 Essential oils have been used in phobe medicine and agri-food science for centuries to combat diseases and preserve food, playing a fundamental role in plant protection against biotic and abiotic attacks. Researchers have analyzed the modes of action of essential oils and their components, primarily as antifungal agents, blocking cell communication mechanisms, fungal biofilm formation, and mycotoxin production. This article was authored by Philomena Nazaro, Florinda Frasciani, Rafael Coppola, and others.