 So, we will again break for a session of activity but before that I would like to expand on one aspect as Sachin mentioned. Now when you do this first pass reading and the second pass reading, you would need to write down quickly what the basic question was and what is the hypothesis that they have found? What is the answer they have found? Hypothesis is basically an answer in this thing. So what is it that they have found? What is it they started to find and what is it that they have found? Now there is a nice way to structure the question and answer and I am going to give you a little bit a programmatic approach that if you follow this template you can quickly get to it. So that is what we will be stressing in this lecture. So basically there is a structure to the question and the answer. So basically you need a question and an answer should be clearly stated interrogative statement and the answer should match the question. So this is a structure of a question. A question has got three components, topic, the area of work, the exact statement of the question who, what, where, when, which I said a little bit and a significance. So the question the structure is these three parts. So when I, when we say first that tell me what you did. So at that time you should come up with one sentence which covers all three. Again similarly we will come up with another sentence which comes up with three things which will be the answer. So let us first look at the question. So I have, this is taken from that book by Booth. So this is a nice template that you can use to write down your question. So this template is structured as a fill in the blanks. Now when you read a paper, it will give you papers to read now and try to formulate a question. You read as he said just the title introduction conclusion and you should be able to formulate. Just the question you can usually get it only in title abstract and introduction. You can easily get the question what they have solved. Provided they have written it nicely. So which also comes to you that when you write it, as he is such and said, when you write it unless you convey all these things, the question and answer clearly in the abstract or in the introduction, the people who read your paper will judge that you have written it in a very frivolous way. It is not necessarily a research paper in any technical report unless some of you might call it an executive summary. Even in the executive summary unless you do not clearly mention what is it that you wanted to find out and what is it that you found out. That has to come out clearly in as few sentences as possible. Unless it is clear to ourselves, we cannot convey it to others. So this is one way to crystallize those thoughts. Of course you do not need to follow this always but once you have crystallized your thoughts in this manner, you can use your creativity to explain it and write it in another way. So the topic, the authors have studied some topic, some area that you are saying you have read a paper and you are summarizing. The authors have studied a topic which is blank whatever the topic is because they wanted to find out the question. Because they wanted to find out why something happens, because they want to find out how something happens, when something happens and so on. Because they find out what happens, if this happens, something like that. It should be a question then and then significance in order to understand something. So significance is, I find at least students finding difficult to find out what is the significance of a problem. It is expected because at that level they don't know what the significance is. An easier way to find out what the significance of a problem is to ask yourself the question, so what if I don't answer this question. You have a question to answer. You ask a question against it saying that what if I don't do this? What will happen? How do I lose? That answer if you are able to construct the answer to that, that is the significance. So significance answers so what? What if I don't do this? So you are telling somebody, like for example you are from electrical sciences. You go to humanities and say that I am working on this communication problem or something like that. They don't understand. So what? What should I do with this? How is it going to help me or any other person? So then you will try to rewrite your sentence in such a way that they also understand. Similarly they might be working in some problem in linguistics. They come and tell you. So what? I mean I don't care. But then they should be able to tell you in a language that we all understand why is it important. So that brings out the significance. So topic question significance 3. So I have given an example. So this example is from actual paper taken from Nature which is a well known science magazine. So it could be one way to write that is like this. So the authors have studied underline Martian landscapes. Martian means Mars. Okay, the planet Mars. So they have studied Martian landscape. So immediately you have placed yourself in the broader context. So as he showed, so you start the most thing starts with the broad then you narrow down to a problem answer and then again implication broad. So as soon as you have started with the broad topic Martian landscapes or communication or you say linguistics or you say I am worked with fluid flow something like that. So very broad topic which most technically literate people will understand. So it is not necessarily politicians or general public but let's say it's technically literate. So people who have technical education say at least up to 12 standard. So they should be able to understand these few broad ideas. So that is the topic. So Martian landscapes fine topic is done. So because they wanted to find out what did they want to find out? Because they wanted to find out what some dark markings. So they saw in some surface, we had some surface images. So what some dark markings where? So what is the reason of those dark markings? Okay. Now why so what who is bothered about studying Martian landscapes some dark markings? So they have to justify. How do they justify that? Because they are interested in looking at some surface chemistry and physics because that is probably related to life on Mars. What will that lead? Those are very broad significance but immediate significance is they wanted to study the surface chemistry and physics that's all. Okay. So this is this much you should be able to get from abstract and introduction provided the paper is written well. So again coming to the point unless you write your paper you convey this three ideas not necessarily in this form but these ideas these words unless it goes clearly to your audience they will not be able to pick it up so slowly so easily. So you'll take time to pick it up and they'll just judge no this is not a serious work right I should not give credit to them they'll judge it in a negative way. So that is topic question and significance for a question. So there is a breath you start with a broad thing and end with a broad thing topic significance. Similarly answer. Answer again has got three portions claim reason and evidence. Claim is essentially you started with a question and that question has got a hypothesis right question and an answer. So answer or a guess or a claim or hypothesis whatever you want to call it that claim or thesis is the exact answer to the question. So you always need to make sure that these both match what is the question what is the answer what is the question this is the hypothesis yeah. So claim is an exact answer to the question then reason what do you mean by a reason why does the author think so okay why would suppose you today morning we did correct so you came up with a guess you came up with the hypothesis why did you think so how did you think so it is there because you knew some literature behind you knew the subject behind that okay based on some work that was already done you think that those principles or those mechanisms those causative mechanisms can apply here. So the reason is essentially something that comes from known literature it's a principle or a mechanism that comes from previously existing literature that is reason. So then comes what so we have got hypothesis right and then next is we need a prediction and some test of the prediction okay. So usually it is not written as a prediction that we predict that that we predict might come as a future thing but usually that is supported by some evidence. So that evidence which they say so I think that this is true because I have also done some experiments which show that this is true. So some test which supports your hypothesis is your material evidence either you do some statistical survey like in humanities or you do some experiments or you do some computer simulations all these are material evidence not that it is computer simulation you don't discard it as a virtual it's also a virtual experiment. So computer simulation or an actual real experiment or just go and take a statistical analysis and then analyze the data within confidence. So these are all methods that give us an evidence okay. So again three the author claim that this which answers the question we started off with because of some previous knowledge which is based on which what is based on this claim this claim is based on some material evidence that either they have got done themselves or somebody else has done and they have just come up with hypothesis right. So these things put together form an answer. So as you see you can state the answer in one sentence similarly the questions in one sentence. So these two kind of captures the essence of your technical communication. So if you are so when you when we are at the beginning of reading we try to write this for several papers and then once we have it's it's not easy to do it's not very difficult to do this to begin with but then once you are practice this you will be able to do it for things in few minutes as claimed by a k chef and you will also be able to do it for your own work any technical work that you do not necessarily a research project any technical work you should be able to convey this is the question I started. So just keep this in mind that question has got topic question significance claim reason evidence okay. So I'll come back to this but this book the craft of research is a very wonderful book Indian edition is available about 500 bucks and this is not necessarily for the natural sciences in fact a lot of examples given in this book are from social sciences and humanities. So please do get a copy of this book and it's definitely useful particularly if you are teaching courses in technical communication it's very nice book too. There are of course several books in technical with title technical communication but they don't actually deal with the fundamentals as these books do. So they are from Chicago press and people who are familiar with at least people from the literature English background would know about the Chicago manual of style yes Chicago manual style. So this is the same group that came up with the Chicago manual of style. So it's a very well regarded piece of work not only in English writing but also in the method of writing. So it's a very good book to have alright. So now what we'll do is I'll leave you leave this slide with this and we are going to share some actual research papers okay. So because you're all very senior we thought we could give you research papers. Some of you probably have brought some research papers if you have brought you can use that otherwise we have some supply of social sciences mechanical and electrical papers. What will like you to will share this paper yeah. So we would from what was discussed okay. Sachin had mentioned certain points you need to write down. You take I'm going to just give you five minutes maybe ten minutes to read a paper okay. I'm not the entire paper is not given. We have given only the introduction and the last page which contains a conclusion. So only two pages so don't read it think that it is not continuous. We intentionally give you only the first page in the last page that is how we need to practice our self-reading. So only the first and last pages are given. So read it I'm just going to give you just ten minutes and write down as much as possible that is possible in those ten minutes okay. Whatever information that you think is important and then we will discuss one by one why if you have missed out certain thing why it is important why something is not important okay. So we will do this. So we'll just take a few questions now and then yeah. So most of the times since morning we are talking about this hypothesis but in humanities we are also using research questions. So do you think that hypothesis and research questions are same or these are the different things different in research. Question is a question hypothesis is an answer to the question hypothesis answer this question research question aim objective research question these are all same what is it that you want to find out what is it you want to find out okay. What is it that you want to find what is it that you found or what is it the authors wanted to find what is it the authors found what is it they found is stated as an answer hypothesis claim thesis these are all equivalent words it is an answer to a question research question is here hypothesis is here they are not the same nowhere it is the same any other questions before we start okay. So have you got all of you got papers I think so if you have you can share actually for in fact I want you to do this in a group activity don't do it individually please do it in a group you yes two of you can do it as a group please do it as a group this paper which I have given to electrical okay so it's not necessarily an electrical engineering problem it's a control problem I'm assuming that all of you are familiar with the control systems yeah and deliberately instead of giving a problem from electrical device I have given a problem of applying control theory to traffic control what is traffic control problem everyone knows okay so it's a modern traffic control problem being used being solved using a model based control technique okay online use of a dynamic model for solving traffic control problem so it's not a it's not quote unquote electrical engineering it's control systems problem so this is your first pass reading so just take what whatever notes that you think are important you need not write this question and answer structure now just first take the other than the question and answer just take down notes what you would normally do by just quickly going through the paper okay so we'll just take some quick stock of what people have written what I'll ask you to do is now you can just come forward and just keep that papers down I just want to know what you are able to note down in this five to ten minutes right so can I have some like what did you write just tell me what aspects of the paper that you could write down we could analyze the answer we read the paper and we came to the conclusion the reason why coffee stains is I don't want to explanation so yeah goes into technicalities yeah I want you to tell me what see as a first pass summary right did you write the title or the author or what did what could you write in those five minutes we wrote the capillary flow liquid the stains that are taking place the the basically the shape of the the concentration of a stain which depends on capillary flow yeah no that goes into the technicalities of the question and hypothesis we're coming to that we just wrote down the main subject matter just the main subject matter that's fine we'll come back to that when we can't discuss the hypothesis okay but I just want to know in the first pass summary we need to write down certain things and I'm just trying to impress upon you why we need to write certain things yes please one minute I'll just pass the mic sir we looked into the thought process where anthropological studies this particular paper talks about anthropological study one second just come back here I want to know right given five ten minutes right and you have say 40 papers to study over two days so you need to quickly write down read a paper just write down you don't even know whether it's important for your work so what is it that you wrote down as a first pass summary yes one minute one minute sir in first pass summary topic is noted by reading this late end net type of article is noted and then bibliographic detail also the nature of work and main question whatever is arises in the is this later is also noted so you you could have like she found time to write apart from the bibliographic information the question right what is the question that is addressed okay I'll come back to you maybe you can tell me what bibliographic information you could write down sir communicating author okay what else and authors their affiliations okay fine so at the back there please from the initial reading I got an what the basic problem which was discussed in the paper what is the basic motivation behind this what are the possible parameters by which you can measure the performance from the conclusion with that we have two parameters by which you can measure the performance no can I interrupt see I want at this moment of course we'll come back to that later okay let's come back to the technicalities we'll have a discussion on the technicalities okay whether are you able to write it in the structure which I said but the question I'm asking now like Darshan has said that in this 10 minutes she could write bibliographic information author name title and and the question I just want to know like Keshav said claims and Sachin said that it takes 5 to 10 minutes to read the first pass don't don't try to understand anything not in the first pass don't try to question anything not in the first pass just tell me what you would or maybe if I'll give you another three minutes more okay I'll just give you another three minutes I'll come back to you sir I'll give you another three minutes more so just write down the important information that you think should be written if you can write the question and answer also fine but just write down and I'll ask you what you wrote down right I just give you another three more minutes the paper is state that the design a design and simulate a traffic level controller to improve the traffic cognit conjection and we improve the traffic rate by controlling the various parameter here yes so in this case design and simulate the traffic level controller traffic controller basically okay no see again we are going into technicalities I don't we will come to the one minute we are we'll come to the technicalities later now I just want you to I'll just take five please madam just wait for three more minutes write down something about the paper that you think is important and then we will discuss what you have left out okay or if you have covered everything that is important I just want that please don't go into analyzing or understanding what it is just take three more minutes and write whatever you think is important about the paper okay so so what is it that you wrote down first topic I have written yeah then I have seen whether there is a relevance in the topic and what the author is trying to and then question asked then methodology application that then proofs it was being supported by proofs let me restate my question what is it that you wrote down in a notes you took down notes from what you read what is it that you wrote I am not asking what is written there okay what is it that you could write in this three minutes that that's what three minutes not that early one yeah okay basically if you are given five I was already done with that so I was waiting for the opportunity five to ten minutes of whatever time you have given I don't want you to analyze it now what did you write down from your analysis that's what analysis is okay you did you write the yeah please the topic then aim then questions five questions what what what is the author is up to so all the questions you wrote yeah okay and then and methodology what application they okay they have done methodology and applications are different yeah the knowledge is what they what procedure they follow to get particular thing particular data yeah did you write what methodologies are you yeah a short form okay fine then proofs some medical proofs have been supported and scope scope in the for the future next okay commerce that's fine anybody else wants to go there yes please here I have highlighted about that author's name and the content is that how that reconstruction of Indian population population history the aim of this paper how they have written and they have made that differentiate of that 25 diverse group of in India in the genetical divergent how it is different from that what could you write that that part only I'm reading all the differentiate between AI and ASI all right and how that African ancestry is involving in the trading so you wrote more of technical part oh yes we will come back to you later now I just want to know little non-technical yes let's have some from this group yes thank you I don't know noted down the title of the paper author's name his aim what are his objective for the design yes what are the different issues related to the implementation of the design okay and experimental observations and from that findings he has got okay in fact after reading this paper I have wrote the area problem area and what are the consideration how it has been addressed and issues with the implementations okay okay sir I yes I noted down the publication will the publisher who is a publisher then I moved to the title and the title again just a few points from the title extracted and then the authors from which country it's noted down and maybe just I looked into the only one author maybe sometimes if I'm referring from my area I have to look into the authors is it like already if I'm referring a particular area research and these people are in that particular area or not maybe I may have to look into that for that I'll I just noted down one name from that then when it comes to abstract few catchy words I took from the from some keywords okay yeah so let me just go through what Sachin has presented and try to interpret this in terms of what you have in front of you okay and what is the importance of noting down certain things now when we say note down the bibliographic information okay I see that not many of you have noted it down okay there are some but not everybody has noted down the bibliographic it's very very important to do that okay even before going to the details you need to write down some bibliographic information which keep in mind what is the importance of the first pass summary you quickly want to see whether it's relevant or not okay and if it's relevant you will not do it immediately but you'll come back to it after a week or month of reading all the first pass summaries of 40 papers maybe 40 so and then you had to come back so when you come back you need to be able to refer to that paper again you need to be able to relate to that paper again so bibliographic information is important so I'll I'll let you now take one minute and write down what bibliographic information from that paper you just write down the bibliographic information and then I'll ask you what you wrote what bibliographic information is required for you to come back to this later in your second pass and third pass okay so anybody wants to tell what bibliographic information you wrote name of which author all the authors name of the concerned author concerned means what did you write all the authors or only one author no if there are two or three authors multi authors are there then we can put them otherwise the single name no what have you written here I have written the name of the authors all the three three okay fine then next book name five okay five no bibliographical thoughts I have given here yeah then books name if we are pulling that any of the book we are going to write so what is the book in your case now this this book is your the race elements in Bengal a quantity to study this no no no no no no oh you're brought your own paper is it ah yes okay okay I'm sorry that's fine I thought you're using one of the papers that we gave then publishing then page number and the year of publication very good yes thank you this is regarding capillary flow that right I have noted there are 11 authors and almost are closely related with the topic of paper yes and mostly they are recent by then because the 1997 paper and almost all are 96 95 that's what I noted okay yes there so the one here here here just next to you please so where is 11 authors here so only six authors available and okay I think I'll clarify that okay okay I'll clarify good thanks this paper is particularly sir I'm Shankar Akhmar from Koyambathur and the title of what have you written down just I don't don't read it out just as I wrote title I wrote the yeah okay the author name first author okay and the second thing is the title of the paper okay the third one is the title of the journal okay which is what nature okay and the volume number okay and the date of publication that's all you have taken yes okay fine thank you I'm having issue in sir we want to write the communication later so it is not author it has not been mentioned in this paper exactly who is the communicating author that's okay that's okay we'll come to that yeah there there is one additional thing that I have returned from what Dr. Shankar Akhmar said I have added the yours is which one nature the same one capillary flow nature yeah what I have added the page numbers you added the page number excellent anybody else here yes please we have noted down the bibliography the authors and their bibliography means what the name of the authors and also their affiliation yes then the type of article we found it to be a journal article right nature of work as experimental work yes we have also identified UI and then we have roughly able to formulate the problem based on topic question and significance so this took how much time for you around 15 20 minutes 15 20 minutes excellent okay you also noted down the journal yes journal details the volumes and and the year okay yeah okay so let me just sort of leaving it free let me just take you through this points now when I meant bibliographic information it is bibliographic information about this paper which is not the bibliography that comes in there that is not called bibliography that is references okay bibliography and references are small subtle difference bibliography and bibliography means a general body of work suppose a textbook you use and it's not one particular paragraph in a textbook you use the textbook to get a general idea so that is a that you use in a bibliography references a particular paper you refer to but the bibliographic information that is written there is not any of these both it is about this paper how do you locate it what is the minimum information that is required to locate a paper publication publication means journal name or the volume name of the book like he has got a title page or the or if it if it is a book then you'll have a chapter page but if it's a journal you just have a volume a name of the journal and then volume and page number and year of publication just these usually journal name volume page number these three are enough to uniquely identify any article just three are required year is not required here is not at all required volume and page number uniquely identifies a particular article in a journal 90 90 percent of the cases year is required not for identifying but to have a sense of when something was published which came first which came later only for that year is required otherwise it is only to you know the format is there only to give the sense to the readers when it was published my the point I'm trying to make here is for uniquely identifying all you need is name volume page issue number not required date not required okay so the purpose of doing a first pass summary is that you want to come back to it after some time at that time you want to be able to locate it if you lose this paper it is gone okay so that's why you need to you write unique identifiers now the other unique identifier that you can use is the doi number but doi numbers are good for computers not for humans so if you have it electronically written notes please use the doi number but if you are using by hand you're writing it some doi numbers are ridiculously big they are not for humans right so you might make a mistake making one small digit is wrong it's gone but it's that's why it's always safe to keep volume number and page number of that particular journal doi number is very important particularly if you want to communicate with others so do write down the when you take electronic notes you can cut and paste from one place on I'll just tell you about those things shortly so it is important to keep these things in mind bibliographic details underline the communicating author why is it important to underline the communicating author are you going to communicate to the author no then why yeah he is a responsible person for the complete paper so what main who is going to be expertise in that particular area so what so why should I write his name in future I wish to pursue research in the set topic I can have a direct one-to-one I can write yeah but how many times you have done that correspondence related to that paper he's going to coming to that particular person yeah that's all there but there's little more to it I'm not saying that I'm just not I'm just just pulling you guys but there's something more to it yes how do you check the quality by looking at the name research area also previous research area also whether whether he has word in that area earlier also exactly so when you do the second pass as Sachin said second pass is a judgmental thing at first pass you just underline the author and keep it down when you go to the second pass you need to be able to judge you're going to spend do you want to spend another one hour or three hours reading this paper do I trust this group do they do experiments in a reproducible way or they're doing something just incremental and just making some churning machine right all those things are judgmental we are humans so are those people who have written the papers right so you need to be able to judge make a judgmental call that whether I'll read this paper or not and for that the community communicating author gives a sense where are they publishing like 10 papers a week or there's one or two papers which is really worth reading okay so these are to form judgmental opinion of course you can communicate but hardly we do communicate most of the things are available unless there is some data that you don't have you want to get it from it's available what compression means if we are going to find out the right with the help of the judgment after reading three hours or four hours so simultaneously we are referring generally what happened in our literature paper while you are putting it some informations historical based or like these things if we are going to put it generally we are referring some of the papers for the comparison study yes that is also the part of our judgment correct oh yeah that part yeah yeah so the once you see the usually the first author are all people who are transiting there'll be some students who are going from one place to another maybe postdocs who might going but there's little more to the communicating author even though you may not communicate to the author you know that there that area of work you can find more and you can pass some judgment that that's the reason okay then the next is thank you it's important to write whether it is a letter original article or review article so what was your letter original article review article in your case the letter original article review article in your case original article so it's important to it's a letter it's a letter so nature calls the short communications as letters letters and although that is nature but there it is a research article, nature research article and this is the original article. So a letter tells you something which is more important that something significant has happened in the field that you need to take, it is not very easy to publish letters. So when you publish some letter it is something that is have wider significance or something that has changed the way people have been looking at things as a milestone. So that is why letters have little more impact than the others. Alright did you have time to write the keywords? It is important and now let us go into the technical aspect. Now what I want you to do is to structure the question and an answer in this form. So please do this, you could do it in groups, please do it in groups if possible so that you can quickly correct it. Structure the question like this first, do not go to the answer now. Just read the abstract and introduction, do not go to the conclusions. Can you write it like this, fill in the blanks. You just need to identify a few phrases and fill in the blanks. Please do that, I just want to fill in the blanks, nothing else. So let us have some questions please, who wants to go, you wanted to go first, yes please. Authors have studied model based traffic control system because they wanted to find out the solution for traffic problem in order to have the effective use of existing road network. What is the question, exact the question you said? Because they wanted to find out. Authors have studied. No not that, just because they wanted to find out. They wanted to find out the solution for the traffic problem in order to have the effective use of existing road network. When you state a question, the second fill in the blanks should be a interrogative statement. Why, what, where, when, who, okay. So rewrite that portion. They wanted to find out why. So just restate it, restate it, okay I will go one from here. The authors have studied ring stains from liquid drops, I just said liquids, colloidal liquid drops. Because they wanted to find out the cause of the ring stains in order to understand the capillary flow mechanisms in such stains. So this, I would state it, so the topic could have been little more simplified, is it coffee stains or something like that, okay. And the last one should answer a question, so what if they didn't do, okay. So the significance, what is the significance, maybe you couldn't have, the applicability. Yes sir, the thing is like ring stains, I'm reiterating what he's already read. The ring stains in order to understand the capillary flow mechanism for contact line depositions to print fine lines. The applicability aspect for ink jets and that's what I mean we gather from this paper study actually. So here I want to stress that significance can be usually of two types, one is a conceptual significance and one is a practical significance. A conceptual significance is something which helps you understand something else but not necessarily translate to a practical application, okay. This can be of other variety which is directly practical application, for example traffic flow, okay. If you solve this problem probably it is directly related to traffic flow. In this problem that you have got, it's about coffee stains, okay. The only practical thing you can say is why does, how much does a waiter have to clean this one because of a coffee stain or something, that's all. But it is more of a conceptual significance. So there are significances, like in your case, you have analysis of population. What is the significance? Can anybody, what is the significance you found? Just the significance alone. I didn't think it was as your business has indicated. It's about nothing in the paper as you all have read, there's nothing about diseases. It is only in the implication of significance there is a disease. So that is a significance. In their case there is only conceptual significance that if you understand this it will possibly help in something else but there is not necessarily a direct practical application, okay. So significances can be of two types. You should realize whether this has got a fundamental significance, conceptual significance or a direct practical significance, okay. So I will let you, so you can restate it maybe to understand the mechanisms of some floor you could state it in that form, not necessarily practical. You could state it either way. Yes. Yeah, so no, that's right, perfect. So can I have your full answer please? Full question. Sir, the authors have studied the reconstruction of Indian population history because they wanted to find out the descent patterns of genetic variations, okay, and in order to understand the highlight that recessities in these groups, okay, and mapping the casual, okay. So what is the precise question they try to answer? They answered several questions but can I have somebody else? What is the question? Yeah, that's one at the back, please, no you had one, please. I hope you have done together. So what is it, that one question they try to answer, general question. How Indians are genetically divergent. Exactly. So this is some question if she explains to people there, we'll be able to understand, right. How Indians are genetically divergent. What's the basis of genetics? Right, so that is a very simple way stated, although in fact they have listed five different questions. I need to write all five but this one as a simple way you could, anybody in this room will understand this, okay. Now the answer when you go to the next one, we'll should exactly answer this question, okay, and do you have one more answer from here, full question, yes there please, one minute. The author has studied the traffic control system because they want to find out how the existing road capacity is used more efficiently to improve the network in order to understand the working of model based traffic control. Now this in order to understand the way you have stated is a conceptual significance, right. In order to understand how something works, it is much more related to a conceptual significance, understanding level significance, but you could, because this is a direct practical thing, you should be able to state it in terms of a practical significance, right. So I think we have run out of time. Now we will be doing a similar exercise in December, but that will be a little more stretched, where we will actually, now again the answer that you write here, again will give an opportunity for the teachers to write the answer. So when you do it, you make sure that they write an answer, okay. The author claims that whatever they write there has to exactly correspond to the question they started off with, that should both match. For example, they wrote, is India's population genetically divergent? They answer to that question what they have found out, what was their claim, their claim is that yes it is divergent and how they are proving the claim by prediction whatever that was the hypothesis and the prediction was or the test was if it is genetically divergent, then if they do a genetic study of all those genes, then they should get distinct patterns, okay. So which is what they are finding. So you make sure that when we do this exercise in December, your group are able to understand that they are able to isolate these question and answer differently and the another point which will come again in here is which is difficult to get the first time is this reason. Reason is always based on existing literature, okay. Reason is based on previous knowledge. What from the previous knowledge you are using to come up with this hypothesis, right. You had an observation, you have a hypothesis, what knowledge from your previous thing that you use to come up with the hypothesis, right. So they have come up with some hypothesis that we need to be able to see what links that hypothesis to your question, which is the answer to the question and then material evidence. In your case, material evidence was they did some genetic study, whatever the specific methodology I use that you can use but describe just as you describe in few words should be just few words, not very long sentences. Now material evidence can also be solution of equations, okay. Material evidence does not mean material in this sense but the way a material behaves can be a solution of equations. If you have an equation and if you solve that equation and that equation gives you something that is also a material evidence or if you run a computer simulation and show that this computer simulation, essentially computer simulation is translation of some equation. So that also is a material evidence. So you should be able to guide your teachers how to distinguish these three concepts of what is a reason and what is a material evidence, okay. So I have very little time, I can only rush through it but these lectures will again be available on your, when you sign up for the, so I will just stress one aspect from here is, these are basically some tools, essentially some tools many of you will know about it but it is to be complete. I just listed various tools here which you can use to search literature, okay and these are all hyperlinked. So if you click on them you will go to the site. In IIT we typically use scopers. I think most of the colleges also have scopers because if it comes under AACT, scopers anybody not heard of scopers, okay. So one of these things are starting place for any search, not necessarily research but in core science but even in engineering, these three are scopers, ISI web and engineering village are very good place to start with and these are all of course there but not so much well regarded because you do not get a full research there. And here again the good place to start is start with review articles which are specialized journals which publish only review articles, annual review advances, reviews of something series and so on. And the searching literature there are two ways to do it. One is keywords based, one is citation based. Keywords means you just pick up keywords and then go and search on it. That means suppose you are given this paper to start with or some article to start with you go and find out this article in one of these journals, okay and then do a citation based search. I do not have time to demonstrate that, we will do it in the workshop. This one is to tell you about how literature is organized in a network, okay. So this is timeline and suppose we are concentrating on this red article. So this red article has listed several articles as part of its references at the end, okay. So those are these colored articles which came before this, yellow and green, okay. They came before this article. Now this say this article was published in 2009. After that article was published these three articles have referred to this article and this article also referred to this article which was say published in 2015, okay. There is a particular structure about this. You notice that this particular article has got several citations. What is the citation? The citation is if an article has appeared and somebody other some other article is citing this article, these are called citations of this article. This article is cited by all these articles, citation. The opposite of that references. These all articles come in the reference list of this article. So these three are the reference list of this. These are all the citations of this, okay. Now this network of this reference and citations forms a hierarchical tree. They are all related. Like you have in your LinkedIn or social graphs you have friends, friends of friends and so on or you have family trees, parents, grandparents, cousins, first cousins, second cousins, nephews, niece, grand nephews and so on. This is also a structure which is related. You can call these as parents of this. You can call these as children of this. They are directly related. Either somebody is citing me, they are my children. I am citing somebody else, they are my parents, okay. Who are these then? Relatives, okay. Not blood relatives, first cousins and second cousins and so on because they are related through this grandfather or father, whatever it is, okay. So if you do keyword-based search, you might end up only in one or two references here. But you can do what is called as a citation-based search, okay. That will allow you to find related references. So this, if you do it in Google, Google only to some extent can get all these things. It does not have a full connection. But Popas is a little better in this, that it finds out this connection and you can get many of these related articles by search. So I have just listed out some advantages and disadvantages of keyword-based search and citation-based search. So if you have nothing to start off with, suppose you do not have this article to start off with and you ask somebody to just do the problem from scratch, you can only give keywords. It's a new problem, nobody has worked before. Then keyword is good. But if a relevant article is there, it's better to start with citation because the other advantages. Here if you give a wrong keyword, you cannot find the correct article. Maybe you missed something. But here it's all related. The links have already been formed. So easily you can find other articles there because the chain is known. The ancestry is known. And here you need a good starting guess of words. But here if just one article is sufficient, I can discover the remaining in that family. Just with one article, we discover the whole family just by traversing this map. And you don't traverse it yourself, the search engine will do it for you. So the essential idea is here, somebody has already done the literature survey for you and found the relevant articles. That's what is happening here. But here you need to find out yourself. One important thing to note, there's a small difference between this green article and the blue article. What is that? Of course, above the oldest and later. There's something else about the citation. You see that network, this is heavily populated on the head side and this is heavily populated on the tail side. What does it mean? Center, this is the green. No. The purple one has a red, another 4, and that has been cited in all. Yeah. So what does it mean? The research in the purple one is going to be a newer and a better one probably because it's the latest and adapted from anything. Like the green. Green is the original one. Green is? Original. Yeah. Green is the original that concept started and others they have referred and when it comes to the last point, there's no more, maybe they have referred the other documents but no one has referred there. That is okay. That is okay. Yeah. There's something more to it. No, it's not that. Is the base one the base one? Base, not a base, it's something like a base but not a base. The review of the dates of original, it is the source of original one. Okay. So let me just put it in. The green one is probably a letter or a short communication which is kind of a milestone in this area. Okay. That it was, it significantly changed the thoughts. It significantly changed something in this area. Okay. So that is most likely to be cited by many people whereas this one is what? It's a review article. It could be a thesis but in terms of only articles, it's a review article. So the whole purpose of it is to look at all the work done in that area and summarize what has been done. Okay. So by just looking at the kind of references that each article has, you can also judge these things. Of course, if you read it, you will know but these are something that gives a little more value when you do this. Okay. So I will stop there. We will come back after a 15 minute break and there will be a general overview of this workshop and we will clarify certain logistical aspects that we have here.