 Highbridge, a division of recorded books, presents The Big Ratchet, How Humanity Thrives in the Face of Natural Crisis, by Ruth DeFries, read by Pam Ward. In memory of my father, Mike DeFries, 1923 to 2013, whose curiosity about the world was contagious. Prologue. Scientists aren't supposed to cry. We couldn't help it. Our motley crew of American and Brazilian scientists was only midway through our mission. We had travelled hundreds of miles of dusty dirt roads, crisscrossing the southeastern part of Brazil's mighty Amazon forest. We were there to see if our reading of satellite pictures, taken hundreds of miles above the earth, was true on the ground. The pictures showed not just one or two, but hundreds of large tracts of burned patches and bare soil where majestic forests had stood just a year before. Our interpretation of the pictures was indeed accurate. Each time our caravan of two muddy cars navigated across streams and through potholes to a place where the satellite suggested a cleared patch, sure enough we found a huge swatch of bare ground and felled trees burned to make way for more profitable ventures. Finally, after coming across a particularly huge parcel, scorched and covered with ash, we sat down on a burnt log and looked at each other in despair. Tears welled up in an unguarded moment. Could this really be happening? So much beautiful forest burned and destroyed to put meat on dinner plates halfway around the world. This was the early 2000s when Bliro Magi, governor of the Brazilian state of Margrossa, was also on a mission. The state's name, which means dense forest in English, was quickly becoming a misnomer. Magi was known as the Heide Saja, the soybean king for his family's empire, the largest private soy producer in the world. He was paving roads and promoting clearing of the forest in pursuit of his goal to make the state a top producer of soybeans, a crop that was a newcomer to the Amazon. Trucks were carrying the harvested soy to the port for ships to carry across the oceans to Europe and Asia. European and Asian farmers were feeding the soy meal to cows, pigs and chickens to be slaughtered for someone's dinner. As heartbreaking as the scene in the Southeastern Amazon was to witness, we knew it was just a modern take on an age-old process. People had long ago demolished forests across North America, Europe and Asia, replacing them with more useful plants to eat. Sample complete. Ready to continue?