 Hello, everyone. Welcome to NPTEL course on groundwater hydrology and management. This is week 11, lecture five. So in this week, we have been looking at the data that is needed for groundwater management, which is how do you collect data in the government format or the publications format. And also we have been looking at by parameters, which means groundwater levels, hydraulic parameters, and also the water budget equation parameters. So on that note, let me continue the last lecture for this week, which includes a very important aspect for groundwater management. So groundwater management also includes surface water, because as we have been seeing in the lecture, there is always a disconnect between groundwater management and surface water. People think that surface water is separate groundwater is separate, but that is not the case as we saw in the water balance equation for the net storage. There is a component of groundwater that has to come in and also a component of surface water that has to come in. Because if groundwater is high, then it gives water to the surface water, which is rivers, lakes, ponds, etc. And therefore groundwater will decrease. So you will be doing management on groundwater, but you will also see that the groundwater is not increasing much because it goes into the surface water. The same can happen on the other way also the surface water if managed properly, and it is at a higher level than a groundwater then surface water will give to groundwater under the ground. Okay, so these connections we have been establishing through the lecture series. And now since we know that the surface water is very important, we will be looking at some parameters. To start with, we looked at surface water reservoir levels and how water goes in stores. See, if we know how much is stored, then we know how much is available for groundwater recharge. That is where the analogy we used. The other part of surface water is the running water, which is a reverse streams discharge, etc. And as I said, we will be looking at how this water is being recharged through these rivers and streams in the hydrological balance equation, for which we do need the discharge rate. The units are different. I would like to warn that when you write the water balance equation, it is your mandate to make sure that the units are consistent, which means rainfall is millimeters. Discharge is in millimeters, your level of water storage is in millimeters, etc. So all this unit has to be in the same cohesive manner so that you could make some comparisons. So this is the water data portal that we have been looking at for other parameters. We will now also look at the discharge data. As I mentioned, there is a lot of sensitive data or data that has been sensitive, classified. So when you call it classified, that means that it is not available freely for sharing between the public. So we have to be careful on understanding this connection and the government is very protective of this data. So if you are planning some water budget exercise research problem publication, make sure that the data is not a sensitive data because then you cannot tell in the paper or in your thesis that the data is sensitive so I cannot do it. Pick a site where you have all the data for your water balance so that you can establish the ground water management protocol. Okay, so moving on, let me go through this website as we have been doing in the live fashion. So we are going to pull up the idea WRIS website as initially we have done, we'll be doing the home page and in the home page, we do have all the data that is that is going to come in the data format we want. Okay, so all these data we have been looking at and we go to the surface water storage we looked at all the tanks. So we will be looking at in the surface water the river, the others are also okay the wetlands surface water quality etc, but for our hydrological balance equation, we would stick with the river monitoring and river information data. Okay, so I'm going to go back. The river information gives you the basic information of these river networks. Like for example you have your, you know, length of the river the shapefile that is given in the government. Okay, so we can have that. I'm just going to do the river monitoring again. So that we could we could easily understand what is available for us to download. Okay, so here it's slowly downloading as I said, based on the internet speed and connectivity. You can see this blue line so if this blue line is moving, then that means that the internet is still collecting the data so you have to give it some time. So now it has run. We'll just quickly look at this here so you have the surface water, river information. It is basically the information about the basins, the basin boundaries, the area, the statistics etc. Okay, sometimes the information does take a long time so let it populate while we go back to the river water discharge measurement portal. Okay, so what is going to happen here is as same your right side has the India focus and it has a date from 1st June 2021 to 31st March 2022. So today until today, so you can look at the date 31st March 2022 is very recent. And you could actually see the live data that has been collected at least one or two hours before. Okay, so we have how many stations are on 4824 total stations that have been monitored across India for this time period. And then if you come down by pulling these slides so there are multiple sliders okay so there's one on the top, and then one on here so here you can just scroll and then if you work here if you go to that point and scroll it will work. Okay, so you have all these states and number of stations that are being monitored and how many of them are manual manual is where they go and take the measurement in a periodic faction, not daily but sometimes some of them are mentioned and then there are a lot of telemetry stations out of the total you could see around 30% of them are the total in the telemetry telemetry would directly relay the data and that data comes to your dashboards and stuff. Okay, so please understand that there are possibilities of increasing these telemetry if there is a lot of science and development on low cost sensors and effective sensors. Okay, so this telemetry data is what is responsible for giving you this up to date data on the website 31st March. So coming back see you could see that still the thing is populating and now the boundaries are there so all it gives you is the boundaries of the river basin the river info etc. They're updating these websites as and when needed. So if you zoom in you do get the different boundaries, some basins a river network as I mentioned etc you could download these as a file and then use it for your research. Close this for internet bandwidth. We're back to the river monitoring station so where does this come we come as Q in Q out. Okay, so in the water balance equation that we showed yesterday also on the last class. This comes as a water balance number. Okay, basically, when how much water comes in and how much water was up this difference in the water discharge also gives you how much base flow is happening, which is the water flow coming into the river, and also how much the river is giving back as seepage into the groundwater aquifer. We will come down and we will see that there are multiple states and all these stations are monitored. Let's go to a particular state, let's say Tamil Nadu, there's a reason why I'm going to pick Tamil Nadu, because I did mention the sensitivity data etc. Okay, so when I click the state as I've done in the previous data sets also, you will have it shown as a darker outline and then the state name comes here. Then all the data gets populated as per the timeline. Okay, so 98 stations are there, and these are the districts. If you click the districts, then the station name will come along the river. It's a block because the rivers don't flow as a block. It is wherever the river flows, they will put stations. I would also want to talk about this legend. What does it mean is stations with no flow and no level is given as gray, which means these stations are there but it's not working, but not collecting data for your time period. Okay, stations with no flow and level. So normally what happens is when there is a river. So you have a river network and they'll put a station. Okay, this station can give you either level or the discharge. Okay, so the level is how much level of water is flowing in the river and that level is converted to a volume by empirical models. Okay, so all the statistics that they use is called a rating curve where they establish a relation between the level and the discharge. At the end of the day, you need a volume or a rate discharge. Okay, so the other instruments, as I said, they can give you a flow, which is discharge, a flow rate. It is slightly expensive to have a discharge meter. That is why people put levels and then converted to discharge later using rating curves. So that is what is mentioned here. Okay, so what happens here is we have a stations with no flow, stations with level and no flow. Okay. So with which has a level, but no flow in the river data flow monitoring sensor is not given. And then you have stations with flow and no level. So the opposite stations where the with flow is there but no level is there. And then you have this out so that you can see it stations with level and flow both of them are blue in color. So for now we can just quickly look at the map, and then you could see that there's not many that actually collects data for that particular time period. Okay. And when you when you just move your mouse around these points you can actually see where the data is coming. So both level and flow you may not get often. So the level only you will get a lot, and the level is converted to a discharge so let me pick a particular. As I said, why Tamil Nadu is the reason we will see the sensitive data also. So what what what has happened is, we will look into some of this data, it has taken some time the internet, the data on the back behind. So let's work it out. Okay. Now it's moving. So you have this is coming from Karnataka and coming in. Right. So let's say this one is what's an allure. So this is the boundary, and then it comes down, satan or Dan, etc. Right, and here is also you have cookie, Cody in Karnataka and then the river flows into me to them. So me to them is pretty. Okay, it's a good because that actually provides a lot of irrigation water to all around the surrounding area the command area. Okay, so what you would see is the last 10 years flow average flow is given. Okay, and you also see the water levels increasing and decreasing as per the need. Right. And then we will also what we see is. So, when we go to this data point what has happened is it has the last 10 year average flow in qq sex. Okay, cubic meters per second, and then it also shows you the last year which is not available, and the level is always there. So the flow has been intermediate, that is the measurement of flow, and that is where you see it is as a orange stage with level and no flow so let's remove the flow data, because anyway it's not there, and then you can also move this. You can see that the level of flow. Okay, the level of the water in the nature dam reverse site is monitored every single month this particular 10 period. You can also do it as a year, okay, year or daily, daily is what the data comes in, and that agencies are multiple agencies are there since we've zoomed into Tamil Nadu. Mostly the agencies in Tamil Nadu will be shown here but you can see that there are state agencies central agency CWC. The state DWD the mother valley, valley, etc. And then as I said some NGO kind of active activities and others will also be monitoring the data. The point is the data would come in all these different sites but then they have put it in here to make sure that everyone has access to this data. You can also see the National Institute of hydrology rule key, which is the, you know, you know, very important body of hydrology research in the country. And they monitor most of these river data because they have been given the, you know, mandate by the government to monitor and maintain these data. And that they also have some stations. Okay, so always it is best to have all agencies here and then do this search so that you can get at least the best data. Once you put all agencies then here you can come and see who's owning the data so here you could see it is a CWC, which is your central water commission, and then the recovery is the basin of the of the station that is there from the zero of gauge in meters and the max level is 240 on number min level during that period during the period what you put average level, etc. Again the discharge they will not give you so that is the sensitive part from the level you cannot estimate the queue in queue out because that discharge is not, you know, it's a sensitive data that they won't give you so please they'll give you the level which is from which you can try to estimate the discharge, if possible, so for example if I put the last 10 years. So for this data point, there is one level and a flow data so you can have some correlations, and that is how rating curves are established. So let us go ahead with a different date and just say let's say I'm going to do a daily where the internet has been a little bit slow so let's give it some time. Yes, daily. And then I'll put a shorter period so that we can quickly search the database and then always go to a year which you know has had data so and then pick a monsoon time also so that you know that data is coming otherwise you'll see a lot of gaps, right. So let's say June to December June one to December we'll capture the both the monsoons 2021 December 31 summit. Okay, so once the data is loading, you'll be able to see other discharge data coming in. So your study area is one of those areas which needs the discharge, I strongly recommend you select that data point where you can get this discharge measurement. So while it is populating also I would like to tell that the level. Okay, yeah, here it has populated, and you could see that the same station that we selected is still holding well, you can go up and double check so it's India, I'm not a Salem. And the May two dams level is given for that particular period and every day data has taken so every single day there is data, you could download it as an Excel file CSV file and then make these other other estimates like trend analysis and slope of the curve, etc, etc. So be very careful in monitoring these data and see how you get to, you know, set up this data connection for your water budget. Okay, so we have seen this okay so then let's go to the Ganges Basin which is one of the, you know, I'm just going to click full extent, one of the most sensitive basins because it is a trans boundary river. Okay, so in a trans boundary river it is very difficult to get data because there is a lot of, you know, misunderstanding about the data, and so the government has made sure that not everyone gets that particular data. Okay, so I'm just going to go up zoom out. Okay, so once you zoom out to the India scale, you will be seeing the other data for this time period. What I'm going to do is, you will see the color of these gray dots, which means that there is no data. It starts to convert into blue and orange you need to see orange blue is most likely not going to happen, because not all the sites are going to measure that discharge, which is expensive flow. Okay, so they measure the level and from the level you go to the flow. So that is where I'm trying to say that we let's shoot for some data in the basin that has a discharge for your for you to look at. So now since we have already done this time period, you could see a lot of data that is being populated. And sometimes you will see that it is there. But for example, like this in the Ganges, you can click one of the sites. Okay. And it will tell that okay the data is available but this classified data. So this classified data means it is not available for public. It is a sensitive data. If all locations are classified, please log into access data wherein you have to log in, give a permission, why you want to use the data etc. So this also if you cannot get it online. Now, at least you know that the agency is there CWC and the location of the lack longs are there and all these other data is blacked out, which is means that they will not give you the actual level and flow because it is a classified data. Such data exists in almost all these basins and the classification is done by their rules and regulations. Okay, so please be careful in understanding how we are going to look at these data if it is classified. So it is very important to understand that classification part. Okay, so I'm going to do a monthly. Okay, just be careful. As I said, when you have this basin and you are happy that all the data is there. Not all data is available. You will have this kind of a disclaimer which says classified data, you will not get this data. Okay, for which you will have to write permissions and or get it from the local authority. So I'm going to go to a particular state agency. Let's see if they have all the flow data that we want. I for sure know some good agencies that have been constantly putting it for everyone to access. I can also use a national institute of hydrology. Let's do a monthly and a very short period because of the and the period doesn't matter at least you know that it is there for a long time so you will be able to access and based on your internet. So if your internet is slow, I would recommend you do it in chunks, which means do every year and then add it because in Excel, you just have to copy and paste all the data together. So let's take a 2016. Okay, and then let's say Jan to March December. Let's take 12 data points. Okay, so I'm going to click the 2016 again now let's do one more year and then say 2017 so we'll have 24 points and then I'm going to click okay. So while it's populating again, this bottom part is also going to change. Okay. And you could see that national Institute of hydrology has only one monitoring station in this entire area, and it is in 100% I'm just going to click it. That is national Institute of hydrology is located in Roorkee not in Andhra Pradesh. And that is a station. So what does it say the station has flow and level. Okay, so click it. It's an example data set so they're trying to do an example and this is how beautifully it comes out. You have the level, you have the flow, and also the last year we flow and the current year. So the last 10 years flow is there. The level of the water is that the level unit is in meters as the flow is in Q max cubic meters per second. It's a rate flow is always a rate. Okay, and also you have the last year flow is missing however the last 10 years. So it is an example, which is they have been sitting it up manually collecting the data, and also giving all the other information. Okay, max discharge minimum discharge, we have only put from Jan to to December so that's why we see this. If I click this as daily, then this data also change so let's not do that. I'm going to go to CWC data set. And let's say I want a monthly, because there's a lot of good data sets in Kerala region that we have taken for our studies personally. So I'm going to go, let's say Kerala board is there, okay Kerala is there, Kerala surface water board monthly is fine. And then I'm going to take, because why Kerala has a good data is because they are affected by these floods, frequent floods, there's a lot of rainfall that happens so it is very important for them to maintain good database of these floods. And how this data comes in. Okay. So while it's populating, you could see all the points are gray, which is stations but no flow, they can come here and see. Maybe they're not sensitive they're not giving it because if you have so many stations for sure you'll have to be monitoring some of it right. Yeah, so there are some here, these are the errors that I'm talking about the geo location in the map. Okay, so you have to be careful and read the data if it is a correct station that you're monitoring. Let's take this one for example, it is says Kunda Mangalam. Okay, let's I'm going to click it. And then it opens the data into a particular river flowing saying we're slowing rivers from Padre to Kanyakumari. But this river name, you have to see if that river is that, you know, exact river that you're you, it flows from this point to this point because we don't know where this point is. The point at this point is out on the sea, you don't have like that in the sea, Kuture and state is not there. Okay, so you have to use Google Maps or other maps to find where the exact location of this station is. This may not be the case for all the stations but in some states, it does happen. So I'm just going to click this station to see the data populates. Yes, it does. There is no flow, but there is level, good level data for the period. Okay, I'm going to click again last one for today, we will be looking at this CWC data. Let's take one for Kerala. Okay, so and then just doing this summit again. You can actually remove the river layers, but it is very necessary, all the river layers to see. And you could see beautifully that there are a lot of green dots coming out. So the green means stations with level and flow. Okay, so let's go here. Why has it changed suddenly? What did we do? It is basically your agency that we selected. Okay, so the agency is what we have selected. So you have, I'm just going to hold and move or you can just click Kerala here. You see that there has been a lot of green dots and the green dots are you have to check if it is on the river channel. Okay, if it is not on on the side like this, maybe it is a tributary. So you just have to be careful. Okay, so here I could see that on the blue line it is Rangali and then Rama Mangalam. So let's take Rama Mangalam in Kerala. Beautiful graph has come up which has last 10 years of data. You can click this to go full expand so that we can see it. You can see that there is a good, you know, up and down sinusoidal way because of the rainfall when it happens etc. So here's where your monsoon comes in. So June, July you would see a peak and then also in December time you would see some uptake. So mostly the November December there will be a big rainfall that happens in Kerala which is being caught in floods and stuff. You can also show the grids just to say okay we know the number now 200 is the flow and also the level which is green is here 2.5 meters from the base of the measuring device. Okay, the last year flow is only given for this but again you have a good data set and the current year flow is only given here. So the 10 year flow is good and all these data has been shown up. Okay, so we'll come out and with this I will conclude this week's lecture. There is no recap because I think all the data is there. Maybe I'll start a recap next week and then we'll get into some more data and setting up a conceptual model in week 12. I will see you next week. Until then please take care. Bye.