 Yeah, well, thank you so much, and so I would like first of all to represent my gratitude to Nathan Hale for our gracious help. And I hope that in this talk I will continue his glorious affidavit on Grumpy Linguistics. And so today I'm sorry Guillaume, because I'm not doing something Hungarian, because I don't have yet interesting things to say about Grumpy Linguistics, whereas that is very unfortunate, so I took a look at this little family of languages called Bai. So the topics, the basic context of this talk would be that whether the Chinese portion of the vocabulary of Bai is something that is derived from all Chinese, or does it present archaisms in existence in all Chinese. And so in order to sell under this background I did a new reconstruction for the Bai. There are still some of the details that are not clear, but I think in general I know my reconstruction for about 90% of the words concerned, so I can already give a very provisional introduction to this new reconstruction. And so I will try to compare my new poto Bai with the new or Chinese baxar and cigar. So for the introduction, the majority of the basic words of Bai look very Chinese. There are some words that don't look Chinese, so there are two basic positions on the genetic position of Bai. Either Bai is non-synetic with a lot of Chinese long words, or Bai is simply a Chinese dialect, albeit a very ancient one. However, so Wang Feng in 2006 advanced a third position, which says that Bai is a close cousin of Chinese, so there is sign of Bai group, and there are forms reconstructed by Wang Feng for poto Bai, which are not able to be explained by any version of all Chinese. So that is presented as evidence to counter these first two positions. And everyone agrees that if Bai is considered as something like Chinese, then it's a very archive Chinese, so I have some lexical examples presented here. So for Xin and Tao, they are used in mainstream Chinese until respectively 13th century and 4th century, so they are not that ancient, and indeed I find these words in Waxiang, so another very, very archive Chinese dialect. But anyway, in any Chinese dialects that are well-known enough to get their way into the Xiandai Han Yu, Fang Yan Datsu Dian, neither of these four words appear in their right senses. So to put something, to wear a piece of clothing, and for Qin to sleep, these Bai words are impossibly ancient, especially for Qin, which disappeared even from the written language in Han, in Han era texts. So there is clearly something not right here, and I think that Bai already comes from the Chinese portion of the Bible, already comes from a somewhat, say, a somewhat peripheral conservative dialect of Southern Chinese, and there must be something like that. And so our basic sources are Wang, Huang, Liu, Li, Xi, so the two, two thousand and six, and Yin, Jun, two thousand and six. So these are two proto-Bais which are quite evidently independently executed, because while the general directions are the same, but the concrete solutions adopted are very different, so I don't think the two authors know the existence of each other, and so the basic dialectology of Bai is we have what is called a Biproker, and what is called a Western Bai, and for the Biproker you have central Bai, which is spoken by the majority of Bai speakers and some peripheral dialects. And one that is very interesting, which is documented in the book of one called Macho Long Bai, and we have also a language called Cai Jia, where the Chinese portion of the capital looks very similar to Bai, but the pre-Cai Jia, or the ethio-Cai Jia, looks very different from the pre-Bai, so very probably it's the same super straight applied on two different substrates. So for the tones, everyone knows the correspondence between Bai tones, but the interpretation in terms of comparison with Chinese is not clear. I don't yet have time to look into this question, but both solutions have some defects, and so for now I provisionally so subscribe to the solution of Zheng Chang-Shang Fang and Yuan Yun-Chun. So when you just look at the prototype reconstructed by Wang Feng and Yuan Yun-Chun, you see that there are a lot of clusters and they look imminently comparable to all Chinese clusters, but I'll show that for most of them. So it's an easier matter for Yuan Yun-Chun because he has learned historical linguistics from the Khargrinian, from the Khargrinian Cossonist School, so if you have something, if you have K in this dialect and P in this dialect, then it's a K-P. It's how Khargrin does things, and we couldn't afford much on this one. So for example, the Muher Rhe cluster is Rhe in some dialects and Mu in some dialects because of a simulation from a rounded rhyme, and they're heard something which comes from the word, so everything is put together to get Muher Rhe. And I think the Wang Feng reconstruction for the Muher Rhe is awesome. So you have these cases where if you compare the two reconstructions, the more likely one will follow. However, for the most important clusters, there is what I have called here a Muher Rhe between Wang Feng and Yuan Yun-Chun where you have Rhe for Rhe, you have Bheer for Bheer, you have Rhe for Rhe, you have Rhe for Rhe, etc. So in the first part of my talk, I'll examine these clusters one by one. So let's start with the Rhe Rhe cluster. So I put the Wang Feng first and the Yuan Yun-Chun in second. These clusters are characterised by Bhe, by Bebeo, reflex and by Procher and the Che like reflex and by Pathology reflex in Western by. Some of the most favorite, some of the most famous words with this correspondence are a pa, so that would be a pa-re, and a phong, that would be pre-re, in the back of the Sadaar reconstruction, which does not differ much from the previous reconstructions. So I think that's why they reconstructed pre-re for this correspondence set. But there's a dead giveaway for this because in both reconstructions, you have only the pre-re and never the, so it has something clearly fishing here, and also many of the Chinese comprehensive, cannot be characterized to have r, so for fei, lan, fei to bark, or this part of the body that the Tibetans call the symbol of femininity, really you can't have r in the Chinese form, and so there's a problem here, and this problem is recognized by Wang Feng himself, who however offered it as an example of that bai, cannot be characterized. So the solution is actually quite easy, so in fact when you have a pre-re, it's simply pre-re followed by an e. So for bai, for example, which they were reconstructing, in fact it's simply a bia. Now why do I put a e that belongs to the rhyme rather than a yaw, which belongs to the initial, is that there are a certain, there is a certain class of bai initials, so Tibetans usually when you have zhe or this bia, and these two initials, so the zhe is from g or d, which are half a line, and these initials they only occur, they mainly occur before a certain, before three rhymes, so o, a, and a, and so later I will reconstruct the prehistory of ea, and ea, and you only have ea in Zhuxiang, and you only have ea with either with another final or with Zhuxiang, so it's very clear that this yaw is a secondary development from pre-po the bai, so it should appear, so it should belong to the rhyme. Okay, now that pre is revised to some kind of a pia, then the problem is that Wang and Yuan have both very correctly reconstructed, very correctly reconstructed the labial dentals as a pia, so there is a problem, so if we have pia and a pia which have a different, which have different modern reflexes, then in what ways are they different? Well, if we look at the words with pia in central bai, they always have a wu as the rhyme, so, and if we look at other words where you have wu in central bai, they always come from, you look at it and just nǐ yǜ shu, of course shu is a shu in all the Mandarin, you also have kui from kui, so, and you will say zh in xia hén yīs, so the, so the Chinese comprendre of wu in central bai is always yǔ yīs, so, so I would imagine wu coming from something which like, which are like yǔ, and in fact you have two sets of vowel correspondences for central bai in other dilates, so either they correspond to, either they correspond to front vowels or to old like vowels, so I reconstruct those with front vowel correspondences as yǔ and the those with old like vowels correspondences, so when you have central bai, it comes either from yǔ or yǔ, and this, this reconstruction works quite well when you, when you look at the words with, with labial dentals in bai, so for example, for fei, which is jiu, you have a bui, for fēn, puen, you have puin, for bii, bìt, you have bui, for fu, so biu, you have bui, this is not very good but, but there is something that I'll explain later, and so for, for stomach, you have biu, for, for the bì, you have puin, so, so at least my, my solution looks like that it would work, and so there are two words that merit special attention, so you have liu and jü, liu has, has l in middle Chinese which corresponds to, to lh in proto-min, so it should ideally, as I will explain later, have a ge in, in proto-bai, and for jü you have a ge in Chinese, so, so these two words should, should be gu in, in central bai, but in fact you have fu, the other difference is that when you have real labial dentals, you have the, the matcha long bai preserves the original non, non labial dental initial, while in, while for these two words, even matcha long bai has, has labial dental initials, and it's, and it could not be a borrowing, because even in taijia which is, which is not bai but related, you have a fu for six which, which contrasts with fu for to bai, so, so these two words are belong to another, belong to another initial, however I don't have a good, I don't have a good solution for it, because we also have gu which, which comes from either jü or jü, which means to sit and to live with almost the same, with the same etymology, so jü is, is homophone with jü in, in, in every form of Chinese, yet they are not homophone in bai, so for now I, I just retain this p thing but I, but it's most probably incorrect, so now that vu comes, either comes from jü and jü, we can, we can use this hypothesis to, to resolve another problem in the, in the preceding, in the preceding reconstructions of protobai, so there is this kind of words where you, we take the ghost for example, you have gu in, in central bai and you have jü in western bai, so the e in, in guopan, in LBZ, it comes from, comes from a kind of so it's, so, so, so basically the carpana is gu versus jü versus jü and if you look at the etymology of this word, it's clear that it comes from, it's clear that it comes from a kind of protobai yü and you, you have the same set of, of Chinese etymology as, as what is, as what is for the, for the yü in the LBZ words, so, so I will just reconstruct them as gu, gu, gu and jü, I'll, I'll explain, I'll explain the, what I think about how the words got yü in, if you wish in, in the question time and so it contrasts with, with the words like gu to set, so, so this will have, so this will come from yü and when you have yü, you'll have gu, gu, gu, now the, now the final, now there are three other cuspana sets which are reconstructed as tr, tr and the jü in the, in the different reconstructions, they are in fact quite easy to, to, there is a very clear complementary distribution between the three, so and, and all of them are reflected as tz in central by, so in one way, it's central by that, that looks more archived because where, where, while there are mergers, the mergers, there are, are not complex splits that, that depend on the, depend on the rhyme, so, so basically the, the conclusion of this, of this new prototype is that you can, you can just use central by, you can just use central by in the comparison with a few caveats, so central by jü could come from yü and yü and central by tz could either come from tz or jü but that, but that's all central by ge could come from ge and qe and for these things you go to the dialect but otherwise the many in the, much in the vibration in the dialects are not meaningful. There, there might be some but I'll look that into that later, so now, so now what, what I have understood from the preceding reconstructions is that you can just basically take central by as, as almost the same thing as prototype. However, so, so now the revolution is done, the acts are broken, so, so we would like to see some of the omnits, so, so, so we have two of the omnits which, which concern rather the evolution from a pre-proto by to prototype which is almost the same thing as, as modern central by. So first we have this vowel which I reconstruct following one form as act, so in central by in some dialects you have a, in some times, in some dialects you have er, you have some, you have what is reconstructed as er and I have forgotten to put the examples here but most of them come from Chinese art, so, so ultimately they come from Chinese, so there, there is a connection here between the r-coloured, between the r-coloured vowel of some central by dialects and the r of, and the r of all Chinese. However, as some of the, some of these words with, with the prototype act has no r in Chinese, so for example, 名, 名字的名, 然後丁, 丁字的丁, nails, 翅, red, 翅臂, 翅臂, 翅臂, 翅臂, 翅臂, 臂 is for, 臂 is for, not really waltz but 臂, 臂, body. So, the thing is that for these words where you have, where you have a prototype act which corresponds to, which corresponds to Chinese elements that has no r's, they, they are either, they have either a nasal, they have either a nasal code reflected as a nasalization in modern by or they are intrusion words. So, what is, and if you look at etymology, they come either from N or X, either in, either in middle Chinese or in old Chinese. So, I will reconstruct this these two sound changes, 眼 and 眼, which come from N and X. So, that's why you have for example, 丁 which is 家 in 白 because, because 丁 because 丁 becomes 店 which, where the, where the secondary yacht, where the secondary yacht privatized the origin of 臂 to 臂. So, I also succeeded in the, so finding an etymology for a problematic word which is 隔, to catch, because this is, it monogas as a 隔 物質的隔, but 隔 is a second division word which always have 隔 in protobuy, in uvular in protobuy, but this doesn't have uvular. So, and also in 隔, it doesn't mean to catch, 隔, which nobody knows what 隔, 物質 means and And aside from this example, Ge Simke means to go to somewhere, for example, in the Chinese version of the, in the Catholic version of the last pharaoh, it said, are guo yin, Ge for that kingdom come. And so I found another word, sadly, in the dictionary, which is ji, so ge, so the formal correspondence and the meaning is perfect, but it's an it's a dictionary word which only exists in shou wen jie, zi yin guang yun, etc., so not that good, but better than The other thing that is difficult is the form, yeah, for eight, this is simply not logical and however, when you have the app words in shu sheng, it always come, it never come from a t, a word that ends in t, so I hypothesized that, yeah, come from a bat, which of course comes from bread, and there are a couple of other examples, so sha and shui ta ta otters, and for peace, you have ya and ya, which looks like the same thing, but I'm not that sure, and when you have a uber initial, it has the more regular treatment. And so this is a brief presentation of my new prototype, which is just the same thing as modern central bi, and finally, let's take a look at the comparison with Chinese. So first, there are high tone, there are high register sonarance and low register sonarance in prototype, but apparently all Chinese words with sonarance are reflected as high tone sonarance, irrespective whether the prototype has high tone or low tone sonarance, so you have only four muo and yin in this example, which are probably cultural words, so this is not very meaningful. However, the reflexes of Chinese limo is very interesting, so from liou to lii, you have ge, ge and ye, which is a very late parallelization of e in bai, and you have the yin jian yang, and you have non-prefixed re in baxia sagar. For force and sharp, I think there are other mean data with the se or with high tone forms, so for which reason baxia sagar reconstructed greuk and something rits, so these are exceptions, but anyway, jian yang had probably from literary borrowings. On the other hand, when you have ge in bai, you always have se in jian yang with prefixed ars in Chinese. It doesn't work for the word for klao, which has le in jian yang, and I have also looked at kejia, it has low tone kinsheng, so I don't know about this one, but anyway, so the correspondence is quite solid. One of the more interesting thing is that for the word snake, which baxia sagar reconstructed with unclear force with ar, I don't know why, but it is in perfect accordance with the bai data, because in proto bai, now corrected, it has ku, so you have a nice ge, ge, ke for all Chinese r, and the prefixed ar, and sorry, there is a title here, so for watchless ars. What this means in terms of phonetic reality of late old Chinese sonorans is a matter of discussion, but I think it's highly interesting. And the other thing of interest is that you have three cases where you have uberus in bai, which corresponds into a sandong, into sandong ranks in Chinese. There is a yin zi de yin, which has baxia sagar uberus, and you have jing jian le jing, thank you, and huang jing le jing, which means copper in bai, and gold in zai jia. These two also have uberus in proto bai. So the paleographers think that the words jing and jing are written with this phonetic component, or this for example also in jing jian le jing. So there is a yin mu jian mu contact here, which might point to other uberus in the baxia sagar system, while they are not reconstructed in the current one. So finally there are a few points of, a few miscellaneous points of interest. So there is a qing, which has chhe in proto bai, which corresponds to Zhangzu in Chinese. So it's like a cheng in, it will correspond to cheng in modern Chinese, so I still have it. So this will mean that it would not worth the time to really reconstruct different things for African and non-African Chinese girls. And finally, so you have a brain for all the in previous proto bai, but now you have bing, and it corresponds to the central direct form in shi ming. So in shi ming it says that in yin yu si heng, it is pronounced with heng ka, b yi, and he trun. Bim, unlike bing in Shandong dialect. And so bai has the central direct form for tian possibly, but it's not that sure for xi, which is xian in han wei poem, in han wei poetry. So apparently compared with modern mainstream Chinese bai consistently show features belonging to the archic central dialect, while modern mainstream Chinese show forms belonging to the archic Shandong dialect. And that's all.