped at Woolwich it was at first proposed to sheath them with copper but on considering that copper corrode the ironwork especially about the rudder this intentions laid aside and the old method of sheathing and fitting pursuit as being the most secure for although it was usual to make the rubber bands of the same composition it was not, however, so durable as iron nor would it, I am well assured last out such a voyage as the Resolution performed therefore till remedy is found to prevent the effect of copper upon ironwork it would not be advisable to use it on a voyage of this kind as the principal fasting to the ship being iron they may be destroyed on the 28th of November 1771 I was appointed to the command of the Resolution and Tobias Verneau who had been second lieutenant with Captain Wallace was promoted on this occasion to the command of the Adventures Our compliments of Officers and Men were fixed as in the following table Resolution Officers and Men Officers' Names Captain Juan James Cook Lieutenant's Three Robert P. Cooper Charles Clerker Richard Pickersgill Master Juan Joseph Gilbert Boson Juan James Gray Carpenter Juan James Wallace Gunner Juan Robert Anderson Surgeon Juan James Patton Masters Mates Three Midshipman Six Surgeons Mates Two Captain's Clerk One Master at Arms One Corporal One Armourer One Armours Mate One Sailmaker One Boson's Mate Three Carpenter's Mate Three Gunner's Mate Two Carpenter's Crews Four Cook One Cook's Mate One Quartermaster Six Abel Seaman Forty-Five Marines Lieutenant One John Edgecomb Sergeant One Corporals Two Drama One Privates Fifteen Twelve Adventure Officers and Men Officers' Names Captain One Tobias Fernow Lieutenant's Three Joseph Schenck Arthur Kemper Master One Peter Fannin Boson One Edward Johns Carpenter One William Offord Gunner One Andrew Gloge Surgeon One Thomas Andrews Masters Mates Two Midshipman Four Surgeons Mates Two Captain's Clerk One Master at Arms One Master at Arms Mate One Sailmaker One Sailmaker's Mate One Boson's Mate One Carpenter's Mate Two Gunner's Mate Two Midshipman Four Surgeons Mates Two Captain's Clerk One Carpenter's Mate Two Carpenter's Cruise One Cook Four Cook's Mate One Quartermasters Four Abel Seaman Thirty-Three Marines Lieutenant One James Scott Sergeant One Corporals One Drama One Privates Eight Total Eighty One I had all the reason in the world to be perfectly satisfied with the choice of the officers. The second and third lieutenants, the Lieutenant of Marines, two of the warrant officers, and several of the petty officers had been with me during the form of voyage. The others were men of known abilities, and all of them on every occasion showed their zeal for the service in which they were employed during the whole voyage. In the equipping of these ships they were not confined to ordinary establishments, but were fitted in the most complete manner, and supplied with every extra article that was suggested to be necessary. Lord Samwich paid an extraordinary attention to this equipment by visiting the ships from time to time to satisfy himself that the whole was completed to his wish and as the satisfaction of those who were to embark in them. Nor were the Navy in vituling boards wanting and providing them with the very best of stores and provisions, and whatever else was necessary for so long a voyage. Some alterations were adopted in the species of provisions usually made use of in the Navy. That is, we were supplied with wheat in lieu of so much oatmeal and sugar in lieu of so much oil, and when completed each ship had two years and a half provisions on board of all species. We had besides many extra articles such as malt, sauerkraut, salted cabbage, portable broth, saloupe, mustard, marmalade of carrots, and the inspeciated juice of wort and beer. Some of these articles had before been found to be highly anti-scorboerotic, and others were now sent out on trial or by way of experiment. The inspecated juice of beer and wort and marmalade of carrots especially. As several of these anti-scorboerotic articles are not generally known, a more particular account of them may not be amiss. Of malt is made sweet wort, which is given to such persons as have got the scurvy, or whose habit of body threatens them with it from one to five or six pints a day as the surgeon sees necessary. Sauerkraut is cabbage cut small, to which is put a little salt due to the berries and any seeds. It is then fermented and afterwards close packed in casks, in which state it will keep a good long time. This is a wholesome vegetable food and a great anti-scorboerotic. The allowance to each man is two pounds a week, but I increased or diminished their allowance as I thought proper. Salted cabbage is cabbage cut to pieces and salted down in casks, which will preserve it a long time. Portable broth is so well known that it needs no description. We were supplied with it both for the sick and well, and it was exceedingly beneficial. Sauerkraut and rob of lemons and oranges were for the sick and scorbotic only, and wholly under the surgeon's care. Sauerkraut's is the juice of yellow carrots, inspisated till it is of the thickness of fluid honey, or treacle, which last it resembles both in taste and color. It was recommended by Baron Storch of Berlin as a very great anti-scorboerotic, but we did not find that it had much of this quality. For the inspisated juice of wort and beer, the commissioner's the vituling office. This gentleman, some years ago, considered that if the juice of wort, either as beer or wort, were inspisated by evaporation, it is probable this inspisated juice would keep good at sea, and if so, a supply of beer might be had at any time by mixing it with water. Mr. Pelham made several experiments, which succeeded so well that the commissioners caused thirty-one-half barrels of this juice to be prepared and sent out with our ships for trial. Nineteen on board the resolution, and the remainder on board the adventure. The success of these experiments will be mentioned in the narrative in the order as they were made. The frame of a small vessel, twenty tons burden, was properly prepared and put on board each of the ships to be set up, to serve as tenders upon any emergency, or to transport the crew in case the ship was lost. We were also well provided with fishing nets, lions, and hooks of every kind for catching a fish. And in order to enable us to procure refreshments in such inhabited parts of the world as we might touch at, where money was of no value, the admiralty caused to be put on board both the ships, several articles of merchandise, as well to trade with the natives for provisions, as to make them presents to gain their friendship and esteem. Their lordships also caused a number of medals to be struck, the one side representing His Majesty and the other to the two ships. These medals were to be given to the natives of new discovered countries, and left there as testimonies of our being the first discoverers. Some additional clothing adapted to a cold climate was put on board, to be given to the seamen whenever it was thought necessary. In short, nothing was wanting that could tend to promote the success of the undertaking or contribute to the conveniences and health of those who embarked in it. The admiralty showed no less attention to science in general by engaging Mr William Hodges, a landscape painter, to embark in this voyage, in order to make drawings and paintings of such places and the countries we should touch at, as might be proper to give a more perfect idea thereof, than could be formed from written descriptions only. And it being thought of public utility, that some persons skilled in natural history should be engaged to accompany me in this voyage, the Parliament granted an ample sum for the purpose, and Mr John Reinhold Forster and his son were pitched upon for this employment. The Board of Longitude agreed with Mr William Wales and Mr William Bailey to make astronomical observations, the former on board the resolution, and the latter on board the adventure. The great improvements which astronomy and navigation have met with from the many interesting observations they have made would have done honour to any person whose reputation for mathematical knowledge was not so well known as theirs. The same board furnished them with the best instruments for making both astronomical and nautical observations and experiments and likewise with four timepieces or watch machines three made by Mr Arnold and one made by Mr Kendall on Mr Harrison's principles. A particular account of the going of these watches has also the astronomical and nautical observations made by the astronomers has been before the public by order of the Board of Longitude under the inspection of Mr Wales. Besides the obligation I was under to this gentleman for communicating to me the observations he made from time to time during the voyage. I have since been indebted to him for the peruse love his journal, with leave to take from it whatever I thought might contribute to the improvement of this work. For the convenience of the generality of readers I have reduced the time from the nautical to the civil computations so that whenever the terms AM and PM are used the former signifies the forenoon and the latter the afternoon of the same day. In all the courses, bearings, etc. the variation of the compass is allowed unless the country is expressed. And now it may be necessary to say that as I am on the point of sailing on a third expedition I leave this account of my last voyage in the hands of some friends who, in my absence have kindly accepted the office of correcting the press for me who am pleased to think that what I have here to relate is better to be given in my own words than in the words of another person, especially as it is a work designed for information and not merely for amusement in which it is their opinion that candor and fidelity will counterbalance the want of ornament. I shall therefore conclude this introductory discourse with desiring the reader to excuse the inaccuracies of style which doubtless he will frequently meet with in the following narrative, and that when such a cure he will recollect that it is the production of a man who has not had the advantage of much school education but who has been constantly seen from his youth. And though with the assistance of a few good friends he has passed through all the stations belonging to a seaman from an apprentice boy in the coal trade to a post-captain in the Royal Navy, he has had no opportunity of cultivating letters. After this account of myself the public must not expect from me the elegance of a fine writer or the plausibility of a professed bookmaker, but will I hope consider me as a plain man zealously exerting himself in the service of his country and determined to give the best account he is able to do with these proceedings? James Cook, Plymouth Sound, July 7, 1776 End of Introduction Part 2 Book 1, Chapter 1 Part 1 of Avoid Towards the South Pole and Round the World, Volume 1 by James Cook This LibriVox recording is in the public domain Recording by David Cole, Medway, Massachusetts Book 1 from our departure from England to leaving the Society Isles for the first time Chapter 1, Passage from Debtford to the Cape of Good Hope with an account of several incidents that happened by the way and transactions there Chapter 2, April I sailed from Debtford April 9, 1772 but got no farther than Woolwich when I was detained by easterly winds till the 23rd when the ship fell down to long reach and the next day was joined by the adventure. Here both ships received on board their powder, guns, gunners, stores and marines in May. On the 10th of May we left at long reach with orders to touch at Plymouth but in plying down the river the resolution was found to be very crank which made it necessary to put into sheerness in order to remove this evil by making some alteration in her upper works. These the officers of the yard were ordered to take in hand immediately and the officer came down to see them executed in such a manner as might effectually answer the purpose intended. 1772 June On the 22nd of June the ship was again completed for sea when I sailed from sheerness and on the 3rd of July joined the adventure in Plymouth Sound The evening before we met off the sound Lord Samwich Guster Yacht who was on his return from visiting the several Jockyards with the glory frigate and hazard sloop we saluted his lordship with 17 guns and soon after he and Sir Hugh Palliser gave us the last mark of the very great attention they had paid to this equipment by coming on board to satisfy themselves that everything was done to my wish and that the ship was found to answer to my satisfaction At Plymouth I received my instructions dated the 25th of June directing me to take under my command the adventure to make the best of my way to the island of Madeira there to take in a supply of wine and then proceed to the Cape of Good Hope where I was to refresh the ship's companies and take on board such provisions and necessaries as I might stand in need of After leaving the Cape of Good Hope I was to proceed to the southward and endeavour to fall in with Cape Circumcision which was said by Montsieur Bouvet to lie in the latitude of 54 south and in about 11 degrees 20 minutes east longitude from Greenwich. If I discovered this Cape I was to satisfy myself whether it was a part of the continent which had so much engaged the attention of geographers and former navigators or a part of an island. If it proved to be the former I was to employ myself diligently in exploring as great an extent of it as I could and to make such notations thereon and observations of every kind as might be useful either to navigation or commerce or tend to the promotion of natural knowledge. I was also directed to observe the genius, temper, position and number of the inhabitants if there were any and endeavour by all proper means to cultivate a friendship and alliance with them, making them presence of such things as they might value, inviting them to traffic and showing them every kind of civility in regard. I was to continue to employ myself on this service and making discoveries either to the eastward or westward as my situation might render most eligible, keeping in as high a latitude as I could and prosecuting my discoveries as near to the south pole as possible so long as the condition of the ships, the health of the crews and the state of their provisions would admit of. Taking care to reserve as much of the latter as would enable me to reach some known port where I was to procure as sufficiency to bring me home to England. But if Cape's circumcision should prove to be part of an island only, or if I should not be able to find the said Cape, I was in the first case to make the necessary survey of the island and then to stand on to the southward so long as I judged there was a likelihood of falling in with the continent which I was also to do in the latter case and then to proceed to the eastward in further search of the said continent as well as to make discoveries of such islands as might be situated in that unexplored part of the southern hemisphere keeping in high latitudes and prosecuting my discoveries as above mentioned as near to the pole as possible until I had circumnavigated the globe, after which I was to proceed to the Cape of Good Hope and from thence to speed head. In the prosecution of these discoveries wherever the season of the year rendered unsafe for me to continue in high latitudes, I was to retire to some known place to the northward to refresh my people and refit the ships and to return again to the southward as soon as the season of the year would admit of it. In all unforeseen cases I was authorized to proceed according to my own discretion and in case the resolution should be lost or disabled I was to prosecute the voyage on board the adventure. I gave a copy of these instructions to Captain Fernau with an order directing him to carry them into execution and in case he was separated from me appointed the island of Madeira for the first place of rendezvous, Port Praia in the island of Santiago for the second, Cape of Good Hope for the third and New Zealand for the fourth. During our stay at Plymouth messes Wales and Bailey the two astronomers made observations on Drake's island in order to ascertain the latitude, longitude and true time for putting the timepieces and watches in motion. The latitude was found to be 50 degrees 21 minutes 30 seconds north and the longitude 4 degrees 20 minutes west of Greenwich which in this voyage is everywhere to be understood as the first meridian and from which the longitude is reckoned east and west to 180 degrees each way. 1772 July On the 10th of July the watches were set are going in the presence of the two astronomers Captain Fernau the first lieutenants of the ships and myself and put on board. The two on board the adventure were made by Mr Arnold and also one of those on board the resolution. But the other was made by Mr Kendall upon the same principle in every respect as Mr Harrison's timepiece. The commander first lieutenant and astronomer on board each of the ships kept each of them keys of the boxes which contain the watches and were always to be present at the winding them up and comparing the one with the other or some other officer if at any time through indisprecision or absence upon any other necessary duties any of them could not conveniently attend. The same day according to the customer of the navy the companies of both ships were paid two months wages in advance and as a further encouragement of their going this extraordinary voyage they were also paid the wages due to them to the 28th of the preceding May. This enabled them to provide necessarys for the voyage. On the 13th at six o'clock in the morning I sailed for Plymouth Sound with the adventure in company and on the evening of the 29th anchored in Funchiali Road in the island of Madeira. The next morning I saluted the garrison with 11 guns which compliment was immediately returned. Soon after I went on shore accompanied by Captain Fernau the two Mr. Forsters and Mr. Wales. At our landing we were received by a gentleman from the Vice Consul Mr. Sills who conducted us to the house of Mr. Loughnance the most considerable English merchant in the place. This gentleman not only obtained leave for Mr. Forster to search the island for plants but procured us every other thing we wanted and insisted on our accommodating ourselves at each house during our stay. The town of Funchiali which is the capital of the island is situated about the middle of the south side in the bottom of the bay of the same name in latitude 32 degrees 33 minutes 34 seconds north longitude 17 degrees 12 and 7 8 seconds west. The longitude was deduced from lunar observations made by Mr. Wales and reduced to the town by Mr. Kendall's watch which made the longitude 17 degrees 10 minutes 14 seconds west. During our stay here the crews of both ships were supplied with fresh beef and onions and a quantity of the latter was distributed among them for a sea-store. 1772 August having got on board a supply of water wine and other necessaries we left Madeira on the first of August and stood to the southward with a fine gale at northeast. On the fourth we passed Parma one of the Canary Isles it is of a height that we see in 12 or 14 leagues and lies in the latitude 28 degrees 38 minutes north longitude 17 degrees 58 minutes west. The next day we saw the Isle of Ferro and passed it at a distance of 14 leagues. I judged it to lie in the latitude of 27 degrees 42 minutes north and longitude 18 degrees 9 minutes west. I now made three punctions of beer of the inspisated juice of malt. The proportion I made use of was about 10 of water to one of juice. 15 of the 19 half barrels of the inspisated juice which we had on board were produced from wort that was hopped before inspisated. The other four were made of beer that had been both hopped and fermented before inspisated. This last requires no other preparation to make it fit for use than to mix it with cold water from one part in eight to one part in twelve of water or in such other proportion as might be light. Then stop it down and in a few days it will be brisk and drinkable. But the other sort after being mixed with water in the same manner will require to be fermented with yeast in the usual way of making beer at least it was so thought. However experience taught us that this will not always be necessary for by the heat of the weather and the agitation of the ship both sorts were at this time in the higher state of fermentation and at hitherto evaded all our endeavours to stop it if this juice could be kept from fermenting it certainly would be a most valuable article at sea. On finding that our stock of water would not last as to the Cape of Good Hope without putting the people to a scanty allowance I resolved to stop at St. Yago for a supply On the ninth at nine o'clock in the morning we made the island of Bonavista bearing south west. The next day we passed the Isle of Mayo on the right and the same evening anchored in Port Praia in the island of St. Yago in eighteen fathoms water. The east point of the bay bore east, the west point south west a half south and the fort northwest. I immediately dispatched an officer to ask leave to water and purchase refreshments which was granted. On the return of the officer I saluted the fort with eleven guns on the promise of it being returned with an equal number. But by a mistake as they pretended the salute was returned with only nine for which the governor made an excuse the next day The fourteenth in the evening having completed our water and got on board a supply of refreshments such as hogs goats fowls and fruit we put to sea and proceeded on our voyage. Port Praia is in a small bay situated about the middle of the south side of the island of St. Yago in the latitude of fourteen degrees fifty three minutes thirty seconds north longitude twenty three degrees thirty minutes west. It may be known especially when coming from the east by the southernmost hill on the island which is round and peaked atop and lies a little way inland in the direction of west from the port. This mark is the more necessary as there is a small cove about a league to the eastward with a sandy beach in the bottom of it a valley and coconut trees behind which strangers may mistake for Port Praia as we ourselves did The two points which form the entrance of Port Praia Bay are rather low and in the direction of west southwest and east northeast half a league from each other. Close to the west point are sunken rocks on which the sea continually breaks The bay lies in northwest near half a league and the depth of water is from fourteen to four fathoms Large ships ought not to anchor in less than eight steps the south end of the green island. A small island lying under the west shore will bear west You water at a well that is behind the beach at the head of the bay The water is tolerable but scarce and bad getting off on account of a great surf on the beach The refreshments we got here are bullocks, hogs, goat, sheep, poultry and fruits. The goats are of the antelope kind, so extraordinarily lean that hardly anything can equal them and the bullocks, hogs and sheep are not much better. Bullocks must be purchased with money The price is twelve Spanish dollars ahead weighing between two fifty and three hundred pounds Other articles may be got from the natives in exchange for old clothes etc But the sale of bullocks is confined to a company of merchants to whom this privilege is granted and who keep an agent residing upon the spot. The fort above mentioned seems wholly designed for the protection of the bay and is well situated for that purpose, being built on an elevation which rises directly from the sea on the right at the head of the bay We had no sooner got clear off Port Prayer than we got a fresh gale at north northeast which blew in squalls, attended with showers of rain But the next day the wind and showers abated and veered to the south It was, however, variable and unsettled for several days accompanied with dark gloomy weather and showers of rain On the nineteenth in the afternoon one of the carpenter's mates fell overboard and was drowned He was over the side, fitting in one of the scuttles It is supposed he had fallen, for he was not seen till the very instant he sunk under the ship's stern when our endeavours to save him were too late This loss was sensibly felt during the voyage as he was a sober man and a good workman About noon the next day the rain poured down upon us, not in drops but in streams The wind at the same time was variable and squally which obliged the people to attend the decks so that few in the ships escaped to good soaking We, however, benefited by it as it gave us an opportunity of filling all our empty water casks This heavy rain at last brought on a dead calm which continued twenty-four hours when it was succeeded by a breeze from southwest betwixt this point in south It continued for several days and blew at times in squalls attended with rain and hot, salty weather The mercury in the thermometers at noon kept generally from seventy-nine to eighty-two On the twenty-seven spoke with Captain Ferneau who informed us that one of his petty officers was dead At this time we had not won sick on board although we had everything of this kind to fear from the rain we had had which is a great promoter of sickness in hot climates To prevent this and agreeable to some hints I had from Sir Hugh Palliser and from Captain Campbell I took every necessary precaution by airing and drying the ship with fires made between sticks, smoking, etc. and by obliging the people to air their bedding wash and dry their clothes whenever there was an opportunity An neglect of these things causes a disagreeable smell below affects the air and seldom fails to bring on sickness but more especially in hot and wet weather We now began to see some of those birds which are said never to fly far from land that is manna-war and tropic birds, gannets, etc. No lend, however, that we knew of could be nearer than eighty leagues On the thirtieth at noon being in the latitude of two degrees thirty-five minutes north longitude seven degrees thirty minutes west and the wind having veered to the east of south we tacked and stretched to the south west in the latitude of zero degrees fifty-two minutes north longitude nine degrees twenty-five minutes west we had one calm day which gave us an opportunity of trying the current in a boat we found it set to the north one-third of a mile an hour we had reason to expect this from the difference we frequently found between the observed latitude and that given by the log and Mr. Kendall's watch showed us that it was set to the east also this was fully confirmed by the lunar observations when it appeared that we were three degrees zero minutes more to the east than the common reckoning at the time of trying the current the mercury in the thermometer in the open air stood at seventy-five and a half and when immersed in the surface of the sea at seventy-four but when immersed eighty phasms deep where it remained fifteen minutes when it came up the mercury stood at sixty-six at the same time we sounded without our finding the bottom a line of two hundred and fifty phasms the calm was succeeded by a light breeze at southwest which kept varying by a little until to the south and at last to the eastward of south attended with clear serene weather end of book one chapter one part one book one chapter one part two of a voyage towards the south pole and round the world volume one by James Cook this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by David Cole Midway Massachusetts chapter one passage from Depford to the Cape of Good Hope part two seventeen seventy-two September at length on the eighth of September we crossed the line in the longitude of eight degrees west after which the ceremony of ducking etc generally practiced on this occasion was not omitted the wind now veering more and more to the east and blowing a gentle top gallant gale in eight days it carried us into the latitude nine degrees thirty minutes south longitude eighteen degrees west the weather was pleasant and we daily saw some of those birds which are looked upon as signs of the vicinity of land such as boobies, man of war, tropic birds and gannets we suppose they came from the Isle of Saint Matthew or Ascension which Isles we must have passed at no great distance on the twenty seventh in the latitude of twenty five degrees twenty nine minutes longitude twenty four degrees fifty four minutes we discovered a sail to the west standing after us she was a snow and the colors she showed either a Portuguese or some George's Ensign the distance being too great to distinguish the one from the other and I did not choose to wait to get nearer or to speak with her the wind now began to be variable it first veered to the north where it remained two days with fair weather afterwards it came round by the west to the south where it remained two days longer and after a few hours calm sprung up at southwest but here it remained not long before it veered to south south east and to the north of east blue fresh and by squalls with showers of rain seventeen seventy two October with these winds we advanced but slowly and without meeting with anything remarkable till the eleventh of October when at six hours twenty four minutes twelve seconds by Mr. Kendall's watch the moon rose about four digits eclipsed and soon after we prepared to observe the end of the eclipse as follows by me at six hours fifty three minutes fifty one seconds with a common refractor by Mr. Forster six hours fifty five minutes twenty three seconds by Mr. Wales six hours fifty four minutes fifty seven seconds quadrant telescope by Mr. Pickersgill six hours fifty five minutes thirty seconds three feet refractor by Mr. Gillett six hours fifty three minutes twenty four seconds naked eye by Mr. Hervey six hours fifty five minutes thirty four seconds quadrant telescope mean six hours fifty four minutes forty six and a half seconds by the watch watch slow of apparent time three minutes fifty nine seconds apparent time six hours fifty eight minutes forty five and a half seconds end of the eclipse ditto seven hours twenty five minutes zero seconds at Greenwich difference of longitude zero hours twenty six minutes forty and a half seconds equivalent to six degrees thirty three minutes thirty seconds of longitude the longitude observed by Mr. Wales was by the moon and Aquilae five degrees fifty one minutes by the moon and Aldebaran six degrees thirty five minutes mean six degrees thirty minutes zero seconds by Mr. Kendall's watch six degrees fifty three seven eights minutes the next morning having but little wind we hoisted a boat out to try if there was any current but found none from this time to the sixteenth we had the wind between the north and east a gentle gale we had for some time ceased to see any of the birds before mentioned and were now accompanied by albatrosses pintados, shearwaters, etc and a small gay petrol less than a pigeon it had a whitish belly and grey back with a black stroke across from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other these birds sometimes visited us in great flights they are as well as the pintados southern birds and are I believe never seen within the tropics or north of the lion on the seventeenth we saw a sail to the northwest standing to the eastward which hoisted Dutch colours she kept us company for two days but the third we out sailed her on the twenty first at seven hours thirty minutes twenty seconds a.m. our longitude by the mean of to observe distances of the sun and moon was eight degrees four minutes thirty seconds east Mr. Kendall's watch at the same time gave seven degrees twenty two minutes our latitude was thirty five degrees twenty seconds north the wind was now easterly and continued on till the twenty third when it veered to the north and northwest after some hours calm in which we put a boat in the water and Mr. Forster shot some albatrosses and other birds on which we feasted the next day and found them exceedingly good at the same time we saw a seal or as some thought a sea lion which probably might be an inhabitant of one of the isles of Tristandocunia being now nearly in their latitude and have fired five degrees east of them the wind continued but two days at northwest and southwest then veered to the southeast where it remained two days longer then fixed at northwest which carried us to our intended port as we approached the land the seafowl which had accompanied us either to began to leave us at least they did not come in such numbers nor did we see gannets or the blackbird commonly called the Cape Hinn till we were nearly within sight of the Cape nor did we strike sounding until Penguin Island for a north northeast distant two or three leagues where we had fifty fathom water not but that the soundings might extend farther off however I am very sure that they do not extend very far west from the Cape for we could not find ground with a line of two hundred and ten fathoms twenty five leagues west of Table Bay the same at thirty five leagues and at sixty four leagues I sounded these three times in order to find a bank which I had been told lies to the west of the Cape but how far I never could learn I was told before I left England by some gentlemen who were well enough acquainted with the navigation between England and the Cape of Good Hope that we sailed at an improper season of the year and that I should meet with much calm weather near and under the lion this probably may be the case some years it is however not general on the contrary we hardly met with any calms but a brisk southwest wind in those very latitudes where the calms were expected nor did we meet with any of those tornadoes so much spoken of by other navigators however what they have said of the current setting towards the coast of Guinea as you approach that shore is true four from the time of our leaving Santiago to our arrival in the latitude of one and a half degrees north which was eleven days we were carried by the current three degrees of longitude more east than our reckoning on the other hand after we had crossed the lion and got to the southeast trade wind we always found by observation that the ship outstripped the reckoning which we judged to be owing to a current setting between the south and west but on the whole the currents in this run seemed to balance each other for upon our arrival at the Cape the difference of longitude by a dead reckoning kept from England without once being corrected was only three quarters of a degree less than that by observation at two in the afternoon on the twenty ninth we made the land of the Cape of Good Hope the Table Mountain which is over the Cape Town bore east south east distance twelve or fourteen leagues at this time it was a good deal obscured by clouds otherwise it might from its height have been seen at a much greater distance we now crowded all the sail we could thinking to get into the bay before dark but when we found this could not be accomplished we shortened sail and spent the night standing off and on between eight and nine o'clock the whole sea within the compass of our sight became at once as it were illuminated or what the seamen call all on fire this appearance of the sea in some degree is very common but the cause is not so generally known Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander had satisfied me it was occasioned by sea insects Mr. Forster however seemed not to favour this opinion I therefore had some buckets of water drawn off from alongside the ship which we found full of an innumerable quantity of small globular insects about the size of a common pin's head and quite transparent there was no doubt of there being living animals when in their own proper element though we could not perceive any life in them Mr. Forster, whose province it is more minutely to describe things of this nature was now well satisfied with the cause of the sea's illumination at length daylight came and brought us fair weather and having stood into Table Bay with the adventure in company we anchored in five fathom water we afterwards moored north-east and south-west green point on the west point of the bay bearing north-west by west and the church in one with the valley between the Table Mountain and the Sugarloaf or Lion's Head bearing south-west by south and from the landing-place near the fort, one mile we had no sooner anchored than we were visited by the captain of the port or master attendant some other officers belonging to the company and Mr. Brant this last gentleman brought us off such things as could not fail of being acceptable to persons coming from sea the purport of the master attendant's visit was according to custom to take an account of the ships to inquire into the health of the crews and in particular if the smallpox was on board a thing they dread above all others at the Cape and for these purposes a surgeon is always one of the visitors my first step after anchoring was to send an officer to wait on Baron Plattenberg the governor to acquaint him with our arrival and the reasons which induced me to put in there to this the officer received a very polite answer and upon his return we saluted the garrison with eleven guns which compliment was returned soon after I went on shore myself and waited upon the governor accompanied by Captain Fernau and the two Mr. Forsters he received us with very great politeness and promised me every assistance the place could afford from him I learned that two friendships from the Mauritius about eight months before had discovered land in the latitude of forty-eight degrees south and in the meridian of that island along which they sailed forty miles till they came to a bay in which they were about to enter when they were driven off and separated in a hard gale of wind after having lost some of their boats and people which they had sent to sound the bay one of the ships, Viz, La Fortune soon after arrived at the Mauritius the captain of which was sent home to France with an account of the discovery the governor also informed me that in March last two other friendships from the island of Mauritius touched at the Cape in their way to the South Pacific Ocean where they were going to make discoveries under the command of Monsieur Marion Etouro, the man, Monsieur de Vougenville brought from Haute-Héti was to have returned with Monsieur Marion had he been living after having visited the governor and some other principal persons of the place we fixed ourselves at Mr. Brantz the usual residence of most officers belonging to English ships this gentleman spares neither trouble nor expense to make his home agreeable to those who favour him with their company and to accommodate them with everything they want with him I concerted measures for supplying the ships with provisions and all other necessaries they wanted which he set about procuring without delay while the seamen on board were employed overhauling the rigging and the carpenters in caulking the ships sides and decks etc Messrs. Wales and Bailey got all their instruments on shore in order to make astronomical observations for ascertaining the going of the watches and other purposes the results of some of these observations showed that Mr. Kendall's watch had answered beyond all expectations by pointing out the longitude of this place to within one minute of time to what it was observed by Messrs. Mason and Dixon in 1761 three or four days after us two Dutch India men arrived here from Holland after a passage of between four and five months in which one lost by the scurvy and other putrid diseases 150 men and the other 41 they sent on their arrival great numbers to the hospital in very dreadful circumstances it is remarkable that one of these ships touched at Port Prayer and left it a month before we arrived there and which we got here three days before her the Dutch at the Cape having found their hospital too small for the reception of their sick were going to build a new one at the east part of the town the foundation of which was laid with great ceremony while we were there 1772 November by the healthy condition of the crews of both ships at our arrival I thought to have made my stay at the Cape very short but as the bread we wanted was unbaked and the spirit which I found scarce to be collected from different parts out of the country it was the 18th of November before we had got everything on board and the 22nd before we could put to sea during this day the crews of both ships were served every day with fresh beef or mutton new baked bread and as much greens as they could eat the ships were corked and painted and in every respect put in as good a condition as when they left England some alterations in the officers took place in the adventure Mr. Schenck, the first lieutenant having been in an ill state of health ever since we sailed from Plymouth and not finding himself recovering here desired my leave to quit in order to return home for the re-establishment of his health as his request appeared to be well founded I granted him leave accordingly and appointed Mr. Kemp first lieutenant in his room and Mr. Birney, one of my midshipmen second in the room of Mr. Kemp Mr. Forster, whose whole time was taken up in the pursuit of natural history and botany met with a Swedish gentleman one Mr. Sparman who understood something of these sciences having studied under Dr. Linnaeus he being willing to embark with us Mr. Forster strongly impotuned me to take him on board thinking he would be of great assistance to him in the course of the voyage I at last consented and he embarked with us accordingly as an assistant Mr. Forster who bore his expenses on board and allowed him a yearly stipend besides Mr. Hodges employed himself here in drawing a view of the Cape Town and parts adjacent in oil colours which was properly packed up with some others and left with Mr. Brant in order to be forwarded to the Admiralty by the first ship that should sail for England End of Chapter 1 Part 2