 And many thanks for joining us for all of the work today to discuss how can community-led nature-based technologies help us adapt to climate change. The session is co-organized by Practical Action, IED, for its farm facility and the wetland international. I'm Xiaoting Hou-Jiong, senior researcher at IED, and I'll be your moderator today. And pardon me if you see my eyes darting all over the place because I'm trying to monitor many different screens, but I'm actually looking at many of your faces. So I shall recommend if you could turn on your video, do turn on your video so we can see you, everyone can see you. So for those participants who haven't introduced themselves yet, please do so in the chat box. And this is great to see so many people from so many parts of the world. And as we know, 2020 has been nothing but special as forest fire devastates the west coast of the U.S. The local swamps ravages the farms in Africa, floods disrupts lives of millions of people in Asia. I guess this year really bring home the message loud and clear that also the future is really interlinked and very much interdependent with nature and we need to work with nature to be resilient to climate change impacts. So in today's session, we hope to share and discuss with all of you how local communities have been championing nature-based adaptation technologies that embrace the interconnectivity between our society and the nature to deliver integrated solutions for the pressing challenges of both climate change and the biodiversity laws. We'll also explore opportunities and challenges for supporting and scaling up those locally championed nature-based technologies. We will first hear from a panel of four speakers who will share technologies used in marine forest agricultural watershed ecosystems. They will also help bring in some reflections from a series of roundtables organized by our co-hosts leading up to the workshop session today. Some of you may have participated in those roundtables, so welcome back. Please feel free to also share your reflections from those roundtables in the chat box at any time. For those who were not able to join those roundtables, you can find the recordings of those on hover platform, but please view them only after the workshop session. And most importantly, we want to use today's time to hear from all of you. So the session will have 30 minutes devoted to breakout groups where everyone will have a chance to share your perspectives. The groups will then come back together to share reflections before we close the session. So one of the few advantages of virtual meetings is that gives those of us who enjoy multitasking more opportunity to interact. So out of the session, please feel free to use the chat box to share your reflections, ask questions to each other, all the speakers, and we'll try to also have a conversation going on in the chat box while people present or talk through via video. So that's enough for me. Let's start the session by learning from four panelists who hosted the roundtable discussions. So you may have seen or heard their voices before, and they all have a lot of experience in working with local communities in implementing nature-based adaptation technologies. So really great that they can join us. So I would first like to invite Anadale Bamban, who is joining us all the way from Philippines today. Anadale is a program manager for Wetland International's partner for resilience project and head office of Wetland International Philippines. She's a trained natural scientist who has dedicated her career to linking science with policy and practice. She will bring us to the beautiful coastal zones of Philippines today. So over to you, Anadale. Thank you. Wetland International has been in the Philippines since 2015, and the first investment we have is in Paklaban. You may remember in 2013 that there was this stream event that hit Paklaban. And so the government of the Philippines and the government of the Netherlands came together and organized stakeholders and worked with the Wetland International and other agencies. We introduced mangrove replanting as one of the nature-based solutions in the restoration of the 100-meter belt along the coastline for the protection of the coastline to stream events, to storm surges. We replanted this abandoned fish pond in this photo with the mangroves and with the community in this locality. This mangrove replanting as a nature-based solution is part of the coastal zone protection strategy of Paklaban, Palau, in eastern Lata, Philippines. Next slide, please. From the learnings we have in this locality, we wanted to share these in another coastal zone. This is the coastal zone near Metro Manila. The photo here shows Manila Bay, and adjacent to the Manila Bay is a large coastline where the vast coastal zone, which is being a delta, is soft and also sinking, is sinking because of the extraction of water. And there's also the storm surge happening during extreme events. And of course, there's sea-level rise with climate change. However, the sea-level rise is lower than the rate of sea-level rise is lower than the sinking of the coastline in the northern coast of Manila Bay. And so we are introducing building with nature approach. Building with nature approach is a combination of understanding of engineering solutions, engineering principles, ecological principles, and societal principles. For the ecological principles, we are going to introduce also mangrove reforestation, especially in the fish ponds that have been abandoned for years, having earthen dikes, that is dikes made of mud and grown over with grass or trees. And the room for the river, this is another nature resolution, which is promoting the easements on the banks of the river to be free from any infrastructure and to rehabilitate this, to re-vegetate this, to ensure that the banks are held together and will filter also the sediments coming from the land. This effort that we're doing is part of the master planning for the sustainable development of Manila Bay. Next slide, please. We are interested to accelerate the promotion of building with nature in Asia, in different countries in Asia, including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. And in the Philippines, we are going to promote this in different types of ecosystems in the coast, in deltas, as well as in reverse lakes and urban environment. In this photo here is the map of the northern, detailed map of the northern part of Manila Bay, where we're going to introduce different nature-based solutions, including the reforestation of the mangroves, the restoration of mudflats, which are important for migratory birds, for water birds, as well as for shellfish, which is important for the communities to be able to glean for sustenance, or to harvest shellfish to sell to the market. So it's a basis for livelihood. So we are hoping that we will be able to raise the necessary resources to implement this nature-based solutions within this coastal zone with the communities. Next slide, please. On September 1, we had an informal roundtable discussion. We were few, but we had a lively discussion. We first talked about the top-down project for restoration in the Philippines, the NGP National Greening Program. And part of the National Greening Program is also the restoration of the magroforest or beach forest along the coastline. But this being a top-down effort, it has faced some unintended consequences. There was a lot of money that was used for reforestation, and sometimes they were pushed to undertake the replanting to meet the COTAS or targets. The good thing about this NGP is the fact that it's implemented with people's organizations at the local scale. So that's very positive. And it's also for livelihood development. The other example that was given is in South Africa where replanting or reforestation is rewarded with economic goods, which is also very good for the community. And the third example was the use of organic materials like grass and rice husks for holding the bunts in the coastline to protect the coastline from flooding. Next slide, please. So we came up with two questions. How can we include the voices, the knowledge of the local people in policy and planning, and how can we argue more for this conditionality in funding in projects? Next slide, please. Thank you so much for your attention. Thanks, Anadale, for giving such a detailed presentation, especially showcasing how mangrove is a very effective way to even think about how we can link rural and urban EBA and a quite good technology to think about how we can control coastal storm surges. And then thanks for bringing some of the roundtable discussion examples as well from all over the world. And our next speaker will be Philip Kisoya. He's a national facilitator of the Forest and Farm Facility Program in Kenya. Philip is an expert in landscape ecology with interest in community-based natural resource management. He will take us from the coast in Philippines to the forest in Kenya. Over to you, Philip. Thank you. I'm going to share a small presentation on the farmer-led inventory for sustainable timber management and community-based adaptation. Next slide. Next slide, please. Yes, I think it's self-evident that small older farmers – no, go back, please. I think it's self-evident that small older farmers are already facing socioeconomic problems. So climate change is only exacerbating the already precarious nature of their livelihoods. And one other aspect is that the small older also lack, you know, organized groups to champion their interests and for them to be able to combat the effects of climate change. The Forest and Farm Facility Program with support from partners is actually helping these small holders to actually form groups so that they can get a voice and also be able to access these technologies to combat climate change. Next slide. Next slide, please. Yes, agroforest systems is one of the systems that FFF is promoting as one approach for community-based adaptation. And for us to really understand the agroforestry is that we need to get – sorry, my slide is not clear – so agroforest systems, as I said, is one of the approaches that we're using for community-based adaptation. And for us to really understand this is that we really have to know what are the socioeconomic benefits of this approach and most importantly the provision of ecosystem goods and services that are critical for sustainable agriculture. But I think we all know that most of small older farmers actually lack information on how to better understand the effects of climate change and even the impacts of the interventions. They are doing quite a lot, but when it comes to trying to measure all these efforts, there's a lot of information lacking. Next slide. Next slide, please. Yes. So FAO through the Farm Facility Program is actually promoting farmer-owned data. I think, as they say, information is power. And we believe that if farmers can hold this information, it's very critical in empowering them. Much of the data that we have now related to agriculture, climate change is actually owned by government institutions, researchers, development agencies, and even was they actually in forms or in language that were not understood by farmers. I think we'll all be talking about involving communities in past factory monitoring and evaluation of community-based adaptation, but it's very important that we actually use a language, simple language that they understand. I don't think we can talk about community-based adaptation, while at the same time talking about very complicated carbon calculations like the ex-ant and others, it's good that we break down some of these technologies in the simple way that the local communities, even the illiterate, could understand. We believe that this farm-label data empowers the smallholder, smallholder, tree farmers to set their significant contribution in achieving the national targets on forest and landscape restoration, climate change mitigation, and other related SPGs. And it also provides linkage to the national red-plus framework, the payment for ecosystem services. I saw with this information, smallholder farmers are fascinated to lobby and advocate for better enabling policies. I think once they have this information, as I said earlier, information is power, they can be able now to leverage or to lobby for better support and even enabling policies for their efforts in combating climate change. Next slide. Yes, so this is just the process of how we conducted this, because we piloted this program, the tree growers association of Nyandarwa. And basically, what we're saying is that management as scale requires information, which is often lacking. The producer-led inventory is very cost-effective, sustainable and effective and sustainable, a sustainable way to get information. Again, it uses commonly available tools and support tailored for the local communities. And it yields results in hands of the producers. Useful for mapping, valuation, certification, business and business development for sustainable management of the team that I talked about. Next slide. So this is the process of actually conducting this success, a very simple process, starting with the training, preparation of material sampling, data capture, measurement of the trees, data entry. And very important is actually the product, the use of this information, development of a bank or business plan. And with this business plan, they're able to access markets, they're able to maybe even try to start valuing the ecosystem goods and services and provide evidence numbers for policy dialogue. I think this is the result of trying to get this information. And this information is actually supplied by the farmers themselves, not by development agencies or anybody. It's information that's being delivered by the small holders themselves to the government. Next slide. Yes, and one of the products of this exercise was the development of the tree growth association of Nyanarua, a business plan. And with all the data, some of the data, and the number of trees, various timber products from the farms, and even an estimation of the carbon sequestration from the trees in their farms. So these are very important products that's coming from all these exercise, symbol exercise. And right now, these tree growth association of Nyanarua is actually using this tool to assess for better markets, to negotiate with the timber and merchants and the timber industry for better markets of their products. So we believe that the information already generated is already yielding some fruits, and they are also engaging right now in citizen engagement with the players in the market. Thanks, Phillip. Thank you for that great presentation. Unfortunately, we do need to quickly move on now. OK, thank you. I think as we are sharing the UNDK, the family farming and ecosystem resolution, we are to ensure that every tree comes. And this is what we did to measure every tree. Thank you. Thanks so much, Phillip. And it's really interesting with that inventory technology that you mobilize all the communities and the local farmers to help you capture all the data and the effects of climate change. And then next, we will go to the farms in Africa with Harrison Manuma. Harrison is the monitoring evaluation and learning leader for practical action in southern Africa. He's a trained agriculture economist with a passion for linking these people's knowledge with science. And just also quickly to let all the speakers know there's some questions coming to you in the chat box. Feel free to answer in the chat box as well. And please, the next few speakers, please keep on time so we can move swiftly as to the agenda. Thank you. Thank you, Xia Tong. And good afternoon, morning and evening, everybody. Like the facilitator mentioned, my name is Harrison, and I work with practical action in southern Africa. And our vision is a world that works better for everyone. And I've specifically been working on projects that aim to make farming work better for smaller farmers, many of whom are women. And today I'll be sharing some of our lessons and experiences on how small seeds can feed a growing world. So what you see in the cover picture over there is a handful of a very small seed from a crop that some of us might not even know. It's called phonio, and it's from Ethiopia. It grows pretty well on poor sandy soils, and it is a rapidly maturing cereal, probably the world's fastest. And it is a garment grain rich in amino acids, such as cysteine, that is really found in cereals. Next slide, please. But however, for many generations, you find that the majority of food produced in developing countries has come from informally preserved and traded seed. This is mainly because many farmers like Mariette, Maureen, and Tombezot were shown in the top left picture of the slide there, cannot afford hybrid seed. And if they do access this hybrid seed, for instance, through subsidies, it is often not very adaptable to their climatic conditions, and it requires high rates of external input use. So smallholder farmers do trade and exchange quite a diversity of crops. But most interestingly is the fact that they are arguably the major custodians of native crops and land-raised varieties, such as phonio that I mentioned earlier, and the number of local rice, sorghum, and other varieties. Unfortunately, these native crops have been defined as inferior, coarse, small, or poor people's crops. While foreign crops, such as maize in some parts of Africa, have been transformed into the convenient staples. And this has been through generations of breeding, food processing, technology development, policy, lobbying, and a lot of marketing and advertising. But despite shunning the native varieties, they really haven't died, and they have continued to help many women farmers, such as Virginia, in the bottom left picture there, to feed themselves and their families in the face of climate change. Next slide, please. So practical action for over six years now has been working with some of these vulnerable women and communities to promote community-based conservation, utilization, and management of climate-adapted crops and varieties. And we've been doing this working together with relevant government stakeholders. We've helped kickstart participatory plant breeding processes that tap into the local knowledge and genetic resources whilst linking it with science and government's technical and institutional resources. So those are some pictures of farmer-fewed schools, participatory variety selections, and community seed fairs around the native and land-raised crops and varieties. Next slide, please. So some of the major results from this work and also what we think still needs to happen. So between 2015 and 2018, our collaborative efforts saw the release of four cowpea and two per millet locally adapted varieties. And better access to these seeds has been a game changer for the farmers we have been working with. So from solely relying on a failing maize crop each season, women, such as Tomby, in the picture there, who is a 48-year-old widow, have experienced improved nutritional diversity and security for their families. But however, we still feel that there's a lot that still needs to be done. There's need for more collaborative research and documentation around farmer-managed seed systems. The policy environment in many countries is still not supportive for the promotion of farmer crops and varieties. And the big question that we still have is how can farmer-managed seed systems work better as a nature-based solution for adaptation in more local communities around the world? And also just to mention, some of the varieties that were released from our work are accessible through the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Thank you very much. Thanks so much, Harrison. And thanks for being so on time and highlighting some small farmer-led and women-led innovation in the farming agriculture sector for conserving seeds as effective adaptation technology, but also that helps conserve agro-biodiversity. So next, we will visit the watershed in Sudan with Rufaida El-Zubay. Rufaida is the Knowledge and Communication Manager at Practical Action in Sudan. She's responsible for capturing and sharing practical actions, knowledge, and evidence to influence and inspire many others. So next, over to you, Rufaida. Hi, everyone. Thank you. Hello, everyone. This is Rufaida El-Zubay, Knowledge and Communication Manager from Practical Action Sudan. So next slide, please. I'm going to go through this presentation to let you know how Practical Action was able to turn the desert green. Next slide, please. Next slide, please. So most parts of Sudan are arid and semi-arid zones that suffer from flooding and recurrent droughts due to the lack and the erratic rainfalls due to an impact of the climate change. Water resource are among the most in the country. The annual rainfall has declined to about 350 millimeters, particularly in the part of the North Star Farm region, which is not enough for crop production. Next slide, please. And this has caused more declining in productivity and reliability. Crops are felling, also causes desertifications, internal migration and displacement. A lot of young people have to leave their villages to go to the big cities where they can find other jobs because farming is no longer viable and also created conflict over natural resources, especially the water resource between the farmers and the past release. In order to overcome this, next slide, please. In order to overcome these issues, Practical Action has a great experience applying the integrated resource manis such as Constructing Dance as the one that you can see on the picture here. Water Diversion Channel's terraces, bed fire technologies, and other environmental friendly technologies because it's needed in such an environment and it's playing an important role, such as expanding the farming land, enhancing the soil fertility, recharging the ground waters, galley controls, and a lot of environmental sustainability is needed. Not only water harvesting, but also we also use agri-college to improve the productivity and adaptation. Diversifications, planning, and crop rotation is also taking place. Agroforesty and using organic fertilizers establishing farmer field schools where farmers can earn and can gain new knowledge. Also managing the environment with planting community forests using cash crops such as gum arabic trees which is not only stopping the desertifications but also providing income and another income for these communities by planting these type of cash crops. Another important thing is consensus building between the upstream and downstream communities which was also crucial in this process in order to avoid any disputes over the water utilization. Next slide please. This approach, the water management approach, not just only ensure the efficiency in water management but also to the equity and environmental sustainability because dams are designed in a way that distribute the water in a systematic manner and also of the land. It's also in order to ensure the efficiency and the success and sustainability of such a project. Building the institutional capacity was really important and a key to engage also to create that links between the community and the policymakers and to engage the government authorities with the grout-srewed community groups. Next slide please. This has shown that a lot of farmers like Al Haaf is the one that you can see in the picture who has to flee from his village to Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan in order to find a job. Now he was able to go back to his village and to do what he learned and he used to do what he's good at which is farming instead of doing other laborer work. And that helps a lot of families that are no longer need to be broken. A lot of children are getting better and more nourished rural communities keep their young men and cities don't need to grow endlessly. What is more is that while managing the water resource has reduced the competition between the neighboring groups. Next slide please. We have demonstrated at Practical Action we have demonstrated that this approach is working and we want a large donations that funded other second phases of the project so that thousands of people has a better life now. But there's more, we need more people to be rich. There are millions need to be rich. We are trying to make the case for nature-based solutions that are helping the communities to adapt to the climate change but only if they are taken to the scale. And my question to you is that how we can make sure that this is happening and we are reaching more people with such alternative solutions that works better for everyone. Thank you. Thank you, Rofaida, for showing us how integrated water resource management can also be an effective adaptation technology taking into consideration how we can work across different sectors, agriculture, water and forest. And I think all the speakers showed us quite clearly that adaptation technologies does not really need to be high cost. They do not need to be designed or engineered just in a fancy lab. Often some of the most applied adaptation technologies join local community and induce people's knowledge and work with nature and acknowledge the complexity and the interdependency between us and nature. If it's truly owned and tried by local communities as shown by those speakers, then these technologies can be more effective in the long term and more likely to be taken up and benefit the most vulnerable communities. But they all also highlighted many different challenges and post-down questions to all of us as well. So the next step is that we really want to hear from all of you by breaking into smaller groups to discuss three questions that you can see on the screen. Those questions has been highlighted by various speakers and they were also discussed as important point to further discussion through the engagement with a wide range of participants in the four roundtables I mentioned that led up to this workshop session. So just quickly the three questions are basically reflecting on the example you just heard and your own experience. How can nature-based technology help community adapt to climate change? And what do you think are the advantages of those technology comparing to other technologies? Obviously, you can also discuss any disadvantages as well. And then the second question is how to scale up then those community-based and the nature-based adaptation technologies. So as many speakers mentioned and emphasized, so they're not just islands of success, what are some of the important preconditions for that to happen? And then interlinked with the second question, many speakers talked about unfavorable policies. So what actually are the important policy enablers and barriers for community to engage with or champion those nature-based adaptation technologies? What are some of the effective strategy to create enabling policy environment from your experience? So I will now also post all the questions into the chat box. And the facilitators please also do so when you are assigned into different groups and we will see you back here in 30 minutes. Charlotte, over to you to assign people to the groups. Right, so I'm just going to open up the breakout rooms now. Breakout will go on for 30 minutes and you'll see a 60-second countdown at the end of it. So please click the button once you see it open up go into the breakout groups. Thanks very much. Yeah, I think everyone's back now. So I hope you all had a great discussion. My group's discussion is really informative and thanks everyone. Now we would invite one person from each group to share some top-line messages from your group in under three minutes please. But we will also invite all the participants to feel free again to use that chat box to share some of your key reflections, especially if you feel like it's not really covered by your repertoires from your group. So do feel free to share as well. So first we'll go to Monisha from Practical Action. Chris will be presenting on my behalf, thank you. Great, okay, Chris, over to you please. New Monisha was going to say that. I have had a chance to read the notes that Monisha has typed, so apologies for that. I needed the writings just more, so I have to look at my own notes. On the first one, I think there was a big issue. I think there was consensus that native-based solutions are advantageous. But I think there was a big, big caveat. The caveat is so long as people can benefit and where it sometimes falls down. The ways that people can benefit is not well-negotiated. Where it's well-negotiated, native-based solutions work well, urban or rural. Where it's not well-negotiated, then there's no sustainability. That's the huge carry away. We had examples of mangroves in Philippines and seas in Bangladesh on that. On the scale up, I think the overriding point was that nothing will work without community cohesion and that needs community institution building and that requires investment. And the problem is rushing things in a project way when you haven't got that community institution building in place, that groundwork is needed. It gives buy-in from the communities that is the only way to get scale up because it's from that that you link the benefits. On the barriers and the enablers, definitely governments have a role to play because certain things are required for people to be able to develop native-based solutions like land, if they haven't got access to land, if they haven't got certain rights, it won't happen. And there is a huge tension between what donors have money for and what communities need and what works on the ground. When we try and scale up what works on the ground, there's no funding for it. The things that are being funded haven't got the elements that work on the ground. Sorry, that was a bit of a rush from my notes. Maybe someone from the group might want to add. Thanks so much. And again, please, if you have anything to add, just put it in the chat group. Mechanisms to incentivize people's engagement. That's where donors and scale-up strategies can come in. Great. Anna, we'll find the next over to you to report back from the group. Thank you. So the group also talked about scaling is a great challenge. And also they need for more evidence showing that this is working for the donors so that they can make the case for adopting more natural-based solutions. Government engagement is also crucial for scaling and most of the group members has agreed on this. Also, they have mentioned one of them. Important thing is the good communication of the success stories. Also, they emphasize on the importance of peer-to-peer learning by doing exchange visits or also using technologies due to the current situation of the COVID-19, using technologies such as WhatsApp and remote learning that also can help sharing experiences. Involving the government from the beginning will support also getting the support from the government into forming policies and that can help in adopting. Also, the group also talked about that the government are the key player in enabling policies, engaging them from the beginning and having equal partnership is also needed. Also, the incentive parties mentioned in the group because they think that it can help incentive from the government and can help spark the interest in restoring the ecosystem and engaging the communities, also recognizing the importance of the role of the local authorities. At the same time, the community themselves, they should be able to show the case of how they are adapting to the climate change, to their own government so that they can enforce this policy change. That's all from my side. Feel free if you, because the voice was breaking out, feel free to add more if I haven't missed anything. Thank you. That's brilliant, and despite the technology difficulties, you've done the report really well. Thanks so much, real fighter. And again, anyone have anything to add? Use the chat box. And next, over to Eve Allen. Hi, everybody. So in our group, we primarily discussed question number one and our consensus, which I think is the consensus of everybody, is that one major advantage that NBS has over conventional approaches is that it's more holistic and it can produce multiple co-benefits for people and the environment. And we also discussed how many of these nature-based adaptation technologies like agroforestry or mangrove restoration or integrated water resource management are actually old technologies that are being repackaged or rebranded as NBS, almost like old wine and new bottles. And so that kind of led us to ask, you know, we need more clear definitions on what constitutes NBS as an activity or as an adaptation technology. And somebody referenced the new IUCN standards. And I did share the link in the chat box. And so that could be useful for people. Another question that came up was, how best to link NBS to financing mechanisms or to business development? And so I think that's a question for people in the audience, if they have any suggestions or any case study examples. That's everything from us. Brilliant, thanks so much, Eve. And then we go to Ben. Yes, thanks everyone. We had a good group and I hope I summarized their thoughts accurately. We were able to go through all of the three questions, albeit briefly. And if I had to summarize the thinking, the major advantage of nature-based solutions from the uptake and scale point of view is that many of these things that we're talking about people, as Eve said, and her group remarked, people are basically familiar with them. They're involved in them for their lives and their livelihoods. And we're talking about scaling up practices that already work or improving them. And so the barriers for uptake, for farmers, for fishers, for people who are involved in natural resources management are relatively lower than something high-tech. Fundamental was a word that was used or foundational. In terms of scaling these up, yes, we talk about involving the private sector and private enterprises is a good motivator, Kislyan mentioned that. But also a lot of what we're talking about in the added value are public goods. And so it's important to build local ownership in government, particularly for scaling up for the second question in local government. And then for the third question, enablers and barriers. Well, here we focused, although there are many of these, but here we focused more at the national level. And I'll mention that often making the case for this to a national government has to do with an economic case. And it also has to do with finding a champion or a leadership that's receptive to this. So here there's a good case for monitoring, documenting and analyzing. Thank you. These are the major takeaways from my book. Many thanks, Ben and Anna Dow next over to you. May I invite Anna to please give the report. Anna is Vincent. We lost her. I wasn't really ready for that, but I'll do my best. I think a lot of what we've discussed has already been mentioned. I think like everyone else, we acknowledge the value of nature-based technologies and solutions and we discussed how they are often things that communities already do and already know. And therefore the skills and the knowledge exists and they can be quite cost-effective and cheap too. We also talked about scaling quite a lot and kind of discuss the challenges where something might work really well in one specific location or ecosystem but doesn't necessarily work in other places and the value of taking a solution that works in one place and then tweaking it so that it works for other in other communities and other ecosystems as well. One of the things that highlighted was the value of peer-to-peer learning or local champions in that kind of process that it might be better for a community that might be more trust if the promotion of a specific solution or technology comes from community members who have used this rather than from government or from NGOs and we kind of flag like, how do you facilitate this peer-to-peer learning and how do you promote it and ensure that people have the kind of evidence and documentation needed to promote their solutions that work. Another interesting thing that was flagged was around understanding behavior change. So native-based solutions often seem to take a long time to show any real impact and results and how do we create more current and more direct incentives for communities to buy in and see benefits here and now rather than have a more long-term impact that doesn't feel quite real to people who are living here now and dealing with challenges here and now. So that was also an interesting discussion. We touched upon the policy environment and we discussed quite a bit about the importance of identifying and utilising the interface between natural and non-natural-based solutions, the kind of grey-green area and to kind of use that to speak to those that aren't already bought into the whole native-based solution approach. Yeah, feel free to add in the text box if I've missed anything in the wiskist. Brilliant, that's great, Anadell. And next, we go to Christine. Thank you, team. So our group, Naman, is reporting. Great, Naman. Go ahead. Thank you, Christine. We had a very wonderful group. Give just brief on each and every question, like question one. I think Naman is breaking in and out, unfortunately. I'm not clear. Yeah, I can't really hear you. It's quite intermittent. Oh, I don't know whether my network is there. Problem? Yeah, Christine, maybe can you help? Yes, I can. For question one, what came out was that the nature-based technologies are cost-effective. They are less expensive for communities to adopt and can be replicated easily. Then they also play a complementary role to complement other technologies and thus create a balance. Then for question two, we began by highlighting the barriers for the uptake of nature-based solution and one of them was the lack of incentives. So the group members recommended that we need to have incentives for communities to be able to scale up the nature-based solutions. Therefore, there should be a value attached to those technologies. Then it was also highlighted that still funding is a major problem whereby those technologies come up and they stop at pilot and not scaled up. Therefore, it was recommended that we need to build a concrete mass to rub before government and other stakeholders to provide funding for nature-based technologies so that they do not stop at pilot but are able to be replicated further. Then still on that note, there was an issue of capacity and also an issue of promoting of local policies ensuring that technologies are promoted that is through community champions because if the communities do not know about the technologies, about their successes, they can not replicate them easily. So we thought that this can be done through using the community champions, using the train of trainings and also exchange visits where those technologies have worked. Then for question three, we discussed and noted that nature-based solutions should be aligned to the national government policies for example, the national adaptation plans and show how they can help in the realizing the broader objectives of such policies so that they can create a bind from government to find such technologies. And then another was also to create a movement of communities to ensure that the whole government is accountable to do the policy implementation. So that is it from our group and any member can add on. Thank you. Great, thanks. And again, please do add in the chat box. I can already see some really good suggestions already coming through, so keep them coming. And then next, do we go to Sasha, please? Thanks so much. Some really lovely discussion in the group and thanks very much to my group members. A lot of the points have already been touched on. I think just really the emphasizing the co-benefits that emerge from nature-based solutions and the technologies. We spoke a lot about the kind of enterprise development, restoration economy, business development benefits as well. So sort of emphasizing the socioeconomic side as well as the environmental side. One of the points that was really important was how nature-based solutions can really build on indigenous knowledge and how that can be really integrated effectively. When we spoke about scaling, there was a lot of discussion about that kind of district national and village level sort of integration and working collectively. There were some really nice examples about how villagers are able to engage at the district level through sort of exchanges and are involved in the integrated development planning at a district level. So really sort of community bottom up driven empowerment that's happening, but definitely more of that required to be able to allow communities to be engaged at a district level. And by engaging also then through that policy engagement been able to unlock budgets. So really allowing that finance to flow. Other areas of scaling also working not only at the district level, but scaling up into national programs of work like we have in South Africa, the expanded public works program. And then we really spoke about sort of the next steps is around evidence, just needing more evidence, particularly at that kind of policy level for decision makers. They need the evidence to be able to talk to their different performance areas or deliverables and making sure that we talk the language of the decision makers and those who are able to unlock further opportunities. Thank you. Thanks so much Sashen. I wouldn't attempt to summarize all this good points just to say that in the chat box, we also see more people emphasizing that the community need to have a voice, need to be involved, importance of local and indigenous people's knowledge. I think all the group has emphasized over and over again those multiple core benefits, but obviously those core benefits need to be for the people. But we do see that this is much easier to have communities voice in nature-based solution because they have been using it already, so they are more cost effective, they can complement other technologies. We heard a lot about the multiple stakeholders and the partnerships that's important. And we heard about the different scaling up repeated many times about champions, peer learning, behavioral change and the technical financial incentives and bottom up approach and the local embedded organization and community institutions. I think a lot of people feel like the long-term investment is really needed because the benefits also need long-term to materialize. So that requires a different way to finance and donor really needs a role to play and we need responsive policies. So with that, I really want to thank all of you for sharing your thoughts in the chat box and the Jenna can, yeah. So if we look at the screen now, so we just want to take the next few minutes before we close the discussion. We want to ask, have you again share with your thoughts with us today. We hope you enjoy the session, but at the same time, we hope you take something away from the session as well. So you can share in the chat box, your response to this question, what is the most important lesson you learned today than you think you can take forward in your work beyond the CBA conference. And we would also want to invite back our speakers to give us the final reflections for all of you on this question as well to kick-start the conversation. So please, can we probably go to Rofaida first? And again, all the participants, please feel free to share your thoughts in the chat box when you listen to the speakers. Rofaida, over to you, please. One minute, quick last words. Thank you so much. Can you hear me? Yes. Hello. Sorry. Just, I would, the final thought that I would like to emphasize on that, natural-based solutions works and there are easy for the communities to adapt. And we are learning a lot from the communities on their skills on how to adapt to the climate change. It just needs more attention and to be able to scale up this and also to help these communities to be able to adapt with the new and be more climate resilient and adapt to this new reality. Thank you. Thanks so much. Anna, then next to Harrison, please. Thanks. I think the major highlight from me I will respond to the question on gender raised by one of the participants. So I guess what we are trying to move from is just having large numbers of women participating in projects because that can be a blind spot but we really need an active process of learning and engaging with communities so that we really understand the different barriers of women and men to participate in developmental activities and outcomes as well as stepping into the knowledge and experiences that they have, particularly looking at women, their role in ensuring that families are fed. They do have quite a substantial knowledge around seeds, varieties and other NBS. So we really need to involve them actively and learn from them and improve their participation and their contribution. Thank you. Brilliant, the role of women. This is great. And then next to Phillip, please. Yes, I think from the discussions there's quite a lot of great opportunity for NBS. I think what we need is actually to package all this information that has been generated and then to actually provide development of our business case for NBS. The other issue is that we have to see also the opportunities of integrating the NBS with the non-NBS solutions because we should look at it as complementary and as a substitute of the other. Thank you. Great. Again, integration with other technologies as well. So last, but not least, the Anadel, please. Thank you. I learned that sharing between communities or individuals peer-to-peer exchanges are still very important in promoting nature-based solutions. And this is what I'm going to bring to our communities. Thank you. Thanks, Anna. That's a great note to end on. I hope that every one of you have also learned from your peers today. And thanks to all of you for this very informative and constructive discussion. I hope you enjoy session as much as I have. Unfortunately, we have run out of time a little bit five minutes over, but we hope you can continue the discussion through the CBA online platform. So for example, you can continue to discuss the nature-based solution technologies in the chat box for this session on Hover. You can arrange meet-up with the speakers of people you met during the session on the Hover platform. You're also welcome to join other NBS and the technology sessions at CBA. So we hope we can continue to see you here. You learn from for the rest of the week and even beyond CBA. So with that, we now officially close the session. Thanks so much, everyone.