 Rhaid, hi allan, mae gennym Venny a rhaid yn ymwneud yma i gweithio i gweithio a'r ddweud o gweithio ar gyfer yng ngyfaint. Rydw i'n meddwl am y dystodol, ac mae'n gwneud yn cymryd o'r methau Auckland. Rydyn ni'n gweithio ar gyfer y gweithio, rydyn ni wedi'n gweithio ar y UK, ac rydyn ni wedi gweithio ar New Zealand ar y llai sydd wedi'n gweithio ar gyfer y citizen, ac rydyn ni'n gweithio i'n gweithio ar gyfer Auckland, felly mae'r ydych chi'n gwybod bod ydych chi'n gwybod i'n dweud i'r bydd. Ond mae'n ddweud y gallu'n gwybod i'r ddweudio? Well, y pethau ydych chi'n gwybod i'r maeslo hirachu bwyd ddiogel, ac mae'n ddweud bod hwnnw i'r ddweud o bwyd yn gwybod i'r ddweud, ac mae'n ddweud i'n gwybod i'n ddweud i'r byd. Ond yw ysbryd yma? Mae'n gweithio i chi'n gweithio i metaforsau a llyfrwyddiol, when you guys were at school, ac mae'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'r rheswm. Mae hynny'n gweithio, mae'r bwysig ar y George Ladoffa Mark Johnston, a'r hynny'n cymdeithasol yn y lluniau, yn ffawr metaforsau yma. Yn y bwysig yma, mae'n ddim yn fawr. Mae'n fawr i'ch gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. A'r hwn yw'r cyffredin iawn yn y lluniau. Now, I'll try to summarise their theory with this diagram. They essentially believe that we actually conceive of the world in metaphors and that that's how we use language to express ourselves. So for example, we might believe that argument is war and so we use language such as he attacked everything I said. Now these are examples of two key features within the theory which is they call them conceptual metaphor in terms of how we conceive things I can see things and linguistic metaphor of how we express that it through language. So, since this book came out, there's been a lot of research looking at the language that we use and working backwards to feel, to figure out how we actually think. And that has been the way that research has generally been. But more recently, there's been a researcher called Lynn Cameron who argues that it could actually work the other way around. Perhaps the language that we use can actually shape the way that we think. So, for example, if we use one set of metaphors, we might think in this way, and if we use another set of metaphors, we might lead us to think in another way. And that's something I'm inclined to agree with, and that's obviously what advertising and councillors also hopefully believe as well. So, that explains my topic of Auckland housing and also metaphors. So, my research question is what are the metaphors in Auckland housing as reported by the New Zealand Herald for 2015, which is historically the worst housing affordability so far? So, I had to look at every single day's papers of the New Zealand Herald. And so, there are 365 copies to look through. And I'd like you to have a figure in your mind of a number of how many of those would have front page stories on housing. So, we'll come and see how close you are a little bit later. So, what did I do? Well, I did have to use this machine, which, believe it or not, does exist right now in 2016 at Auckland City Library. I did fortunately find a slightly newer version in the University Library, which made it a lot easier. So, I essentially had to scan through the archives of 2015 to find articles. Now, as I said to you before, you need to have a number in your mind, and I'll come to that shortly. But once I found the relevant articles, what I did was I did two forms of analysis. There was a manual part, because metaphor at this stage still has not been automated fully yet. But there is a second stage of using a computer program to enhance the reliability of my findings. So, let's see how close your number is. So, I had 365 papers to look through, and it was actually 83 articles that I found, which means once every four days. So, it's a very salient topic. And from these articles, I found 215 linguistic metaphors. And we'll do an example together so you see what I mean. So, this is the first of three stages. So, here's a front page, so have a quick look at that. And maybe you can see some words that contrast with the basic or literal meaning of words. So, these are the ones that I selected, and that was the first stage of what I had to do for every single article that I found. So, the second stage is what we're about to do now, which is just having a look at the example that we found. And then working backwards. So, this would be the conceptual metaphor. AHM is Auckland Housing Market, being a moving car, obviously connecting with brakes. And for predatory birds, this is to do with the word soaring. Now, although a lot of birds soar, actually a vast majority of them tend to be predatory birds, such as eagles, et cetera. Now, that's the second stage. And as I did this, I began to find the patterns of meaning that kind of kept reoccurring. So, the third final stage is finding metaphor clusters. So, for example, car would go under the topic of vehicles, and predatory birds would be under danger. So, by doing that, I actually found a total of 22 metaphor clusters, but three were highly salient because the top three accounted for 40% of all the data. And these are the top three, as you've just seen. And these numbers relate to the 215 articles. So, that's the manual part of the analysis done. But what about the computer part? Well, that's using this programme called W Matrix, which comes from Lancaster University in the UK. And the key point that this does is that it assigns a meaning category for each word. So, there are 21 categories. These are all of them. But we're going to look at this one in particular, and each of these have subdivisions. So, for example, for government and public domain, you'll see that G3 is warfare. So, that's a tag that I can use to find all words connected with war. So, you can see here that we've got G3 for warfare and all the others for heat and danger as well. So, by doing this, I could then compare my manual results with what I found. So, by doing that, I find something like this and I have a look and I can see that these are all the words connected with warfare. And then I have to click on the blue lines to find each individual hit list for each of them. So, shortly, I'll do an example for hit because you can see you still have to read them manually. It's not been done automatically yet. So, I still had to click through that for all of the categories that I found. So, by doing this, I was able to compare my manual analysis with a corpus analysis. And what I found was that there was an increase of almost twice for war and heat, which means they're actually even more salient than I originally thought. Now, the reason danger goes down is to do the way that they categorise it. So, I don't know why it's moving, sorry. It's to do with, because in danger, it was, for example, specific words like alarm and bomb and critical, whereas it doesn't consider words like predatory birds. So, if I go back to my original research question, I wanted to know about Auckland housing metaphors. Well, I can tell you that the three key salient metaphors are war, heat and danger. And I would argue that this actually creates a metaphorical scenario because each of those interrelate with each other. And actually, you can say that Auckland housing market is war in general. So, what are the implications of this? So, within my field, a couple of things. First of all, no one's really done anything about housing and metaphors. That's the first thing. The second thing is in terms of methodology. Everyone's either done manual only or corpus only. There's only been one study in 2007 where they actually did both of them. So, that's something that I'm happy to have done. And another thing, which I think for me is personally the most important, is that it's to do with, if we're talking back to looking at language, perhaps shaping the way that we think, then it's possible that if we construe that the Auckland housing market is war, it could actually affect our very actions. So, maybe you feel that you have to be a soldier in order to enter the war and you feel that you're not properly armoured. Maybe you're not going to enter that war. So, we need to know what all these metaphors are because once you have that, you can then decide to accept it, question it, reject it or resist it. But before you can do any of those actions, you have to know what they are. And that's very much where this research comes in as a very first step to do with housing and metaphors. And I'm happy to answer any questions now. Thank you. I wasn't just interested in the idea of the soaring metaphor that's been connected to quickly boots, and I'm wondering, does the metaphor have its power? If people don't know that it's quickly boots at all, because I didn't know that. So, what's the assumption there about how these things fix? Yeah, it's a really good question. And yeah, that's what's called conventional metaphor. In fact, we're so used to it that we don't even think about it in a way, like you're saying, you've got, oh yes, that's right, it's predatory birds. So there's two ways about it. First thing I need to say with this research is very much from a linguistic point of view, this is what we think. There's still the next step of research to talk about. Are they perceived as such? And there's a lot of research that goes, depending on the metaphors, they might be perceived differently. But essentially, the key focus within this research is that it's very subtle these ways of presenting language that we often don't necessarily think about it. And you have to remember, you have to read the whole context of the article for it to really come across as that, rather than just picking up that isolated sentence. Thank you. Hi. I was wondering if you talk. Thank you. I was wondering if you focus on all the metaphors which have negative relations with us. No, no, all of them. I was wondering if we think about the 9-11, the 8-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11, the 9-11. And I think that in the present scenario, the present world, we can't separate, we can't have it depending on what we have for 9-11. So I was wondering, is it for the bad dreams that you are greater, the good dreams of our country? OK, interesting question. So first of all, I didn't cherry pick the metaphors. I looked at all the metaphors in all of the text. So I didn't choose the ones that I wanted to find. So this is what I'm saying is that my findings relate to how it is being reported. So I'm only answering the question of what I saw in the articles. So that's what I can say. So if you want to have a different story, then it requires someone else to write it. OK. There was another question? No? I'm just sort of in... I mean, for Donald, was it coming? The what? Sorry, the... The text itself. Oh, OK, yep. Yep, sorry, OK. Was it coming from people who are issues that are the same just according to the housing? Yeah, so a lot of the articles, there would be like a main bit and there would be a mini-insert where they had some people sort of discussing their own situations and I included that as well. So some of it, a lot of it was from the journalists as well and some of it was included as part of the journalist's story. So I included all of that as well. What are the questions that are coming? So many of the questions you are probably working on and maybe sitting on the house, that would be like, I don't want to be in the room. Yeah, I'd just like to answer that comment. After I did my research, I spoke to a friend who just bought a house and I said to her, this is what I find. She goes, oh, that makes me feel better. It's not just me. Kind of like made a bit of a difference as well. I just wanted to pick up on this theory of cognitive sources. Yep. The implications that we see in the range of this work and their project, I'm interested in your thoughts on how social and how we deal with that given the range of what we bring in the media and the social content business given the push content. So I don't really understand your terms of social content and push content. I don't know what they are. Okay. Okay. Yep. Yep. Yep. Oh, okay. Okay. Yep. So I would just like to say this is my master's, not my PhD. As I said, in my PhD, someone suggested in the previous round that we could look at the comments, for example, in the online version of the text. Just to answer your thing about the push content, which, thank you, is a new term for me. I actually listened to a really interesting article on R&D that had a big generous conference here and they were saying that, actually, despite social media being so prevalent, actually that the vast majority of us still get most of our primary news from the push content and we might respond to it in social content. I know that nowadays that there's a spin-off and the conversation, so there are other ways that we could look at the media, but I think within the New Zealand context, when this is our main paper still, I think that probably still has a lot of power. I think maybe over time it might change and it's definitely something I could look at in the future. Thank you. Yep.