 Welcome everyone to this session. I'm Nicola Draghi. And together with my colleague, Mike Casanova-Simo, we are going to present this colonial statistics session first with this presentation and then with the exercises. So let's start with a review of the sector. You see here two pie charts. On the left side, we have void total energy supply. And on the right side, the void electricity generation, both for 2021. So here we want to highlight the relevance of coal compared to other sources. On the left side, we see that coal is the second largest source of energy, just behind oil and in front of natural gas. Whereas when we speak about electricity generation, we see that coal in 2021 was, by far, the largest source of electricity generation. Again, in front of natural gas, but natural gas had a much smaller share and then many other fuels. So coal is a major player in both energy supply and electricity generation, but the relative share is quite different between the two. Moving on to coal production and its evolution from country to country over time, you can see here this figure, this chart, that comes from our coal animal statistics published in the Coal Information 2023 report last summer. So let's look at more in detail, maybe with the help of a laser point. We see that in the 80s coal production increased, was flat in the 90s. Then please have a look also at China graph over here. And you see that the trend of coal production mimic very much the one of China. So the expansion in China production was very much the driver for this increase in the 2000s. And then the trend is more volatile in 2010s with the flat down and some increases and decreases we see here 2020 for the COVID pandemic and so on. So in time of main producers on the right side, we see that China is by far the biggest producer followed by the OECD as an aggregate, but in terms of single countries, we have India and Indonesia following. And they are also two of the fastest rising producers in relative terms, India in Indonesia. And we see that also very important in 2022 preliminary figures, we have a big increase in coal production following the one in 2021. In 2022 was about 8%. Moving to consumption, the trend is very similar. Now the graph is in energy terms in extra joules, but the trend is basically the same follows the one of production. And here I wanna focus directly on the main consumers. And we see that China counts for more than half of total coal consumption in the world. You see that in light blue, that this is all the chunk of consumption belonging to China. Then with India, which is the second biggest country, they amount to about two thirds of the overall consumption. And then we have United States and OECD as an aggregate again at the second place. Similarly to production, also consumption increased again in 2022, but just a little bit less, 3.7%. On the trade side, this time OECD as an aggregate is the main exporter and it's followed by Indonesia, which is then the biggest exporting country in the world. And then we have Australia and the Russian Federation. So OECD is at the top, mostly thanks to Australia and United States, whereas Indonesia has been growing very much in recent years and overcome Australia indeed recently. What you notice here is that similar to production and consumption, also for exports, we have a handful of countries that account for the vast majority of them. When talking about imports, China and India that are respectively in light and dark blue are again the two largest core imports in 2022. We saw that they are also very big consumers and very big producer. However, I wanna just show you the trend for 2022. Contrary to the year before in 2022, we see a reduction in China imports for now for the human life figures, and we see instead a bounce in India imports so that the gap between the two countries is less. We see an increase also in gray for the EU imports, of which Germany is the highest importing country and increased by 10% its imports. And OECD as an aggregate, it's the biggest importing region that say thanks this time to is Asian countries as Japan and Korea. Now let's move to some key concepts and we start with product classification. And this is because primary coal is a very heterogeneous product. And so in order to classify them, coal types here speaking about primary coal can be distinguished by their physical and chemical characteristics. We then determines their suitability for certain uses and their prices. On the left side, then you can see the classification according to the physical and chemical characteristics. And in general, the higher content of carbon, the higher the quality and higher rank coal have also less moisture and volatile matter and therefore better qualities for the metallurgical sector, for example. So on the left, we see hard coal over here, including cooking coal, anthracite, another B2 minus coal, and brown coal, including sub B2 minus coal and lignite. And for example, if we look at calorific value, we see that high coal have always a calorific value above 24,000 kilojoule per kilogram, whereas for brown coal, we go below that threshold. On the right side, we see that coal products can be classified also by their use. For example, we have metallurgical coal, so cooking coal that has such a high quality that makes it suitable for high quality and characteristics that make it suitable to be fed into cocoa beans. So for the metallurgical sector, then we have anthracite, other B2 minus coal, and sub B2 minus coal, which are used mostly for electricity production. So they're called steam coal, so to produce steam coal or thermocol, and lignite, which is excluded from this classification and has various uses among which also for electricity production. So until now, we mostly talked about coal, primary coal we saw before, but this whole section of energy statistics at the IA is called solid fossil fuels and manufactured gases because it includes more fuels, other fuels, so a broader concept, let's say, and these are all the 17 fuels that we collect in this section of energy statistics. They are indeed solid fossil fuels, and we have primary fuels that are the one that can be found in the nature, can be ironed, or just mined from the biosphere, whereas we have on the right side derived solid products and manufactured gases, which instead are the result of a transformation process. Here in this slide, even more, again divided on the left side, primary coal, in the middle you have, let me take it with a last pointer, here we go, in the middle you have derived solid products, and on the right side you have manufactured gases, so you can read obviously this atom, we have all the definition here online on the questionnaire reporting instruction, but what is very important here is that very often, actually always secondary products, so the products which are manufactured or comes from transformation, derived from primary products, so when you know the interrelationship between products, you can often guess whether there is an output or an input that has been reported correctly or not, or you can estimate one or the other. For example, if we look at the orange boxes and orange arrows, we can see that cooking coal, which is used in co-covens, has as a product of the transformation, co-coven-cook coal tar and co-coven-gas, and then co-coven-cook can be further used in the blast furnaces to produce blast furnace gas and sometime also other recovery gases, so it's very important to this slide to get the interconnection between products. Now let's move to the coal balance and let's look at it through a simplified flowchart going from left to right, we have production, which applies mostly into mines, surface or underground, but for secondary products, for derived coal products, we have production from transformation processes and then we can have also production from other sources, which is very peculiar processes or when the production happens from another fuel, so from another section of annual statistics and then the consumption of these products goes back into the coal and solid fossil fuels and manufacture gases section. Then we have import and export, so trade and stock draw and stock build, you see that the arrows sometime point to this line, sometime goes out because import and export have a different sign, so they can add quantities to the supply side or take out quantities from the supply side. Then we have transformation, where indeed we see all the processes where coal is transformed into another fuel, into another energy forms, for example, electricity, but also into another fuel, for example, at derived coal products. Energy industry on use, that is when coal products are used for energy purposes to provide energy to the above mentioned transformation processes or to the other energy industry uses, and then we have total final consumption that can be energy consumption or non-energy use, when for example coal is used as a feedstock. Finally, distribution losses, which happen during the distribution transmission of coal or for example for gases, if those are vented. Let's look at the most important flows, starting from production, which occurs in mines and the most common process is surface mining because that's less expensive than on the ground. Now, what is important here is that production includes, production accounts for the quantity of coal which is produced, but after any operation of removal of the ionized matter or anything else, so we are pointing production, the coal which is already clean and marketable, but also very importantly, production includes the quantity of coal which is consumed by the producer, for example, some quantity of coal is burnt to provide energy for the equipment running the mine, so that amount of coal is accounted on the supply side on production and on the demand side on energy industry use into the mine sector. Then we move to trade and indeed coal is a very tradable product because it's easily transported over long distances either by boat or train, and here it's very important to set boundaries to statistics, to coal statistics, so imports is coal which entered the country for domestic supply and demand, so for use within the country. Export instead is coal which has been produced domestically and that is living the country. And if we follow this definition, we see that transit trade is excluded, which is for example, that if a country imports a quantity of coal doesn't do anything with this coal but just export it right after, then this amount shouldn't be included into the trade records. So below you see for country A, B and C, some scenarios, there can be other things happening, other situation, so this reporting is not super easy, so we invite all the country from which we collect data to communicate with us and discuss with us if there is something not clear of there is a particular situation and we can sort it out together. Then going into the transformation side, there is a wide variety of transformation processes and plans, starting from the top, you see the most common one in orange and it's the transformation of coal products, primary and secondary into electricity and heat plants. Then we have the various transformation from a coal product, usually a primary product into a secondary product. So we see co-covens before, blast furnace is gas works gas, but there are also others for example, for BKB to create briquettes or for patent fuels and so on. And then we have also the possibility to move from coal and transform into other energy products as the case of oil products in coal liquefaction plants. Let me look at an example of transformation, a very common one, which is co-covens where cooking coal is subject to a process of carbonization, meaning simply that it's heated at high temperature in an oxygen-free atmosphere and I wanna, sorry, I wanted to zoom into here and show you that the input indeed is cooking coal and the main output is co-coven coke, so output number one, but there are also byproducts of this process and they are output number two, co-coven gas and coal tar, that can be further reused in some cases to provide energy to sustain the reaction into the co-covens. So it's very important then to calculate the efficiency of this reaction over here and obviously you have at the numerator or the output divided by the denominator where there are the inputs and it's very important to have both numerator and denominator in energy units and the efficiency of this process is usually between 70 and 90% and calculating this efficiency, you have also sort of quality checks of the data that you collected, whether they are correct or there is some part missing. Now let's look at the iron and steel sector because that's very relevant, many coal products are used in this sector but also many processes are involved and pertain to different flows in the coal balance. So it's very important to differentiate and classify them correctly. We have transformation flows where fuels, coal fuels are transformed into another energy form or another coal product at the right product. We have energy industry on used fuels, sorry, flows where fuels are consumed to support operation, this iron and steel is a very energy intensive industry and so a lot of energy is used to support the operation and sometimes it comes from the core products which are, for example, created and so on. And then we have final consumption that it's the fuel consumed in all the operation downstream to, for example, co-covens, blast furnaces and all this operation where we have final consumption of coal, they are listed into the international standard for industrial classification. So moving on, this is a simplified flowchart of the iron and steel industry. I will not go through all of it because it's long but you can see co-covens here, blast furnaces and then find that downstream other processes where mostly non-energy products, for example, pig iron are used. So if we already saw co-covens, so let's look maybe at the blast furnace and we see that co-coven-cook is an energy product and it's a transformation input, we see the blue arrow into the blast furnace, together sometime with the B2 minus coal which is used in pulverized coal injection to improve the efficiency of the transformation and also iron ore which is not an energy product so we will not collect that in coal statistics and the output in terms of energy products is blast furnace gas of this process and blast furnace gas can be further used in the blast furnace for energy industrial use or sometimes if co-coven-cook is also placed in the same complex also in co-covens and pig iron is the outcome of this transformation but it's not an energy products and therefore it's not collected by the statistics. So these are the energy products, they usually the efficiency of this transformation processes and for iron and steel industry, we have that all the flows pertaining to the IC group 241 then will be included into iron and steel final consumption. Moving on to data reporting, let's be quick on that, you would see also another questionnaire, we have several ways of collecting data and several sources for example surveys that can be done and interact with many players, mining companies on the supply side, enterprises like power plants operator, iron and steel companies and so on on the demand side as well as households, not very common for coal but that could be the case and then we have all the administrative data which are collected for administrative reasons from ministries, energy regulators, administrative offices among which for example, custom office which are usually a very good source of raw data for trade. Then we have direct measurements, calorific value, very important, we will see them later in this presentation and in the exercises are the sources as international organizations, coal association for example and then estimation and modeling when we are not able to collect the data first hand but we can collect activity data or added data as pig iron production from which we can estimate blast furnace gas production. Moving to the another questionnaire, this is the questionnaire that the IA we use to collect data from the countries that work with us and some of you obviously are familiar with that but for all the others I want to work you through it. So there are four tables starting from this one, the first one is the flow table, we will see that later in detail but it's supply and demand flows of the coal balance. Then imports and export table, imports by origin and export by destination and the calorific value table. In addition, we have one table for each product with the time series of each flow. So moving from the first one, now you see it a bit little, so let's try to zoom. We have products in the column dimension and flows in the row dimension. So basically every column is a commodity balance in physical units for a given product and we have first the supply block and then the transformation block and then energy sector industry and final consumption. And you see in yellow, the values, the new values, so all the new values for the new year or when there is a revision in our questionnaire the formatting will show a new value, will show a yellow value compared to the prefilled one. Then tables two and three, imports and exports. What I wanna show you here is the fact that if you don't know the country of origin of some imports or the country of destination of some exports, there is the possibility of put them in the not elsewhere specified row for both tables. And then very importantly the table on calorific value where you have calorific value collected by use and by product obviously in gross and net terms, very important they are collected also by use for seven flows because it's possible that for example a production of a certain type of coal differs for example in calorific value from imported quantities from another country and then in the uses downstream on the demand side they will be used accordingly. For example to the calorific value or chemical product properties or so on. Now moving towards the conclusion we still look at this is the product table of other binomial school. It's an example of one of the 17 product tables and basically here we have all first all the flows then the calorific value then imports and exports. So it's a concentrate of all the tables we saw before but for one product and with a time series. Remark's page at the end just to provide additional information about complicated or specific processes or situation for your country. And this is the main sheet where you can select the year to check the data for example. You can do here imports and exports in CFV but also check the data with this button over here and you select the year and you see some automatic arithmetical and consistency checks. So towards the end a conclusion about that is the fact that consistency is very important in the questionnaire with the questioner so inter-questioner within the questionnaire with other statistics in terms of within the questionnaire an example is between table one and table two all the imports by origin the sum should be the same as in table one of total imports or for example in table one we should have consistency in terms of efficiency for example for co-covens. The efficiency of a co-coven shouldn't be above under percent. Inter-questioner for example with electricity for the electricity and heat generation we have to report the same quantity in physical times but also in energy times. So it's very important also the calorific values collected in table four for main activity producer to be consistent with the one in the electricity and heat questionnaire. And finally if you wanna learn more about energy statistics you can click here and have the energy statistic manual from the IA available in 10 languages. Obviously that's consistent with the United Nation international recommendation for energy statistics which is the most important guideline for energy statistics. It was conceived by several international organizations among which the IA and then IA statistic website questionnaires and reporting instruction available on the website and many more other data services products, reports for which the data that we produce here and that we are presenting to you the methodology are the foundation tool the several reports within the agency. So thank you very much.