 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Raiya's Academy for the date 11th May 2019. Displayed are the list of news articles selected for today's analysis and the page numbers in Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi and Tiruvannathapuram editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes and the time stamping of the news articles are provided in the description box and for the benefit of mobile phone viewers, the time stamping of the news articles are also provided in the comment section. With this, let's move on to the first article of the day. This article appears on page number 6 in Chennai edition. The news article is about bogus voting that happened in two booths in Kerala as reported by chief electoral officer. This article will be helpful in prelims preparation under current events of national importance and in Indian polity. In mains, it will be useful in GS paper 2 under salient features of representation of people's act. The news article states that chief electoral officer in Kerala has confirmed bogus voting or voting in the name of other person or voting more than once in two electoral booths in Kannur Lokshaba constituency. Around 10 men were having been accused of such offenses as impersonation and exerting undue influence on the election rights of others. All of them were identified using the webcast footage. The article states that criminal cases will be registered against 10 persons under section 171 capital C, 171 capital D and 171 capital F of the Indian penal code for impersonation and interference within the with the election process. Note that when you see some sections in the law that come with capital letters, this mean that these sections have been inserted through amendments and are not part when it initially came into force. In this context, it becomes important for us to know about the legal framework available to punish such persons who interfere with the election process and casting illegal votes. Note that chapter 9 capital A of Indian penal code deals with offenses relating to elections. It consists of nine sections. The section 171 capital C deals with undue influence at elections. Any person who is found to be voluntarily interfering or attempting to interfere with the free exercise of any electoral right, then the person commits the offense of undue influence at an election. The actions also include threatening any candidate or voter or inducing or attempting to induce a candidate or voter. To believe that the person in whom he is interested will become an object of divine displeasure or of spiritual censure. That is, for example, saying or inducing a voter by saying, see, if you vote for this person, we will not allow you to take part in temple rituals or the person to whom you have planned to vote is acting against our God and God will be displeased at him. The section says, even these will constitute violation of free exercise of any electoral right of a person. The same offenses are also covered under section 123 of the representation of the People Act 1951 under the corrupt practices. Now coming to section 171 capital D of IPC, see this section deals with personation at elections. Personation at elections mean that fraudulently casting vote of another person or voting in any other name. For example, a person A can vote only for himself. If he fraudulently votes for another person, then he becomes an offender violating the electoral right of another person and can be tried in accordance with this provision. Now this section does not include authorized proxy voting. That is, a voter can cast her vote by proxy, that is by appointing any person as her proxy to cast vote on her behalf in her polling station. This can be done by applying to returning officer in form 13 capital F available at the election commission's website. This authorization is now provided only for service voters who are members of armed forces of the union of India, members of armed police forces of the states who are serving outside that state and persons employed under government of India on post outside India. As per existing arrangements, members of Indian army, navy and air force, border road organization, border security force, Indo-Tibetian border police, Assam rifles, national security guards, central reserve police force, central industrial security force and SSB are eligible to be registered as service voters. And the person serving as proxy should be a registered voter of the same constituency of the service voter. Section 171 capital F deals with the punishment of the above two sets of offenses which could be imprisonment up to one year or with fine or with both. With respect to actions against the election authorities, the chief electoral officer has stated that actions may be initiated against presiding officer, polling officer and micro observer of the polling booths under section 134 of the representation of the people act 1951. Now this section 134 of RPA 1951 deals with breaches of official duty in connection with elections. This section applies to district election officers, returning officers, assistant returning officers, presiding officers, polling officers and any other person appointed to perform any duty in connection with the receipt of nominations or withdrawal of candidates or the recording of votes at an election or counting of votes at an election. For the breach of official duty, the offender shall be punishable with fine which may extend to 500 rupees. Now the displayed prelims question will be discussed in the revision come practice session that is the last session of this video. Now let us take our analysis to the next article. Now the next article is about Chilika Lake. The article has appeared on page 7 of Chennai, Bengaluru and Thiruvananthapuram editions and page 5 of Delhi edition. The article will be relevant in your prelims preparation in current events of national importance, Indian physical geography, general issues on environmental ecology and biodiversity and in mains preparation under GS1 in salient features of world's physical geography, important geophysical phenomena such as cyclone, geographical features and their location changes in critical geographical features and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes and in GS paper 3 under the area conservation. The news article talks about the impact of extremely severe cyclone phony on the Chilika Lake which is in the state of Odisha and we know that the cyclone had many devastating effects on the state. The cyclone phony has created four new mouths in the Chilika Lake. A mouth is a place where the lake meets the sea. Chilika Lagoon had only two active mouths before cyclone phony hit the Odisha coast on May 3. Now four new mouths have opened due to wave energy with high tidal prism. See tidal prism is the volume of water that enters or leaves a tidal water body between high slack water and low slack water. Slack water is the state of a tidal current when its speed is near zero. Three new mouths have come up between the two functional mouths or the two active mouths near Sanpatna village and Arakha Kuda village. A smaller mouth has been noticed on the northern side also. Due to this a lot of seawater is entering Chilika lake which in turn will change the salinity level of the lake and if this seawater ingression or the infiltration goes up fish migration will increase and the biodiversity will get richer. But the long-term impact of this change must be watched. The Chilika Development Authority officials have also said that three of the four settas are more or less part of marine ecosystem. Hence the rise in salinity will lead to increase in productivity as Chilika lake is a mixture of saline and fresh water. In this context let us also know detail about the Chilika lake in the examination point of view. See this lake Chilika is a shallow brackish water lake. It lies in the districts of Puri, Korda and Ganjam on the eastern coast of Odisha and it is Asia's largest brackish water lake. Brackish water is the water that is saltier than fresh water but not as salty as seawater. Technically water having dissolved solids concentration between 1000 and 10,000 milligrams per liter. Note that the definition with respect to seawater not saline water because the term saline includes brackish water also. The lake is roughly pure shaped and it is fed by 52 rivers and rivulets. The area of the lake varies in the dry and wet seasons between about 560 and 10,000 square kilometers and it is about 32 kilometers wide at its broadest. The lake was formed due to the silting action of the Mahanadi river which drains into the northern end of the lake. This lake is also a shallow lagoon which was formed due to northerly currents in the Bay of Bengal which created a sandbar along the eastern shore. A lagoon is a shallow water body that may have an opening to a larger body of water but protected from the large body of water by a sandbar or a coral reef. The lake is divided into an outer channel with a narrow neck leading into the sea and the main body of the lake has a muddy bottom which is rich in organic matter. Due to the varying degrees of salinity in different parts of the lake the fauna or the animals are increasingly diverse and a variety of animals are adapting to the marine or the riverine existence so as to survive in different parts of the lake. Animal life recorded in the lake ranges from planktonic microorganisms to a variety of fish which together sustain the migratory birds population in the winter. Chilica lake is one of the hot spots of biodiversity in the country. Some rare vulnerable and even endangered species listed in IUC and Red List of threatened species inhabit in this lagoon for some part of their life cycle. A survey of fauna of Chilica Lake carried out by Zoological Survey of India in 1985-87 has recorded over 800 species in and around the lagoon. Also few estuarine turtles and snakes are found here along with dolphins, otters and several rodents, bats and slothbeers on the hills that are nearby the lake. Around 158 species of fishes and prawns have so far been recorded. The lagoon itself can be broadly divided into four ecological sectors based on salinity and depth. The southern zone, central zone, northern zone and the outer channel. A number of islands are present in the lagoon with habitation and without habitation. Prominent are Krishnaprasad, Nalaban, Kalijay, Somolo, Honeymoon, Breakfast and Birds Island. Nalaban is one of the biggest islands which is 10 kilometer marsh, you know that is low lying and is submerged during the four or five monsoon months. The Nalaban island was notified as a bird sanctuary in 1987 under Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. Chilika Lake in general and the Nalaban area in particular are among the most important waterfowl habitats in India. The total number of waterfalls in Chilika is close to around 8 lakhs. This island is a major feeding and roosting habitat or in other words a resting habitat during winter for over 100 species of migratory birds that arrive in October from their temperate breeding grounds. These birds include a few species of flamingos over a dozen species of ducks and several migratory birds. In 1917, a rare reptile, you know the limplest skink which is a type of lizard was discovered for the first time here in the loose soil of Barakudya Island of the Chilika Lake. Irrawaddy dolphins are also found in Chilika Lake as per the population estimation carried out in 2013. There are 152 number of dolphins in the lagoon and therefore it is considered as the largest lagoon-supported dolphin population of the world. These have been listed as endangered by the IUC and Red List and also listed in Sites Appendix II. The Chilika Lake is also included in the list of wetlands selected for intensive conservation and management by Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of India. Due to its rich biodiversity and ecological significance, Chilika Lake was designated as the first Ramsar site of India. That means it is a wetland of international importance. Note that the lake has been designated as a Ramsar site since 1981 and the lake was included in the Mondrix Record in 1993. This record is a threatened list that coming under Ramsar list. At that time it was included in the Mondrix Record due to the change in the ecological character of the lake ecosystem. But subsequently, due to successful restoration of the lake ecosystem by Chilika Development Authority, it was removed from Mondrix Record in 2002. Now the displayed prelims questions will be discussed in the last part of the video. Now let us take up our analysis to the next article. This article appears on page number 5 in Delhi edition and 7 in Chennai, Bengaluru and Thiruvannathapuram editions of the newspaper. This article will be relevant in prelims under current events of national importance and general science and in mains it comes under awareness in the field of space. The news is that there will be 14 payloads or instruments from India to be sent in Chandrayaan-2 mission and that ISRO aims to softland Vikram with Pragyan in unexplored lunar south pole. Coming to the mission, we know that Chandra stands for Moon and Ian stands for Vehicle and this mission to Moon by ISRO is the second lunar mission of India. The launch vehicle to be used for this launch will be Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III. Here note that for Chandrayaan-1 which was launched in the year 2008, the launch vehicle was PSLV Rocket or PSLV Launch Vehicle and Chandrayaan-1 carried a moon impact probe that hit or made an impact on lunar surface near South Pole. In Chandrayaan-2, the GSLV Launch Vehicle will carry the integrated module up to Earthbound orbit and from Earthbound orbit, the integrated module will be taken to Moon orbit through an Orbiter Propulsion Module. The mission has planned to collect scientific information on lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, lunar exosphere and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice. The most important constituents of this mission are the Orbiter, Lander and the Rover. The Orbiter will have eight instruments or payloads and will orbit the Moon at 100 km altitude from the Moon's surface and the Lander by the name Vikram will have four instruments and will softland on the Moon along with the robotic Rover around September 6 of this year and the robotic Rover is by the name Pragyan will be having two payloads from India and will probe the lunar terrain that is the Moon's surface and is to be powered by solar power that is this robotic Rover is to be powered by solar power. The special future about this mission is that the mission aims to land Vikram at the unexplored lunar South Pole. After landing, expectedly on September 6, 2019, then Pragyan will start its roving function. All the modules are getting ready for launch during the window period of July 9 to July 16, 2019. Note that so far, United States, China and Russia have softlanded on lunar surface and India will become fourth country to softland on Moon's surface if this mission becomes successful. The displayed prelims question will be discussed in the last session. Now, let us move on to the next news article. This article appears in page 13 of Chennai, Bangalore and Thiruvananthapuram editions and in page 11 in Delhi edition of the newspaper. This news article speaks about the misinterpretations of the missing companies in MCA 21 database. The contents of this news article will be relevant in prelims preparation under current events of national importance and also under economic development in particular. See, the finance ministry has clarified that the missing enterprises in MCA 21 database did not have a significant impact on the calculation of growth rates of GDP and GVA as these companies are still added to the total output of the economy. They can't be classified as out of coverage enterprises for the purposes of estimating the GDP. Let us see the issue in detail now. See, the National Sample Survey Organization in a recent survey report on the service sector found that out of a sample of around 35,456 companies taken from MCA 21 database, 38.7% were found to be under out of survey category. This means NSSO shall not consider 38.7% of the companies in MCA 21 database for its survey related to service sector. Some sections of the media has misinterpreted these out of survey enterprises to be enterprises that do not exist in the economy. On the basis of this misinterpretation, a suggestion has emerged that by not removing out of survey enterprises from MCA database, Central Statistics Office overestimates the GDP of the country. These sections say that CSO is therefore using these 38.7% of companies for overestimating GDP of the country. The finance ministry has explained that of the 38.7% out of survey enterprises in the NSSO report out of coverage enterprises comprised of 21.4%. These out of coverage enterprises were those that were not engaged in activities that are to be included in the service sector survey. However, the finance ministry has clarified that these enterprises are engaged in some economic activity possibly in the manufacturing sector. Therefore, these out of coverage enterprises are very much a part of overall GDP but not in service sector. The ministry did acknowledge that the bulk of the remaining 17.3 out of survey enterprises were either closed or untraceable. The ministry also justified this by saying that this proportion was falling over the years and their impact on the overestimation of GDP is marginal. Also, the GDP estimates are affected by the share in the paid-up capital of the missing companies and not by their absolute number in itself that is the total number of companies. The ministry provided data to show that from 2012-13 to 2016-17 the number of enterprises whose annual returns were not available for GDP estimation accounted for just 12-15% of the paid-up capital of all the enterprises in the MCA 21 database. The ministry has assured that though GVA levels gross value added levels could be slightly more or less than what they actually are, the growth rate of GVA from year on year will not be affected. This is about the news and in the context of this news article let us now know about MCA 21 database and about paid-up capital from our prelims perspective. MCA 21 is an e-governance initiative of Ministry of Corporate Affairs of Government of India. It enables an easy and secure access of the MCA services that is Ministry of Corporate Affairs services to the corporate entities, professionals and citizens of India. If you see all the details about the company's form a part of MCA 21 database. Now let us know about paid-up capital. When you study about paid-up capital obviously you have to know also about authorized capital as well. See the authorized capital of a company is the maximum amount of share capital for which shares can be issued by a company. The initial authorized capital of a company is mentioned in the memorandum of association of the company and the initial authorized capital will be usually Rs 1 lakh. The authorized capital can be increased by the company at any time with shareholders approval and by paying additional fee to the registrar of companies. Now the paid-up share capital of a company is the amount of money for which shares were issued to the shareholders for which payments were made by the shareholders. Paid-up capital will always be less than authorized capital as a company cannot issue cash above its authorized capital. So if you see this illustration the authorized capital is like the glass container that holds the water and paid-up capital is like the water in the container. The water cannot exceed the glass container volume at any time and if required you can increase the size of the glass container that is here the authorized capital. With this we come to the end of the analysis of this news article. The displayed practice prelims question will be discussed in the last session of the video. Now let us move on to the analysis of next news article. Now the next article is an editorial about non-performing assets and this article appears on page 8 in Chennai, Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram editions and page 6 in Delhi edition. Now this article will be relevant in prelims under economic development and in mains under GS paper 3 in Indian economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth and development. The editorial article discusses about the problems and unresolved issues in the banking sector. The authors focus on non-performing assets that require immediate attention. Now non-performing asset is any asset of a bank which is not producing any income. In other words, a loan or lease that is not meeting its stated principal and interest payments. On a bank's balance sheet, loans made to customers are listed as assets. The biggest risk to a bank is when customers who take out loans stop making their payments causing the value of the loan assets to decline. The author points that non-performing assets at commercial banks amounted to 10.3 trillion rupees or 11.2% of advances in March 2018. Here advance means a credit facility provided to the big corporations to fulfill their daily needs like salary and wages, admin expenses, material expenses etc. Business use this credit facility to run a day-to-day operation smoothly and advances are for the short term like for one year. And in that 10.3 million rupees, public sector banks accounted for 8.9 trillion or 86% of the total non-performing assets. Now these levels are typically associated with the banking crisis. But in 2007-2008 period, non-performing assets totaled to around 566 billion rupees which is just a little over half a trillion. This increase in non-performing assets is shocking. So now let us see the origin of this NPA crisis. Now the crisis started in the time period from 2004-2005 to 2008-2009. This period saw a rapid growth in the credit or in other words there was a credit boom especially the commercial credit doubled. Now commercial credit is a pre-approved amount of money issued by a bank to a company that can be accessed by the borrowing company at any time to help meet various financial obligations of the company. Commercial credit is commonly used to fund common day-to-day operations and is often paid back once funds become available. Next in this period the world economies as well as the Indian economy were booming. Then to avail the growth opportunity of a rapidly growing economy, Indian firms borrowed furiously and most of the investments went into infrastructure and related areas such as telecom, power, roads, aviation and steel. Moreover, businessmen started to believe that India had entered an era of nine percent growth. The author mentions these as the background for the problem. Now let us see what actually resulted in such large non-performing assets especially by the public sector banks. Firstly, the public sector banks had the higher exposure to five most affected sectors which are mining, iron and steel, textiles, infrastructure and aviation. These sectors accounted for 29 percent of advances and 53 percent of stressed advances at public sector banks in December 2014. Stressed advances are the loans which are restructured by banks by giving on more opportunity to the borrower if they default. This opportunity is in the form of an extended time period for repayment and a reduced interest rate or such soft conditions. If you see here, these public sector banks accounted for 86 percent of advances in these five sectors. This is an interesting coincidence as this number is exactly the same as the public sector banks share in total non-performing assets. The five sectors were affected due to many reasons like the infrastructure projects were impacted and got stalled by problems in acquiring lands and getting environmental clearances. In addition, see the mining and telecom sectors were impacted by adverse court judgments then steel sector was impacted by dumping of steel from China. Dumping in general is a situation of international price discrimination where the price of a product when sold in the importing country is less than the price of that product in the market of the exporting country. Now for example China may manufacture a product and if this product is sold in China say for example it can be sold for a price of $10. Now the China finds better market access and it feels that with the better demand in India it can get more profit even if the product is being sold for just say $5 and this is a scenario where dumping happens and the problem is see with dumping say the same product manufactured by Indian manufacturers can be sold only for 20. Now see the price difference now this seriously affects the local manufacturers or the native Indian manufacturers. Now this is what happened or what affected the steel sector Indian steel sector. Thus the sectors to which public sector banks were heavily exposed to were impacted by factors beyond the control of bank management. In addition to all these world economy was experiencing the onset of the global financial crisis which happened in 2007-8 and the and then the slowdown in growth after 2011-12. Now because of these the revenues fell which was way short of the forecast of fall in revenue. Then another problem is the depreciation of the rupee which resulted in higher outflows for companies that had borrowed in foreign currency. This is because when rupee depreciates the amount to be paid against the foreign currency for a company automatically increases. Therefore and later year 2014-15 marked a turning point. The Reserve Bank of India was in the belief that non-performing assets were being understated so it introduced tougher norms for non-performing asset recognition under a asset quality review. Usually the central bank has several ways to examine the status of asset quality of banks. The most used one is the annual financial inspection that is AFI through which the RBI inspects the balance sheets of every bank annually. But during 2015 RBI conducted inspection of selected banks balance sheet in random. The report from such inspection is termed as asset quality review. After this new way of inspection it was found that non-performing assets in 2015-16 almost doubled in those chosen randomly selected banks. The author states that this doubling of non-performing assets is not because of bad decisions in that current year. Rather it is just the cumulative bad decisions of the past which were now captured more accurately. Now here higher non-performing assets mean higher provisions meaning higher money supply by the banks. But the provisions rose to a level where banks especially public sector banks started making losses and as a result their capital got eroded. Once non-performing assets happen it is important to resolve them quickly otherwise the interest on dues in turn causes non-performing assets to rise continuously or relentlessly. So the combination of these adverse factors made it difficult for companies to service or to repay their loans to Indian public sector banks. Now the author lists some plans to prevent such crisis as a way forward. First immediate action that is required is resolving the non-performing assets where banks have to accept losses on loans and they should be able to do so without any fear of harassment by the investigative agencies. The Indian banks association has set up a six-member panel to oversee resolution plans of lead lenders. Now resolution plans are the plans where the depths of defaulting companies or entities are restructured and they can pay their lenders over an extended period of time. One path of the resolution is to sell the company or entity in order to repay the creditors. Next an alternative solution is to set up a loan resolution authority if necessarily maybe through an art of parliament. Then the government must infuse additional capital that is needed to recapitalize banks at one go or at one payment because providing such capital in multiple installments is not helping the banks to increase their bank credit because banks make money by lending money to borrowers and then charging interest rates on the same. Then actions need to be taken to strengthen the functioning of banks in general and more particularly in public sector banks. This needs to be done by improvement in the governance at public sector banks which means the improvement in the functioning of the boards of public sector banks. Because one important lesson from the past decades experience with respect to non-performing assets is the management of concentration risk that is excessive exposure to any particular business group or particular sector or geography etc. The concentration risk management is an important aspect to be left entirely to the bank boards. Another solution which the author suggests is reducing the delay in succession planning at public sector banks despite the constitution of banks board bureau to advise on selection of top management. The appointment of managing directors and executive directors continues to be with long delays and this must end. The author concludes that the task of accelerating economic growth is urgent and this is not possible without finding a solution to the problems that confront the banking system such as non-performing assets. The displayed mains question will be discussed in the final session. Now let us move on to next article. This article appears on page number 18 in Delhi edition 20 in Chennai and Tiruvannathapuram and page 22 in Bangalore edition of the newspaper. The article is about the acute shortage of healthcare providers in India. The article will be relevant under current events of national importance in economic and social development in prelims and in mains in GS paper two in issues relating to development and management of social sector relating to health. The article is based on a paper published in Southeast Asian Journal of Public Health of WHO titled as forecasting the future need and gaps in requirements for public health professionals in India up to 2026. The study was carried out to estimate the supply and need for public health professionals in India in 2017 and to forecast possible supply needs scenarios up to 2026. The article states that though there are around 50 lakh workers in health sector in India, the density of public health professionals is low even lower than that of Sri Lanka, China, Thailand, UK and Brazil. When we mean workers in health sector it includes doctors those who are allopathic alternative medicine, nursing and midwifery professionals, public health professionals in medical and non-medical areas, pharmacists, dentists, paramedical workers who are also called as allied health professionals, grassroots workers who are also called as frontline workers and support staff and this paper the research paper defines public health professional as a person educated in public health or related discipline and is employed to improve health through a population focus and therefore include professionals from several disciplines and diverse fields encompassing behavioral sciences, health promotion and communication, biostatistics, medical sciences, environmental health, epidemiology, health service administration, international health, maternal and child health, nutrition, public health lab practice, public health policy. India has been put under the category of countries with critical shortage of public health professionals. The article also notes that there are inequitable distributions of skilled health workers. There is also lack of government data related to vacancies in health care system in India. With respect to government statistics for the year 2008 the paper found that 18 percent of primary health centers in India are without a doctor, 38 percent of primary health centers are without a lab technician and 16 percent were without a pharmacist. The study found that the number of public health professionals in India in the year 2017 was just 11 for a lack of population, just 11 for one lakh population which is substantially below the recommendation given by association of schools of public health which is about 220 public health professionals per one lakh population. This means that India does not have around 27 lakh public health professionals required for effective health care system. India just has around 143,000 public health professionals. The association of schools and public health is part of office of disease prevention and health promotion of US government that recommended 220 public health professionals. Now this news article implicitly mentions about the need to increase PHP's in India and thus to create a strong health system so as to achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030. We know that SDG goal number 4 deals with good health and well-being and it aims to ensure healthy lives and to promote well-being for all at all ages. With this let us now move on to the last session of the analysis the practice come revision session. The first question the first question is with reference to proxy voting. They have given two statements and are asking which of the statements are correct. The first question proxy voting means appointing any person as one's proxy to cast vote on his or her behalf in his or her polling station. Now this statement is correct and it is the exact meaning of proxy voting. Now coming to the second statement in India proxy voting is authorized for both service voters and non-resident Indian citizens. Now this statement is incorrect because right now as per existing arrangements proxy voting is authorized only for service voters and not for non-resident Indians. As per the data sourced from say the election commission of India's website this year a total of almost 16 lakh service voters are enrolled in the country. There is a debate going on about extending proxy voting for non-resident Indians also. A bill to extend proxy voting rights to non-resident Indians was passed in the Lokshaba in August 2018 but it is pending in Rajesh Shaba. The bill is representation of people amendment bill 2017. It is set to lapse on the dissolution of the present Lokshaba in the month of June and members of Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, Border Road Organization, BSF, ITBP, ASAM rifles, National Security Cards, CRPF, CISF and SSB are eligible to be registered as service voters. Therefore first statement is correct, second statement is wrong. So the correct answer will be option A, one only. Now the second question is with reference to Chilika Lake. They have given four statements and are asking which of the above statements are correct. Now the first statement it is the largest brackish water lake in Asia. Now this statement is correct as we know from our discussion that Chilika Lake is the largest brackish water lake in Asia and brackish water have the dissolved solid concentrations between 1000 milligram per liter or 1000 parts per million to 10,000 milligram per liter or 10,000 parts per million. Second statement it is the only Ramsar site of Odisha. Now this statement is partially correct because we know that Chilika Lake is in the state of Odisha and we also know that Chilika Lake is a Ramsar site. But the question states that it is the only Ramsar site of Odisha. Now that is wrong because Bithirkanika mangroves in the state of Odisha are also listed as Ramsar site. So the second statement is wrong. Now the third statement it is listed in the Montreaks record. Now this statement is incorrect because in 1993 Chilika Lake was listed in Montreaks record but later it was removed from Montreaks record in 2002 because it was successfully restored by the Chilika Development Authority. Now the fourth statement it has the largest lagoon supported dolphin population in the world. The fourth statement is correct as Chilika Lake has the largest lagoon supported dolphin population in the world. Now the question asks for correct statements. So statement one and statement four are correct therefore option C one and four only is the correct answer. The third question is also with reference to Chilika Lake. They have given four points or four futures and are asking to select the correct answer. Bracish Water Lake. Now we know that Chilika Lake is a Bracish Water Lake and it is the largest Bracish Water Lake in Asia. Now we also know that it is a shallow lagoon with an estuarine character. So two is correct three is correct and we saw that Chilika Lake is a wetland which was protected under Ramsar site convention Ramsar convention. Now this means Chilika Lake is a wetland of international importance. So the correct answer to this question is option D one two three and four. All are the features of Chilika Lake in Odisha. The fourth question is with respect to Chandra and two they have given two statements and are asking which of the statements are correct. Now the first statement Chandra and one had a moon impact probe to hit on the lunar surface. The primary objective of Chandra and two is to demonstrate the ability to soft land on the lunar surface and to operate a robotic rover on the surface. See this statement is correct. Chandra and one had a moon impact probe just to hit on the lunar surface. It was released and it hit the lunar surface closely to the lunar south pole Chandra and one. Chandra and one did not had the feature of soft landing on the lunar surface. It was impact probe whereas Chandra and two the primary objective is to demonstrate the ability to soft land and therefore to become fourth country in the world to demonstrate this ability if this project becomes successful. The other three countries are US, China and Russia. Therefore the first statement is correct. Now the second statement Chandra and one was launched using GSLV launch vehicle and Chandra and two has been planned to be launched using a PSLV launch vehicle. Now this statement is incorrect. See Chandra and one was launched using PSLV polar satellite launch vehicle not using a geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle and Chandra and two is to be planned to be launched using a geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle. So the second statement is wrong. Therefore the answer for this question is option A1 only. Now the question number five is with respect to MCA 21 and they are asking MCA 21 is often seen in news refers to first option supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft. See that is MIG 21 not MCA 21 and the second option maternal care initiative of world health organization. Now we know that maternal care initiative of world health organization is called as safe motherhood initiative not MCA maternal care initiative not MCA it is called safe motherhood initiative and option C e governance initiative of the ministry of corporate affairs. Now this is correct. See MCA 21 refers to e governance initiative of ministry of corporate affairs and this initiative enables easy and secure access of MCA or the ministry of corporate affairs services to corporate companies professionals and corporate citizens. So the correct answer for this question is option C and option D galaxy from where even horizon telescope captured the first image of the black hole. Now that galaxy is not MCA 21 it is M87 galaxy. Now let us move on to next question. The correct option is option C. The main question examine the NPA crisis in the banking system of India and suggest sustainable measures to overcome the situation. Now for answering the first part of the question first define what is non-performing asset then discuss its origin and what led to the actual crisis as we discussed in our analysis such as public sector banks higher exposure to the five most affected sectors such as iron and steel infrastructure telecom etc and then highlight the global economic crisis also and for the second part you add points such as resolving non-performing assets new loan resolution authority giving additional capital you know that needs to be infused by the government in a single payment etc as discussed in our today's analysis also add your own views and measures based on today's analysis. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu news analysis. If you like the video press the like button share it with your friends subscribe to Shankaray's academy youtube channel to get notified about the Hindu news analysis every day.