 Доброе утро. Доброе утро, всем привет. Мы продолжаем нашу workshop с лекцией на реактор физики и инновативных нюклей и энергий систем. Это будет деливировано с профессором Владимир Тисюк, который сейчас работает как консервер и адвайзер для директора генерала Стейтатомика энергии корпорации Росатан. Владимир получил его ПНД от Обринской института на нюклей-инженере в 1991 году. Так, Владимир, у вас есть твои друзья здесь из того же университета, и он тоже получил доктор-инженер из Токио института в 1997 году. Мы тоже получили коллега из Токодай здесь. Она тоже умерла из Токодай. Он работал в нюклей-инженере за много лет, в том числе в Токе института технологии и института, когда он стал адвайзером директором Генерала Росатана. Ладно, Владимир, у вас есть 90 минут для презентации, including please leave some time for the questions and comments and discussions. And now please start your present lecture now. Thank you, Владимир. Do you hear me well? Yes, yes, perfect. Final check. First of all, I would like to thank you for giving me this opportunity to join this very interesting event. I tell the truth within the last day and today I joined the meeting and was careful listener participated in listening, just listening. And I found that you have arranged very professional audience, not only high level educated and professional professionals, professional professionals, but also participants from many countries. I appreciated their questions, by the way. So I will not give you a tutorial lecture. My lecture will be not a tutorial. I will give you some vision, which I have myself to the reactor physics of innovative nuclear energy systems. And within next slide I will give you the just general content of my, let's say, not a lecture presentation. First I would like to give you global context. Why we look for innovations. And this is important part of my presentation because on my current position as a counsellor and advisor to director general of the state atomic energy corporation, I have my duty to read a lot of literature and give some impression of the reading to my bosses and to my colleagues. So that's why the main objectives of this part of my presentation is to give you a reference literature about global context, about why we are looking for innovations. As for innovation itself, I really will understand that you have already made a definition within your community. What does it mean, innovative nuclear energy system? Let me repeat. And that is my quotation of Vladimir. Vladimir made this definition like innovative, that is not evolutionary. Evolutionary means systems with water cooling. And innovative nuclear energy system is those which go beyond the water technology that is rooted in the 17th century but to higher temperatures, to liquid metals and so on. So I will live with you within this hour exactly within this paradigm. That is the innovative nuclear energy system as I understand and I do recognize that it's in line with the organizers of this. But what about reactor physics? By reactor physics, and that is synonym of reactor physics is neutronics. I will talk about very important features of neutronics, of faster reactants, very basic ones, those which define the policy. And finish with neutronical fusion facilities. Fusion is also innovative. It's coming. It's on agenda now. So that is the main topics I will try to cover in my presentation. So just have a look at the general factors affecting nuclear development. And here you can see that is United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 adopted in 2015 Paris Agreement adopted in 2015 again. Three years later it was a very much influential report published by International Platform on Climate Change. And this report cover sheet you can see on this slide. And COVID of course everybody were affected in this world by COVID. And also European Commission taxonomy that defines the number of the technologies which so-called green technologies which can and will be supported by financial institutions in European Commission. It's also very much important factor which opens the opportunity to innovative energy systems. By the way. So there is just several factors I listed and coming to the pictures global context. I do recognize that you have already discussed the climate change but in order to keep up the logic of my own presentation I also give you some illustrations and some by the way references. For example in this literature McKinsey sustainability curbing methane emission they have a very nice pictures of the rising global temperature which is absolutely equidistant with the CO2 emissions. That is a fact. But if we look global greenhouse gas emission by economy sectors in the right corner of the slide you can see that the main portion of the emission is given by electricity and heat production. Then agriculture, industry, transport and the less is by buildings. So we all understand that reactor facilities, nuclear power reactors large scale or small they can contribute to electricity to industry and even to transportation through the production of the synthetic fuel like hydrogen. What important in this slide? Most important, that is this reference. You can see here the ton of CO2 to gigawatt hour produced by different electricity producing technology using coal, natural gas, biomass, solar, hydro power, offshore wind and you can see the least of the emission is produced by nuclear power. What important is this data is given not by nuclear community not by international atomic energy agency not other nuclear related agency it is given by international platform for climate change in 2013 and this international platform for climate change is the expert group associated with the meteorology and associated with the United Nations not from nuclear, that's important. So that is estimation of the potential of nuclear technology from outside. Please be aware about this. The next one, sustainable development goals. Of course all of you aware about sustainable development sustainable development goals, 17 goals adopted in 2015 and declared by the previous United Nations General Secretary in Bangi Moon. Later on, several years later it was repeated but with a different accent by the current United Nations General Secretary by Mr. Guterich who put on the agenda little bit different in phases, that is youth in 2013. Why youth? Because youth that is just those people who will live in next 20 or 30 years not only live but to work, to establish this world to shape and hopefully to keep peace. So that was the reason why it is related to energy. It is 1.8 billion young people in the world today and 90% of them living in developing countries which are suffering from lack of production. So energy and general global policy are very much related. And you can see that is big caution given two years ago by international sorry, International Energy Agency director Dr. Fatih Mirol who mentioned in the Africa Energy Outlook very important thing that you see that is because of global pandemic effect because of situation in Africa especially in Africa the key sustainable development goals such as increasing access to electricity and clean cooking much harder to achieve. So that's why I entitled this slide United Sustainable Goals from declaration to challenges. We now have a challenge to achieve this goal. And of course to anticipate a little I will show you that nuclear power can resolve this issue. Next slide. Influential factors and prognosis. You see that is global nuclear electricity generation which is now about 100 gigawatt installed capacity. And you see prognosis. They are different. Net zero by 2050 report also report from nuclear energy agency you see they almost double by 2050. Double. But international atomic agency those energy which organizes this meeting educational meeting for you gives this kind of two lines. The maximum and minimum. And of course it's very difficult to understand for decision making persons which direction we have to go. Many scenarios one of them is optimistic one is a bit pessimistic for nuclear power. That's why it's difficult to make a decision. So for this reason I especially again to make a reference to international platform on climate change report published in 2015. In several scenarios they put on the table this kind of numbers nuclear power in order to keep global warming within 1.5 degrees centigrade should be increased almost six times. And again let me stress so no nuclear people were engaged in publishing and preparing this report. Only meteorologists so even compared to nuclear people meteorologists which are much more aware about situation with climate change they give a strong quotient in order we survive in the future we have to develop nuclear power technology nuclear power electricity generation. That is the recent recent world energy outlook 2022. It appeared just two weeks ago and I put several conclusions of this report into this slide. You can see pre-Paris baseline of gigaton COT emissions like that in order to keep within 1.5 degrees centigrade we have several scenarios like stated policies scenario that's announced pledge scenario and net zero emission by 2050. You see three scenarios and look at the most modest and most humble steps stated policies scenario. Completion of 120 gigawatt of new power capacity nuclear capacity over this period and another 300 gigawatt of new reactors. The equivalent of almost three quarters of the current global fleet from 2030 and 2050. And the most optimistic from the viewpoint of carbon emission you can see 24 gigawatt of capacity added each year between 2022 this year and 2050. More than doubles nuclear power capacity more than doubles. So again let me stress so that is not from nuclear from other meteorologists and energy societies. That is very influential factor for us. Now as I promised I come to the taxonomy status in 2019 this is also very important report published by a group of technical experts who decided should we include nuclear power in the taxonomy it means should we include potential support for development of this technology in the future and you see they accept this fact evidence on the potential substantial contribution of nuclear energy to climate mitigation objectives was extensive and clear but next point they underlie that is problematic one regarding the long term management of high level waste this is an international consensus that a safe long term technical solution is needed to solve the present unsustainable situation very severe words with high level waste we have unsustainable situation and again they make it more problematic so operational disposal site for high level waste not yet exist long term empirical in situ data and evidence to inform such an evaluation for nuclear energy problematic so that's why technical experts group in 2019 has not recommended to include nuclear energy in the taxonomy at that stage problematic well developed country of Europe they just dismiss nuclear power for future so the reaction came next year joint research center for science for policy published a report with this title technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to so called do not significant harm criteria of regulation from European Union taxonomy regulations look what they are talking about significant research effort has been devoted to maximizing the fraction of spent nuclear fuel that can be recycled in nuclear reactors and this reason by circulating reducing the long term radio toxicity of high level waste to be disposed of in the geological repository both aims are relevant to the environmental objective from the United Nations transition to a circular economy and waste prevention and recycle and this is the most important due to the fact that fast reactors allow multiple recycling of the fraction of fuel waste not consumed done the final result of iterating this process would be an almost complete use of the fuel and increasingly reduced fraction of long term stations so that is the focus of my presentation you see they pointed out fast reactors they allow multiple recycling of unburned fuels but later on a little bit not so positive attitude is coming although essentially all steps of this process also known as partitioning and transmutation have been demonstrated at laboratory scale the technology at this level is not yet corresponding to industrial maturity and that is the problem in fact for nuclear power development for future how to solve the waste accumulation problem so but this year they issued a complimentary climate delegated act it was just in the February this year and you see they included nuclear related activities in the taxonomy and please read from the bottom which kind of direction of nuclear technology they included illegitimately in the future development again they give permission and license for upgrades and modification of existing nuclear power plants for lifetime extension purposes and will give license until 2040 then new nuclear power plant project with existing technologies for energy generation of electricity or heat generation so called generation 3 plus they will give license until 2045 and without time horizon limitation they clearly point out research development and deployment of advanced technologies generation 4 that minimize waste and improve safety standards in your community I have witnessed that you have already discussed what does it mean generation 4 and in generation 4 come unity the majority of the options they are belonging to the domain of fast reactors so that's why the pre conclusion of this first part of my presentation is you see future of nuclear power is fast reactor development generation 4 because of potential to resolve the waste problem next slide for some reason I don't know which reasons but they didn't discuss in the taxonomy the resource base for nuclear power development so that's why I prepared special slides to give you the image of another limitation for nuclear power development not waste but resources I especially would like to refer to this kind of publication that is Russia and world power in 21st century important thing it was published in 2006 it was prepared this textbook and published by a very smart very influential philosophical energy group in leading Russian institution Kurchatov institute in Moscow what they analyzed look at this slide that is megaton oil equivalent per capita in 1965 you see the two peaks one peak for well developed countries economically and one for developing world and you see as time goes by you see these two peaks becomes closer to each other it was data for 2004 and there prognosis from 2006 for 2025 just about the recent time just about our moment of our lives you see these two peaks almost have the same metrics what does it mean it means the developing world that is green line increasing their global gross domestic products and well developed world northern part of the hemisphere it's coming like that so here they are coming in the same point it means for their development there is a limitation of resources any kind of resources any kind not only oil not only coal not only gas any kind now I would like to stress and put you one more focus so called energy substitution modeling it is well famous modeling and myself I learned about this substitution modeling from nuclear technologies in a sustainable energy system published in 1986 this book is very much important very much educated and very much informative it is easy to find through internet this book and why I pay special attention to that it is published by international institute for applied analysis which is located by the way in Vienna and this institute for applied system analysis they govern the experts energy experts or politicians and that is exactly not an institution that is a theme tank which produces some recommendation and in the internet I found that they give recommendation for the Roma Club which defines the direction of development globally so this is so called Maricetic Curves you see that is time and that is technology for wood technology for energy production you see decreases coal makes a peak and after that decreases the same oil gas nuclear and some other technologies coming new one without title without entitled by Maricete who was the author of this course you see always resources they have a peak and decrease and if we can make it safe and some transition from one technology to another from coal to oil from oil to gas and some geopolitical tensions again this was published in 1977 and later on in 2007 it was again revisited by Portugies politician and economist Louis de Suisse this is title of this book he analyzed the same only one region of this Maricetic Curves was carefully revisited that is oil crisis in 1970 how it was effect it was effect but generally curves remain like gauss distribution they started increase reach approach peaks and then decreases that is the point so and look by the way look oil age is coming to the end exactly within next generation the same with natural gas and coming new technology they put it soul foods I guess that is from solar of fusion technology so new technology is coming which we are now shaping at the pre-industrial case once again we have a limitation of resources even for nuclear power we have resources the same club of people global energy assessment in international institute for systematic analysis 10 years ago they published global energy assessment the latest data for them was 2008 and this is their prognosis to 2050 and you can see that is yellow mark that is for nuclear and for nuclear you can see the growth almost 6 times so well within the best prognosis given by other energy nuclear energy related agency and even international platform for climate change and this is their data about uranium compared to oil and gas look at this point for example conventional gas and unconventional gas and exajoles and conventional uranium 2000 you see comparison not in favor of nuclear power but they have a reference that resource resources and occurrences of uranium are based on the once through fuel cycle region not for recycling that is pure belonging of uranium 2005 and you of course professional you are very much aware that the fraction of the uranium 235 in natural uranium is just 0.7 percent so if we continue to develop to use nuclear power in each existing form very soon we reach a peak pointed out by Maricetti in his influential philosophic book again look at the bottom of the slide close fuel cycle and breeding technology would increase the uranium resources dimension 50 or 64 and then next thorium based fuel cycle would enlarge the fissile resources base for further but resource limitation is not only belonging to classical nuclear technologist so it also belongs to many other technology and not only uranium will limit the electricity production in the future here I summarized several recent data published by international energy agency in the brochure the role of critical minerals in clean energy transition fresh one year ago and look at this upper portion of the slide this is current nuclear technology we have an image carbon free but large scale as mentioned by previous speakers that prolong the duration of the construction make it more expensive and so on but nevertheless we have an image carbon free what about SMRs easy to deploy etc and in some in some energy policies it is considered as a complementary to renewables harmonized with renewables but on agenda and it is forward looking technology fusion technology it is wasteless it's no high level waste like from fission power but it will consume very exotic materials which also have a limitation some of the minerals used in selected clean energy technologies are given in this slide from the brochure I mentioned above so you can see natural gas produces minimum of this exotic not exotic but expensive materials coal also nuclear in the middle but solar wind technology they consume 4x higher than nuclear technology consumes these materials so please do not forget that we have a limitation of the minerals not on the uranium but other minerals so that's why coming to the end of my first part still we have on agenda the harmonizing and licensing process for emerging technologies and the small and medium sized reactors SMRs and integrated small model reactors then can be deployed very quickly and this message was clearly published in December 2020 by OECD NAA I specifically give the reference to the OECD NAA not to the international atomic energy agents because international atomic energy is much more careful about logo because of political reason but OECD NAA that is much more professional and technical and they analyzed that in order to get it with the climate change objectives we have to get smaller model reactor deployment very quickly and it is not long term project we have to do this now now that's why so much discussion about small model reactors but look at the quotation from proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences from United States of America look the title nuclear waste from small model reactors and look at some conclusions SMRs will exacerbate the challenges of nuclear waste management and disposal we have to be aware of this fact not only about the fact of their conclusion but about the fact of the existing of the community who criticize small model reactors because of the bottleneck and bottleneck is a typical for large scale nuclear power and for smaller model reactors and this bottleneck is provided unfortunately by a nuclear waste program and now I come to the nuclear physics 2 Neutronics that is my second part of presentation and I will will approach to very important concepts which help us to understand the future of nuclear power development through the serendipitous chain of discoveries just to remind you in 1900 bacteria discovered of a new natural radiation rather first made the classification and because there were no words in the languages they just put a title alphabet then they use alphapaticles to bombard several materials to understand their behavior and in 2005 they discovered that some of the alphapaticles from a very thin layer of gold comes back and that time the only one natural law would explain that it was a column law of electricity repulsion and with this column floor they found that within the atom we have a nucleus very small dimension proceeding with the experimenting with alphapaticles in 2019 they discovered a new phenomenon you see that is in vacuum alphapaticles come to the screen and without any special equipment even with open glasses with open eyes you can see the flash and when they put nitrogen gas inside that you they expected stopping of alphapaticles in the gas but accidentally they observed intensive flashes and on the conclusion from this experiment was that is nuclear reaction by the way look from 1900 to 1919 it was 20 years past and that is just about science it was not a technology so technology came nuclear technology came with the discovery of neutron discovery of neutrons it is attributed to english scientist Chadwick who was by the way теоретист who explained the situation when alphapaticles strikes beryllium and produces very penetrative radiation and this penetrative radiation was not like gamma radiation discovered by Henri Becquirelle and Rutherford early 20 years ago but newly discovered type of radiation is not electromagnetic wave that is beam of neutral not charged particles which was named like a neutron so the structure of nucleus now became clear it is combination of protons and neutrons and the reason why I show you this picture is just because in Russian tradition in Russian textbook we attribute the priority of the declaration of the concept of neutron model for nucleus to Russian professor professor of the state Moscow University Mr. Ivanyanka so the number of protons and neutrons they define the type of the isotope number of neutrons in proton that is in this corner of the mathematical formula for isotope is written number of protons in this corner and this determines the chemical properties and this determines the mass of the nucleus so with discovery of neutrons humankind received an absolutely new instrument for their development neutrons they are not like charged particles they penetrate through electric field not repulsed back like in case of alpha particles and so that was made an era of artificial isotope reduction which was discovered by Enrico Fermi so in other words we received the philosophic stone in the middle age it was a dream of humankind to find the philosophy stone and to change one material to another now we received the philosophy stone but not in the form of stone in the form of neutral particle that can interact with any kind of nucleus and produce new and even artificial isotope and again that was a Fermi who experimenting with the neutrons putting near target several light layers of the materials found that reaction probability depends of neutron energy and the less neutron energy the higher probability and that came to discover of the many things so binding energy was shown you by Adria so I also just to keep up with the logic of my presentation show the same curve that is binding energy per one nucleon in the nucleus you see for light nuclides it is rather small value for rather broad interval it is within 8 megawatt a megaelectron world and for heavy nuclides it reduced so for heavy nuclides it is energetically more feasible for nuclides to be efficient and the most heavy nuclides naturally occurred that is uranium and they found that in natural uranium there are two isotopes 235 and 238 uranium 235 is efficient by neutrons very easily and in the light domain of nuclides there is another situation for those nuclides it is easy for them energetically more feasible to fuse, to combine itself and this gave the start for technology of so called fusion you can see deuterium tritium combined together producing neutrons and alpha particles and that is the essence of the international thermal nuclear energy experimental reactor which is now under construction in France with contribution of European community and number of countries including Japan Russia, China, United States Korea and India so that is technology for future as I mentioned forward looking technology and that is current technology and all of them both technology based on very basic and simple concept of binding energy Now I come to the cross section Andrei also discussed neutronics in terms of cross section just to remind you and within my logic you can see if number of neutrons coming to some substance some of them captured and you can see that the reaction rate that is number of reaction per second till cubic centimeters of course is governed by the atomic density of the material thickness of the materials and number of neutrons and velocity of neutrons and this production concentration of neutrons for their velocity special terms possesses that is neutron flux so just to keep up with the dimensions of the left side and the right side one coefficient of proportionality and this coefficient of proportionality has measurement units square centimeters and this for this reason it is called cross section and since the micro mirror is governing with very small units they introduced a special measurement units one barn 10 to the minus 24 square centimeters and typical cross section for example for iron 56 looks like that you see the less energy of incident neutrons the higher the cross section and we have three very well distinguished areas this region of neutron energy we call thermal energy or slow neutrons energy region fast neutrons and you see very complicated behavior of nuclear cross section we call resonance area so very simple it looks like very complicated but in fact I will touch only very basic things for example for uranium 235 you can see fission cross section dominates over all the energy region of incident neutrons for uranium 238 is not like that only in the very high energy of the incident neutrons fission cross section dominates over the capture cross that's why the so-called critical mass of uranium 235 is rather small about 50 kilograms and for uranium 238 it is infinity construct any kind of reactor and by the way reactor is a facility to maintain so-called chain reactions because in each action of the fission we produce not only fission products but several neutrons so that is very simple concept and you can see that the most important isotope for nuclear power generation is uranium 235 another point is the number of fission neutrons you can see that is for those who are very keen about reactor kinetics I recommend a classical textbook physics of nuclear kinetics all the concept of delayed neutrons all the concept of neutral production and reactivity effects in a very simple English and very nice English language described in this text I'll just give you only one figure from that textbook and that is about number of neutrons produced as a result of fission reaction you can see that is peak of the neutron energy reduced is about one maybe I put this figure picture in the most simple form just to introduce you that is about one just a bit less than one mega electron world the neutron energy is dominating within this community of fission neutron produced so one may be but if you have a look at the uranium isotopes cross section you can see majority of the neutrons are produced through the fission uranium 235 this region but the point is the maximum of fission cross section is in the thermal region and uranium 235 is not going alone in nuclear reactors it is also accompanied with uranium 238 and uranium 238 has a very huge resonance capture cross section so in this very simple form in the form of metaphor I show you the basic principle of thermal reactor operation important is you have to slow down the neutron into thermal region where the maximum cross section for uranium 235 avoiding resonance capture of uranium 238 so red hat could approach her grandmother through the forest that is the objective of reactor physics study reactor physics design and reactor operation of course the most evident way how to avoid resonance capture is just use fuel in the form of fuel element so if neutron produced as a result of fission reaction within the fuel element let it escape from the uranium fuel and undergo nuclear reactions of elastic and elastic cross section in moderator and when its energy becomes close to thermal energy it returns to the fuel and captured by uranium 235 so very simple heterogeneous arrangement of fuel and moderator that is a must in fact fuel pin in any kind of reactor that is just a result of uranium 238 so this combination of fuel pins and moderators governs all the technology which exist in nuclear power right now look at the moderator substances like hydrogen heavy hydrogen deuterium or carbon you can see that is level of capture cross section for hydrogen that is just unity for heavy hydrogen that is excellent 10 to the minus 3 bar for the carbon it is also excellent 10 to the minus 2 so that's why all the domain of the reactor types is governed by combination of uranium enrichment and the capture properties of the moderator can do react can do work with natural uranium so it doesn't need uranium enrichment because in can do as a moderator they use deuterium Erbimke for example Chernobyl type reactor we use in this type of reactor carbon as a moderator that's why we little bit increase but not so dramatically the uranium 235 reaction in the uranium fuel 1.8 for the water because of higher capture cross section for what we called reactor boiling or pressure as water reactor PWR or Vivian Russian type we have enrichment 3.3 of even 5% depending upon optimized from the viewpoint of economic fuel cycle and that is floating nuclear power plant so called belonging to domain of small and medium sized reactors you see small and medium sized reactor they are destined to work in the remote places that's why logistic to move fuel to bring fuel and to remove fuel is not so often should be done so that's why they increase uranium enrichment in this facility almost up to 20% and this has come also to the to the problem because if you look at the IEA Statute and with the IEA Statute you can find the article 3 functions they clearly stated that to establish an administrative safeguard designed to ensure that special fissionable and other material services equipment facilities information may be available by the agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way is to further and military purposes so that is by the way the main role of the International Atomic Energy Agency on the one side to seek to accelerate to develop nuclear power for peaceful purposes and from other side is just to watch to play the role of the watchdog and what they are discussing which kind of isotope you see special fissionable material plutonium or uranium 233 enriched uranium isotopes source materials so this kind of materials are getting to be problematic from the viewpoint of organizing so-called safeguards and if you have a look at the right side of the slide you can see that is a fresh fuel uranium for example 3.3% of enrichment that is fresh fuel and that is discharge fuel and of course the fraction of uranium 235 becomes less but also produced plutonium minoritonite fission products and if you have a look at the glossary for the safeguards you can see a special term so-called significant quantity significant quantity that approximate amount of nuclear material for which the possibility of manufacturing a nuclear explosive device cannot be excluded significant quantity is taken into account unavoidable losses due to conversion manufacturing processes and should not be confused with critical mass and you see for plutonium a regardless of isotope composition 8 килограмм of plutonium the only one exemption containing less than 80% of plutonium 238 this kind of plutonium is exemption uranium 233 8 kilo highly enriched uranium 25 kilograms of uranium 235 so you can see also kind of problem not a big problem it should be solved through upgrading the safeguards measures or through the organizing fuel cycle in such a manner that should be proliferation resistant if we have a look at the minoritonites you can see in plutonium, anemirisium and curium they have a critical mass rather small rather small but what important for these isotopes you see they accompanied by the decay heat or emission of spontaneous nutrients and if you have a spontaneous nutrient rates half enough it will be difficult to assemble explosive device and if you have a rather high decay heat it's difficult also to manage with the explosive device so you can see that minoritonites and plutonium they have a naturally inherently possessing protection measures against unsunction proliferation of nuclear materials leading to manufacturing of explosive device so what is the real problem in fact for nuclear power when we come to the waste problem it is fission problem uranium can be recycled plutonium can be recycled material technology recycling in the form of mocks in european reactors minoritonites also they can be recycled and through neutron capture they can produce plutonium 238 and you remember plutonium 238 can work as a protector of plutonium against predetermination so the only one problem we have for nuclear waste unresolved so far that is the problem of fission products some of them they have a very long half life more than 10 000 years not so many of them so this kind of isotopes but they are very influential in terms of effect on deep geological storage this data i taken from the cumulative release estimates from spent fuel in 10 000 years from the yucca mountain project in the united states of america you can see plutonium a loud release is rather small you see loud and predict different so if you put plutonium just underground you have to think about safeguarding that's a problem if you put plutonium in this fuel cycle you can use additional energy production for and plutonium itself it is not just natural it is produced from unfissionable so not unfissionable unfissile uranium 238 which fraction in the natural uranium more than 99% you see that is valuable resources which can open the door open the opportunity and window to the resource abundant nuclear future in the coming century the only problem techniques from iodine cesium you see they can release from the deep geological storage and make a harm effect so that's why the problem is how to do how to deal with these isotopes and of course you remember neutron is not just a particle is it just like philosophical stone it can be used to produce plutonium from uranium thus given the unlimited resources for nuclear power and it also be used this neutron to kill fission products radioactive fissile products to kill them and to produce stable nuclei free of getting problem to the humankind so we need neutrons and how to produce neutron abundance how to approach the era of neutron abundance I will show you also from simple graphs you see that is neutron position from uranium 235 as a function of incident nuclear incident neutron energy the higher energy the higher number of neutrons so that is that was behind the idea of fast reactors we need neutron access to produce either plutonium or to transmute fission products that's all and now you can you can read this kind of spectrum I took it from the generation for systems and the related fuel strategies presentation European Union and Rosatom meeting several years ago and I personally very like this picture because it's not just symbolic not just a draft not just picture it was calculation and from this picture I can see that it was rather sorry professional gentlemen who draw this kind of graph now I would like to pay your attention look for example pressurist water reactor you see that is in a neutron spectrum they have a peak about one MAV you remember neutrons mainly produced with this energy one MAV so the first peak is here then moderation occurs here it is another peak for pressurist water reactor here you can see two peaks neutron produced and neutrons where they used in thermal region so that is pressurist water reactor that is very high temperature reactor also you see peak in the thermal region and sodium fast reactor no peak in the thermal region let fast reactor green one no peak in the region so it means these kind of reactors are destined to produce excess of neutrons and important also is how neutron produced per act of absorption not only per fission but per absorption fission plus capture and this is more illustrative number you can see that is neutron energy and in the thermal region the neutron excess is produced by uranium 233 and now you understand why for some of the concepts for molten salt reactor they use thorium because thorium fuel cycle with the flyman it's easy to use spectrum into the thermal region produce uranium 233 which is more effective in this energy domain but for plutonium it is much more preferable fast neutrons that's why current fast reactor technology mainly oriented to MOX fuel one more slide to give you sketch of Newton balance in thermal and fast reactor now you can see that is pressurist water reactor and the neutron spectra have two peaks 1MV and thermal in fast reactor you can see only one peak about 1MV and you can see neutron generation even if we assume that number of fission neutrons produce the same about 2.9 if we take into account necessary energy generation neutron consumption to maintain chain reaction capture infissile fuel breeding lack of neutrons water moderated reactor and there is extra neutrons in fast reactor and in fact it was the main idea behind many concepts appeared in 1990 about fast reactors and use them to kill fission products to avoid deep geological storage at all and not so many concepts and some of them were developed in Japan and both myself and Vladimir Krivetsov worked in Tokyo Institute of Technology with these professors they showed the way to Japan with the lack of free space to organize deep geological storage they advocated the potential of fast reactors also the same in Europe Mr. Salvatorec who was always inviting professor 3 years meeting and I very much appreciate his contribution to neutronics and to the transmutation studies in fact he was one of the people who participated in my defense of my PhD in Japan and in Russia we have several classical studies concept of radiation equivalency in Russia not so much concentrated about number of noclites we selected only technics when I would die and Russian nuclear technology as you know we are now championing in development of nuclear technology give you in fast reactor technology give you a sketch you see we started as early as in 1960s in 1973 it was first commercial fast reactor built in Kazakhstan former Soviet republic and 1980 Soviet Union fast reactor BN600 2016 BN800 and this is very important you see this and this about 40 years difference and very symbolic in Russia we still keeping the competences to design and to operate with these reactors some countries especially in western world they have a problem with the competences because of delayed fast reactor development in recent decades and these are achievements in Russian Federation you see last December BN800 sodium cooled reactor was fully loaded with mox fuel so plutonium now was circulated in fast reactor to produce another plutonium and to avoid plutonium disposal and we have also for future multifunctional research reactor with the capacity 150 MW and this reactor will also use mox fuel with plutonium enrichment up to 38% why I am talking about this one because you remember in European taxonomy they selected fast reactor as an orientier for European development but they pointed also the focus that on the laboratory scale now I am putting an exclamation mark in Russia this technology is not a laboratory technology it is on the industrial scale and the latest project we see in Russia breakthrough way to the future that is general layout of the first in the world a lead cooled fast reactor with the capacity with MW 300 MW it belongs also to the domain of small reactors and current status you see now it is under construction you see the cooling tower also in this kind of image you can see commissioning of the fuel fabrication plan and construction of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing and start up of the reactor fuel production facility coming 2024 and after that 2029 start up of the fuel reprocessing facility what important about this concept you see fuel cycle should be closed within the perimeter of a single nuclear power plant everything connected to fuel fabrication to fuel reprocessing and to electricity production will be within the fence within the perimeter of nuclear power plant and this system will consume only depleted uranium and take out from the system several fission products and you see the general characteristic of this kind of facilities combination of facilities no uranium enrichment no separated plutonium from the viewpoint of non proliferation as a positive feature closing fuel cycle for a single nuclear power plant for saving the resources and radioactivity of uranium consumed equal to radioactivity disposed in the form of this project so this kind of concept now under industrialization in Russia this slide shows you a fast react advancement globally sorry for some of the concept I didn't include here which are suspended for example in Europe that is a Russian federation I mentioned Brest 300 which is under construction and first commercial reactor again I emphasize commercial reactor decision to construct this reactor was made last year in December decision made and this will be commercially operated India also in advancing state China in advancing state Japan unfortunately Monju visits Monju with Vladimir several times so unfortunately Monju is under decommissioning now but Joyer is suspended and we have a chance with Japanese people who will make a presentation after me to understand what is the current status of the fast rate to develop technology in Japan so just I am finishing Vladimir how long should I talk how many minutes I have you can take actually 15 minutes delay so you have like 25 minutes more okay that is also my special appreciation to your activity to activity of your section because in your section you started the discussion of the synergy between nuclear process and the nuclear fission process and the fusion process and I would like to show you the potential of fusion technology in terms of transmutation of nuclear waste but before coming to the details I just give you what does it mean transmutation you see that is simple equation that is a rate of change of specific it depends upon nature of the cave and capture times flux that is transmutation in any case we can solve this equation in a very simple form and to estimate what does it mean equilibrium condition for radioactive nuclear so we can reach equilibrium either in this way or in that way we can manage either this small equilibrium mass of nucleus or this one and we can reach equilibrium with this time or with this time so the characteristics of transmutation are equilibrium mass and time to approach equilibrium and now look at this table yes but they are limited in flux flux is limited neutron flux is limited by thermohydraulics flux that is the neutron per square centimeters cubic centimeters per second it depends upon fission rate and fission rate gives you temperature so that's why thermohydraulics and material sustainability is a limiting fact so flux and spectrum you can see if we take for example cesium 135 with the natural half life about 2 million years and that is most problematic in deep geological storage if we put it in the fast spectrum reactor yes we can transmit techniques but look equilibrium time to approach equilibrium will be 1000 years it's not a simple argument to show to future generation that we can solve the problem of waste transmutation that's why we come and to ask help in fusion technology and fusion technology just to remind you fusion technology that is deterring plus tritium produce alpha particles and neutron but very high energy neutron 14 mv and since there is no tritium in the nature we have to breed tritium and Adrian showed you the cross section of lithium for tritium production so it works, it works but nevertheless in order to produce tritium we need neutron multiplication so entrant reaction you see one of the neutrons we can deliver to produce fuel and other one can be manufactured anywhere so and you see that is typical concept of the ITER blanket and why ITER ITER it is a matured technology it is under construction and within ITER there are several concepts of blanket but I just taken one dated 1997 very old one so it's just a combination of layer of neutron multiply, beryllium and stainless steel and tritium zone that is lithium, zirconium etc what important for ITER it is a neutron wall blow so how many neutrons per one square centimeters per second coming through the first wall and go to the blank and you see there is neutron wall blow and it is about 10 to 13 neutrons per square centimeter per second so but if we just put moderated plus fission products in this region moderated and fission product we can produce a very favorable for transmutation and neutron spectra again let me give you exercises how to read neutron spectra you see typical pressure once again peak in one MEV and peak in the thermal region fast reactors then about one MEV and no peak in the thermal region and fusion reactor we have a peak for 14 MEV neutrons which is coming from plasma but what important neutron producing zone it means plasma is specially very much distant from the not very much distant but could be separated from the transmutation zone how to be consumed and used and we can reach the flux in the thermal region even higher than in pressure so within flux typical for fast reactors coming to the blanket and possibility to shape neutron spectra very favorable we can reach this kind of situation with transmutation of season 135 you can see instead of fast spectra with this very high flux we have 5 centuries but with fusion neutron source we can approach just 22 years and that is a lifetime of facility so there is not a future generation we leave this burden we can't transmute it in city, in this time so this kind of synergy I am very much advocate at the meetings which where is organizing under umbrella of the activity synergy between fusion and fusion technology and what important if we just move from deuterium-treatium fusion facility to deuterium-deuterium facility we can reach even more favorable neutron spectrum this peak in the thermal region and we can transmute higher level of materials we are not oriented for power production that's why deuterium-plasma with the neutrons about 2.45 maybe instead of deuterium-treatium plasma which produce order of magnitude more higher energy neutrons instead of using this neutrons for power production we can use them very effectively to transmute higher level waste which is now considered as a bottleneck of global development that's all my presentation I thank you very much for your attention and my pleasure will be to answer your question if any thank you very much Vladimir great talk and we have enough time for discussion, for questions, comments please here from the online audience as well please raise your hands looks like people are tired after lunch tired after lunch yes, there is one question there will be more, don't worry we will activate Dr. Vladimir hello sir very nice presentation and I have a question about SMR development of SMR so I think you are the right person to give the answer of my question my question is that when I started study about nuclear engineering now I had a PhD degree in nuclear engineering so I did MTech in nuclear engineering and PhD in nuclear engineering but from my starting of nuclear engineering life I heard about SMR but in last last year the SMR development is very very low so what is the region of development of SMR is very low reason that's why why why look there were no clearly defined boundary condition for that development you see just several years ago globally we found a very strong factor influencing our life on our planet we have to save our planet within 1.0 degree centigrade and zero carbon releasing technology is only one maturity technology that is nuclear power technology and with this technology we have a potential to construct to move the effect from this side economy to machinery technology to machinery technology to build quickly on side and to put and deploy quickly on a very large scale we have a potential why we didn't make in a fast manner that's also not completely correct phases you see in Russian Federation we have a technology so called RITM200 and we started this technology just recently when we found that for economic development of Russian Federation we need more ice breakers for the North Sea route you see and this small and modular integrated react with the capacity about less than 100 megawatt thermal because for ice breakers we need thermal energy not exactly electrical energy and you see 2020 Академия Ломоносов put into commercial operation next year that is floating nuclear power plant based upon ice breaking technology next year the first leading ice breaker which is title of the name of the ice breaker put into commercial operation and on board in this ice breaker they have two small modular reactors next year one more ice breakers next year one more so now we have eight small modular reactor RITM time on board of ice breakers so it's coming it depends upon economic objective this kind of objectives for our North Sea route and humankind we have limitation with the CO2 and I think jointly in a peaceful manner in a cooperative mode we can we can fastly deploy this technology and after that we have by the way potential to resolve the problem of waste in a certain esoteric manner that's my comment possible answer small comment also you think that like with this all climate change probably Russia will not need ice breakers soon you see yes I completely agree with this guy that is not so not new comment I hear Russian people who are engaged in this kind of business they say we can make another route not from Russia to Asia but through the North Pole to America to make economic cooperation okay, thank you the questions from audience here thank you Dr. Tsyuk when you said that fast reactors have a limited neutral flux you were talking just about the spectrum or other aspects spectrum that is not primary thing flux number of neutrons per square centimeter per second you see flux governed by fission generation rate and fission generation rate number of fission per second that is power density in the region and power density is the reactor is limited by structure of materials and combination coolant fuel regardless of the discussion about safety so materials they are limited factor for flux no spectrum of course fission spectrum is limited in itself so the number of neutrons and the energy about 10 mv is negligibly small the peak is about 1 mv so limitation limitation from the viewpoint of reactor physics and limitation from viewpoint of material science flux okay, Vladimir we have a question from chat I will read it for you just to make it quick thank you very much for the interesting presentation there are some inside about ongoing project about fusion fission projects around the world I have read about China's effort in this field of research yes Vladimir I have some addition slides in fact I anticipated some of these questions but of course I will not go into detail you see so many projects of nuclear fusion development this one first please have a look that is technology readiness level for fusion is about 3 levels so we have to reach little bit higher level little bit higher level what is the way how can we reach it you see fission technology viewed with low technology but small program are starting in few member states to support the ambitions of private fusion enterprises so this is a good signal from the market about fusion development I took these graphs and table from the special seminar organized by Vladimir Krivetsov last June you see how many private companies are coming and they they focusing not about big facilities about small facilities small are easy to make if they fail they will fail quickly and we don't need to spend 50 years to prove they are useless you see dynamic of the fusion technology is astonishing you see how many countries developing special program and by the way private companies start up for SMRs less than fusion companies that's just general general picture general layout of course some very astonishing very positive achievements marked in the united kingdom one of the leaders in China in United States concerning commercial fusion confinement leading countries right now China, UK and United States so many projects are going there and I cannot touch each of them ok, thank you we have question from chat also regards to the sodium from Alessio Luvara regards to the sodium fast reactor do you think Russia will export BN-1200 why not why not I have special graph for that you see yes, I show you some some numbers some numbers first of all yes, BN-1200 is the world's first commercial fast reactor that is the first most important thesis then you see that is some characteristic compared to previous BN-600 BN-800 in terms of specific material capacity so in terms of volume of materials to react to building so it has a potential to be commercial and it's LCOE this one it is comparable to the generation 3 reactor which is under construction right now in the middle of Russia and you see we consider so-called double component some reactors will be decreased in numbers because of exhaustability of uranium-235 fast reactor because of artificial production of plutonium will be increasing and we have a special option for fast reactor experts look at this slide in 2045 yes ok, thank you any other questions from the audience here Christian, please give him the microphone thank you Vladimir for your very good presentation in overview I have a question about the you know that we could have both fast reactors why not sodium fast reactors but also some systems with heavy liquid metals who have maybe a hard spectrum maybe better for transmutation do you think that we have to force in the future only one single system able to use plutonium depleted uranium and minor actinides maybe is it better to separate the two targets one is reuse of plutonium and depleted uranium as it was I would say the main objective in the past and even now of course and another system which could be heavy liquid metal or ADS for the transmutation of minor actinides what is your position what is the strategy in russian federation currently in russia we consider both option sodium that is bm sodium cooled and this is br that is less cooled fast reactor they have the same capacity same fuel that is uranium plutonium mixed nitride fuel very dense fuel why we develop both technologies that is critical reactor why because you see sodium is not so good as Vladimir mentioned from the viewpoint of accident mitigation that is fire of sodium but from this viewpoint it is very nice material but with sodium we accumulated a lot of experience operational experience so both technologies at this moment they are almost at the same level of appreciation in my country so what will be in future I am not sure from the viewpoint of reactor physics from the viewpoint of reactor physics I am in favor of lead technology it is very simple lead consists of 50% of lead isotope with mass number 208 and lead proton number 82 that is double magic nuclei it means from the viewpoint of neutron economy it is excellent one from the viewpoint of shaping neutron spectrum it is an excellent one if you have dense fuel element arrangement you can reach a very hard neutron spectrum harder than in sodium if you remove move out from each other fuel pins and more lead coolant fraction if you can shape neutron spectrum in the thermal region unbelievable, but it is because though lead is very heavy no glide since it doesn't capture neutrons through elastic scattering you can shape very thermal spectrum so from my viewpoint as a physicist I am in favor as for the accelerated driven system I am sorry I don't see I don't see major difference because if you have accelerated driven system that is just extra external neutrons and if you have a blanket consisting of minor it is plutonium whatever you like the air transmutation rate will be again be limited by the material sustainability material science flux in the blunting will be governed not by beam but by fission rate so from this viewpoint again let me summarize and wrap up I am in favor of lead technology lead technology is considered one of the option along with sodium technology in Russia as for accelerated driven or critical reaction I personally don't see much difference thank you okay, thank you let's accept last question from online audience and this from India I believe or sorry yes sir that's fine am I audible yes please yeah good evening sir so I mean based on the last two answers that you gave I would like to understand I mean the minor actinides are also nowadays used and researched for tertiary nitride and carbide fuels wherein uranium plutonium amrysium carbide or nitride fuels so first of all what is the status of these fuels as using them in the reactors number 2 how the reactor physics changes when such a tertiary or binary system comes into play so if you can throw some light into it I can answer only first question about nitride fuel about carbide fuel I don't have enough information about nitride fuel with minor actinides doping we have now experimental study in Russian experimental faster so we are experimenting with uranium doping fuel we are experimenting in terms of developing this double component nuclear power system with the transmutation of minor actinides that's all as for physics you understand from the viewpoint of physics minor actinides will give some some problem from the viewpoint of reactivity coefficient but of course it can be it can be so from the particular arrangement I don't see any problems that's general answer again Vladimir, thank you very much for your great lecture and now we go for the coffee break