 Well, my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic in hand is the 18th Amendment and Pakistan's political transition. My dear students, you would be enlightened to know that the 18th Amendment gives the parliament, the prime minister, the judiciary and the provincial governments greater autonomy under the constitution. My dear students, as a matter of fact, the 18th Amendment and acts more than 100 changes, both large and small to Pakistan's constitution. My dear students, us be shamil hai, removing presidential powers to circumvent the normal legislative process and limiting the amount of time the president may consider bills passed by parliament before approving them under Article 75 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. The next change is removing the infamous, very infamous Article 58 to be which granted the power to unilaterally dismiss parliament under vague emergency provisions. Neither president nor prime minister will have a direct role in judicial appointments under the 18th Amendment. My dear students, the appointments will instead be handled by a two-tire system that is a judicial commission. A judicial commission, my dear students, will propose nominees and a special parliamentary committee split evenly between the government and the opposition will confirm them. This is under Article 175A of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. My dear students, the seven-member judicial commission will be chaired by the Chief Justice who will effectively control four of the seven seats with the remaining three comprising the federal law minister, the attorney general and a senior lawyer of the Pakistan Bar Council. My dear students, you would be delighted to know that the 18th Amendment eliminates the concurrent legislative list and enumeration of areas. My dear students, the concurrent legislative list is an enumeration of areas where both federal and provincial governments may legislate but federal law prevails. My dear students, you would be delighted to know that the laws governing marriage, contracts, firearms, possession, labour, educational, curriculums, environmental pollution, bankruptcy and 40 other diverse areas will now devolve to the provinces. After the 18th Amendment, the 40 areas with which the provinces have been legislated by its students, the reformers who have introduced the 18th Amendment say that the reformers have considered this my year as a necessary shift for a more federal system. But there are some concerns about the ability of provincial governments to assume effective regulatory authority in these areas which have been vested now in the province. Hope you have understood the topic and as a matter of fact, my dear students, if you are interested in knowing what exactly in detail is the 18th Amendment, you may consult or Google or consult the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.