 So, let's see so you know I have been looking at and for last 4-5 hours and I have seen that very few people are asking questions and in fact the motive of the right in the beginning and not really because you are doing summer internship but when it comes to have have some group activity or some sort of you know type of you know environment you need to put in some efforts so that you can you know you can make others who have not asked questions they can participate and then it becomes very interesting. So, this has not happened I felt I was wrong but now I am right today what is summer internship see anybody can answer you come here for summer internship I think you are the best people to know I mean you know why you have come here what is your motive why what is that you want to perceive after this what do you want to do so what is summer internship so I just put it as a course a normal course in the university where you are actually been given an environment to work and and do some activity and you know a lot of so some knowledge building you know and it carries forward right so but there are no quizzes I believe there are quizzes here yeah there are quizzes so it's like a small course a two-month course. So, posing questions for answers so questions very important answers are not important actually you must have come from background where you feel that answers are the most important thing but answers are not important questions are important but of course you want to get answers from them that's why you you like to pose and then you would like to build your own knowledge right slowly slowly it's a it's a very slow process it's not very fast so previous experiences always I mean have been you you just saw a course this is computer programming oh I want to register for that course then maybe a discrete manner of things I want to register for what make what makes you think that way do you talk to somebody or you don't talk or there are fixed set of courses which you take for semester right so you have to take but why you should be taking that but then you should you still must be talking to somebody right or you don't talk you're isolated or maybe your seniors would help you and say that oh this is this is important this is important so can you tell me which are the fundamental courses in computer science is but slightly before finite automata so that's where we are logic without logic none of these courses would have progressed to at level which you see there is always a logic when you write it write an algorithm right some some I don't know you have a logic course or you don't have a logic course or it is a part of discrete structures right this is mathematics so that is not correct we should have a course on logic and here you have a course on logic it's called foundations of logic so there you have lots of you know tend to understand here and there and then you understand algorithms you don't know why you should be writing so those statements what are the reasons do you have assertion somewhere or you just write it for the sake of writing do you prove it somewhere I mean see these are all the things you know logic plays a major role when you want to actually prove an algorithm or any any programming say it's like a proof it said that program actually one of the papers talks about saying that proof is a program you have a proof you have a program but if you have a program you don't have a proof okay so let me go ahead what is star I'm put star is everybody knows wild character so I would ask what is what then so what is so whenever you say you know discrete mathematics these that that that and then how do we know what actually what what what is what you must have learned when you were very small right not now very small so how did you learn it can you tell me the process curiosity is you're curious to know many things but not about what people answer you know that's how we learn what nobody taught us what is this and if you see a dictionary meaning I don't know how it will look like maybe interact interrogative way of asking a question or something like so it's difficult to define right anybody know about Godel great mathematician I may take two hours okay first complete theorem of Godel says it's difficult to define why it's difficult to define what you think about what could be different and what others would be thinking about what that's also correct but at least we should have some formal definitions so that our mind can actually feel that this is the boundary in which we are you know the boundary so you may define your own boundary so why it is difficult you know you have language and then you have axioms so I call what is an axiom here so you have language and and axioms on that language and you have theorems on that language your corollaries on that language you have whatever but you have axioms with you you can straight away prove the theorems but you cannot prove the axioms of that language you cannot prove so for a language to define it has to start with something and those are assumptions and which are called as axioms like a point in geometry is is an assumption without that I don't think you would have reached at this point where people are doing so complex things right just because of point line is extended and 3d and all those things right so you also then what do we do if if I have a language L and I have axioms on that language and then I have theorems proving not proving those axioms theorem being proved using axioms but I cannot prove these axioms so what generally you should be doing is that you design another language which is a super language for this language so L dash or higher language becomes a super set of this language and then the axioms from here become theorems there and then that language has got another another those axioms so considered if you had you had if you had to start mathematics with line instead of a point so line could have been called as an axiom and then you prove the remaining but then if you want to have prove a point I mean you cannot prove a point but if you want to prove a line then you need another language which says there is a point which is assumed and then line follows from that right so language above language so meta language so somewhere there is a some sort of higher language through which we understand this the world so what what what is and what is what is it not say if I so moment you try to understand something is it what is it what is it right I can I can I can write a nice logical form formula saying everything which is there in this world is not this so you can be that precise so in a way you are trying to confine your area you know your shrinking shrinking shrinking when you want to when you really understand what is it it's not just what is the marker so there's a lot of things inside and you know so many things maybe if you just want to understand just a marker no but something inside something more you know so so that knowledge keeps on growing slowly slowly so what is something and what is not something right so I define this formula actually the top has a very old history somebody asked me what is what actually and so I was not able to answer so I took me around five to six months only to understand and I did some work and I tried to merge for one logic I tried to merge system dynamics I tried to merge you know algebra and I tried to merge something which I don't remember okay so I call these the fundamental axioms so do you see something weird so there were six wives one husband so there's to fight continuously for something so the what wife would ask only what question what what what no why questions so why wife will ask only why question like this all of them is to ask that question which they can ask and they used to fight continuously until they reach a point where they could understand something I mean in towards the end I have a quote saying why it's important the morning Avina Shavati said that don't listen to the idiot listen to somebody who is much better right so we understand the meaning of what from this okay so title is little scary so I did not put this it's universal paradox there's a paradox inside a circular oscillating and self-referential so I will try to explain little little about everything so if you take an example from general algebra so if you say x square plus 1 equals 0 and x equals minus 1 by x right I can put it this way so if you put in a value of x as 1 you get minus 1 but if you put minus 1 you get at one how is it possible it's a paradox imaginary right that's how we define say root of minus 1 I right which is same as I so what is the value of x actually to root of minus 1 right imaginary now what is imaginary it is oscillating minus 1 1 minus 1 1 minus 1 1 okay so I am no I am I did not discover anything like that but I just tried to put some connections here and there and it comes from the first reference see I have put references everywhere so the work is mine but the ideas have come from somewhere okay so these are this is this is the way you should be giving credits to others yes so it's imaginary so now it's also circular because I am trying to refer the same thing again and again so from the answers I am I try to get back to say what and from what I get answers so it's circular one of the nice things to understand how circularity is defined is if you if you see art of computer programming have you has anybody read that book the great fathers it's important sometimes history is very important without history how can you survive okay so there are oscillations and like root of minus one which is imaginary see circular definition this may not be at the same place but with a big gap in between some other definitions some other index material will be there and then so you also need to search what where what is there you know and that's the way you can define so easy do you need any formal theory to define this so easy like that so making things simple as possible is more important so see our mind cannot visualize probably would be able to so generally you would may study 18 dimensions or 19 dimensions and then only maybe yeah there are people who study it above nine dimensions so what do I say is that I'm just trying to establish a connection I is imaginary with real values okay so fine not of Phi I do you understand Phi Phi this Phi this is a formula Phi I can replace with anything this is also a formula I can replace with anything it can be not what what and okay so but you know you can still not have this it's impossible to have this and it's still an open problem which will never be solved okay that's the ultimate so why paradoxes are important you see that up there's a paradox this existing as well as this existing is a paradox right language of paradox say we don't like it but when presented in some forms like poems and all so we do appreciate it you know we our mind is very happy to appreciate something which is not possible in this world so we like cartoons and you know so many things you know science fiction and you know many many other things which we don't actually see and our mind likes it and actually we are in that frame so anyway the you know much of the things would have not happened in poetry if there was no contradictions like this so paradoxes were not there in poems probably poetry poems would have not reached a level where where it is today also so I can give you some so our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought is it possible no literally you will feel it is what you like I mean it's interesting to read right it makes you little happy and the second one you see I come back to where I have never been like science fiction is above science fiction I don't know what's what so so what I'm saying is that so now probably it may look like a sermon but pardon me if you don't like it just close your ears and you can go to sleep so we are not ever all programmatically but logically with some inferencing mechanism we you know we try to infer you know and not very much programmatically like the way we should say that so because it is not inherent is in us and then you know unless until we have some basis we don't go ahead and accept things but except in some cases where you are happy with paradoxes it's okay right so need to understand six W's and one H right from the morning 9 9 30 onwards I think the question that you should be asking questions this and that and then a Vina shower taken with why question why why why why so I'm just trying to fill up the gaps you know so six W's and one H so idea is that you know the questions tell you a lot of things actually it's not about just asking questions for the sake of asking but it does tell you something that you would like to you know it's an art actually articulation in some form wherein you would you are expressing yourself so making you feel little more comfortable asking something right rather than you just start doing things you know don't ask anybody I mean people will be little scared right so it's always good to ask you know something like that so you understand and my my basic feeling is that you would understand those fundamental exams that and if you have been doing that but somewhere you are stopped like the curiosity somebody mentioned now the curiosity S is not taking you anywhere so your curiosity is little weaker so I was in fact hoping that my energy would get lost by this time 9 5 30 now and 56 o'clock so so this is what you get it's no different than doing any m-tech this is or PhD this is because every time you need to ask something see it's not like you know I it's not like you know you keep on asking questions all all the time all the time no that's not good also then I think the people were standing here would run away right so some questions which are important and and it is not that you are not encouraged to ask those questions which are which look little foolish also you can ask you can ask but every time you ask the same question then people may not like so so you have to think you know so asking questions also to yourself not not maybe not to others but yourself and then finding out somewhere like you know curiosity that's curiosity so that's important actually so it's not different than doing your m-tech this is or you know so almost same it won't be different if you have tomorrow get married so fights will happen this will happen kid will be there and so kid will ask question if you don't ask question kid will ask question life will be interesting so you know get used to it now itself so this is the quotation in fact if I'm a fool then somebody else is there to tell you that but I am still quoting myself down I keep six on a serving man and they taught me all I knew their names are what and why and when and how how and where and who difficult to read also so I'm what I'm saying is that anything you do you start you can simple exercise I didn't want to bore you with an algorithm and saying that now write an algorithm now again you write an algorithm now apply why why rule now apply what rule you know I didn't want to do that it's nice you know you write something somebody can read hundreds of people can read but if you don't write anything nobody will read so how do you help I mean how do you take your knowledge somewhere you don't write anything I believe that documentation is the most important thing which is just the opposite of you know some lectures two lectures down so for me in fact everything is important not only documentations and not only documentation everything code is also important code should be beautiful not somewhere hanging something you know that's not coding good style should be there everything should be present should be there you know like error error reporting messages these that it's not just right algorithm is not a code right do you agree or not right you write everything without indentation it's as good as throwing in a dustbin so don't ever do that it has to be you have to spend time time command should be there comment is also documentation actually type of documentation I don't know what would have happened if your own so take for example any book if if the fifth page was one that fiftieth page and some other page was in place of the fifth page and like this all the pages were jumbled up and kept somewhere how do you search how do you read it has to be written nicely right when you write on wiki I mean we have a wiki I'll show you why writing on wiki is important because somebody has to read it I mean if he is not readable you should not write it if you don't want to write it then you should tell yourself that it is important but anyway writing is important so this is success model but I have defined it this way so if anybody has taken system dynamics course mostly offered in mechanical or just get offered many many places very here also in computer science you have a course so so it's just a diagram it's easy to understand okay so what do I say is that this is our what we want to achieve you know we are always but which is not achievable this and this both are both you know we want everything right but by doing this we try to understand the meaning of what that is the phi you know or maybe y or something something like that so what is not just about what it's about some something right and so you can replace with anything it's not this is not very prominent and so all three things are the more most important thing so work hard play and enjoy the daily life you should enjoy work hard and play somewhere so not just work hard work hard it's on a computer computer computer give me results give me results so you know I hear many people say I don't like mathematics have you heard then I like it then I like it then I work hard more like that so you probably that person must have not worked hard so he doesn't like it sorry he doesn't understand it and then he doesn't understand it I like it right so it's as simple as that so but many people say I like something I'm very scared sometimes you know people say I like machine learning or when people when people say I like computational geometry or something something like that so you know basically it's very important that you balance this okay so you don't you don't only keep on working hard so much too much you work hard okay this is a back arrow this is an arrow little cancel and this circle will not move properly they're placed nicely if you see they will coincide and then so you work hard you play and you on you enjoy if you try to do something more like if you only enjoy then I think other things will go for a toss you'd have to leave some more internship will be in trouble you can enjoy an IIT Bombay for two two months right do they get the salary and striper and everything without working how to think critically okay so all the time I'm talking about what what and why and must have got bored and I don't think we should keep on doing the same thing so I'm just that deviating myself to think critically so you can ask questions you can really ask questions and you see this slide this is not the slide which is just put for the sake of putting but this is the very old slide and in fact this has come from polia so you know if you read this it is still applicable now in this I think it's book probably came in 1940s or 1920s I don't remember I have 1988 yeah but he has been teaching for a long time was 30 40 years and he developed this and it was a great great mathematician the first thing that you need to do is to understand the problem I'm just covering the left hand side and I will leave those things for you and maybe you can see it's very important the first thing you understand the problem problem you don't understand the problem you cannot do anything right so why you are here is also a problem right I mean what what do you have to do many of them do not know what they have to do so they are listening here and somebody is going to take and now this idiot is giving this type of lecture so that's that's also a problem so second find the connection between the data and the unknown so there are three things in a problem any problem so there is a data there is a unknown in a problem okay and then there there's a condition on those on that problem the condition of conditions on that problem that's that's it that's a problem any problem say take for example sorting or something any any algorithm any problem definition you go and see any any of those there are only three things data unknown what what is to be found and conditions on it you don't have conditions you don't have anything you don't have data you cannot do anything right and if you don't have unknown you don't know what you're doing that's a problem because you don't know what you're doing you just have data conditions you don't know what to do right so they are mostly those people are like lost somewhere so they have to go to Lakeside IIT Bombay and sit sometime there to understand what to do some some problems have solved in some context so you may want to see them and see how it is solved somewhere and can I apply here and is it fitting somewhere if it is near not fitting somewhere can I change the problem okay these are all the configurations in fact in fact this is not one one way like this then only you can say that you have actually put your heart in solving that whatever it is writing a code or anything you know not just written for the sake of writing but you're put enough of your heart and you know whatever you say curiosity patience whatever whatever you have you know that much so you it's iterating all the time actually it's like see the very pattern matching type so anything which you have seen before is unknown same is the condition very same is the data somewhere have used like this in solving some other problem can I use it here can I take another problem which is very looking very similar to this can I modify this problem and solve that problem in such a way that that problem is going to affect this problem solve it some some you know tweak somewhere and then can I solve a bigger problem later so all these things you know keep on thinking so that's where you know what why and you know how to do and all those things will come questions coming from inside you know can I do like this can I do like that so everywhere and it is always good to talk to people because something which are identified maybe it is not the best sometimes generally you would need to this I see people coming and saying I got a great idea great idea this is never been done before the person will come and sit and he tell me that this this this this oh have you looked at something like this before this was done in 1950 so like that you know so do not be ignorant and always appreciate I understand what what you are thinking now is that if you come up with something today and if you you want to claim that it is yours it's good but take a little efforts you know little efforts to go and check who has done what that's the only that's only possible if you ask experienced people experienced people will tell you okay so then credit them those who have done it already okay I would not say that you can still say that I have been able to do this but it actually comes from here that's the most important thing that's how you learn not by saying I have done everything credit give it to them those who deserve it all even even if you are thought that this is the solution which I have come up by not looking anywhere that's the most important thing that's how otherwise if you give credit to yourself tomorrow you will say I'm champion I'm going everywhere see like this like this like it telling everybody who you know how I solve this problem like this like this like this like this like this like this like this like this so you will only do that so the best thing is to give credits to others because you will get more inputs so purpose why you are doing it you tell me if you don't lie I mean if you if you say that this is not the purpose of doing this this project has to go in this direction I'm very happy you can do that so motivation what do you mean by motivation motivation for the project is about examples which are available readily available and you see an impact if you do work in that area it will have a good impact somewhere that's motivation you're motivating the project the goals of the project it's a very important problem you're trying to highlight it you understand you're highlighting and saying it's very important look there is no code and all you don't write code in motivation you write I mean if of course you want to solve it problem related to language see language or any of this semantics of the language then you may have to motivate using some examples so examples are important why this is the most important thing that you're doing okay review of existing literature sources with proper criticism I am sure you must have seen a lot of at least 40 to 50 papers which have been put have you downloaded and read something those people who are opted for the FRG group have you have you read at least one so you are supposed to read 50 papers and above each paper is at least 14 to 20 pages no it's important okay so we can do it very fast okay I'll tell you how to go about so that's not very important but but the main thing is which is criticism is important so where is the point why we should I mean why do so out of 50 which I put there only 10 may qualify tomorrow so you have to read 50 or 100 but only 10 is to be taken not because you're read 50 I have seen a m tech students who actually they have read some at least 30 30 40 papers by the whole semester or two semesters and they put it in their final thesis just because they have read it but there's no connection so don't do that that's not good then you have to tell them that this is not correct actually okay so you you put only those which are important okay problem identification problem is to add to be identified you have seen already see generally people forget you know people say I have I have this is my problem but if you actually observe it somewhere the condition is missing somewhere the unknown is missing and somewhere data is also missing so you know that's why that slide is important sometimes you take that slide print out and put it somewhere where you maybe where you sleep or you know just put it so that morning you get up do some exercise and read you know it's like reading a Bible Bible for two two months problem identification and formulation it's very important that you formulate it properly putting forward specific can mean research questions what questions can you put what are these different questions can you can you classify them in this different form can you say these are the questions research questions in this category in this category probably this in this category okay after that moving ahead and then you prove it okay you just don't classify and keep it like that so then you have a plan for solving how do I solve it any intelligent way of looking at the problem so in initially you can say okay this is how it could be solved now can we do something slightly better slowly slowly slowly slowly you arrive at a point now you say that this is look I mean there must be some reason for arriving at a point no I don't think even insertion sort or any of those very simple ones I'll tell you insertion sort or even binary search might have come after so many years of research not in one shot you you might be taking it for granted that that's binary sort that's insertion that's short you know traveling salesman's problem what's that that's nothing I know it so it must have come after lot of lot of lot of work and then you know maybe a five years six years ten years and then it has come in proper shape and then it has come to your you know that textbooks like Corman or whatever so it's important that you do it that way rather than plain saying that I am going to use this algorithm that algorithm so any algorithm that you are reading from those papers or anywhere that you find okay I'll give a list of resources from where you would find where you are supposed to look at okay there's no one resource that is important many other resources which are important okay not only the papers so and then critical analysis of the problem giving various solutions the problems identified almost case study along with possible data collection so you have a case to be the case study something like some case like you know scenario or somewhere you know in some setting such a problem needs to be addressed and for such a problem these data may be required you know and then you go and collect that data from somewhere so you need to find where you could get such a data for example if you are doing something on gene gene sequencing or you know in the huge like a human genome genome project so there you will actually go and hunt for the human data know ATCG and all those things right so where is the where is the source you are not going to write a very pat 10 10 character gene is that going to work just just a 10 character ATCG over this is my program this is my ATCG and this is my output that's not good enough real data from where such maybe in such a data is available data is available now open you know US government at least has provided much of their data in the public so you can get data wherever you feel it is important even I think in Indian scenario I mean it should be available in certain cases Wikipedia is available free demonstrating the research work so to demonstrate to show somebody has to feel that what you have done is useful no not just saying okay this is my output this is my input over no no there must be some flow why how do you arrive at this point okay we need to break it properly proper documentation and feature recommendations that means you just don't leave it saying that this is my work and it is over the future what is the possibility in the future somebody can look into it so that means by creating something you are giving ideas to other people who may be in a position to think on those lines so future work is always important and of course conclusion that you generally do but future work is very important because your time and energy that you are spent in doing something if there is no future scope then nobody nobody will you know people have to go through your report again and again and again they'll have to coin their own future work and like that so it's good that you show that this is important and this has not been tackled before so this is and this is at this stage very difficult you know that complexity so how difficult is it you need to state so future is I mean future recommendations very important clean card presentation for layman to understand so no jargon's okay very simple presentation present presentation has to be I should be understood by almost everybody okay so that is why it's very important so so these are the literature sources so you know you can take from research papers journals available conference proceedings technical reports BTEC MTEC PhD thesis okay if PhD thesis is probably mostly 150 pages so you may have to read the whole thesis not everything but something which is important you don't read everything okay when you read a paper so monographs generally like art of computer programming is a monograph I think two three decades none of the books are like that type you know in the pit so it was like a Bible before before the corpsman and all these things are not available so people were using that as a Bible so renowned books of course good was like corpsman then white papers papers are generally coming from products or something like that you know companies so they have they write something but they don't disclose everything so don't get you know read it read it it's important then software documentation somewhere documentation is available for a software you should read it okay so don't neglect okay user manuals very important sometimes sometimes you feed user manuals are useless it's not correct because by just reading an user manual and if you have if it is nicely written maybe people like her who write so nicely then you can understand the inside functionality in no time manuals are very important you don't even have to see the core you will understand what is where okay almost to some extent like how you understand Microsoft Office and you know now I think you understand if you know computer science principles you know the strong foundations in computer science then I think you can build word and anything like that so that's not very difficult but that's how you understand no so after going here it does these it does these how does it do so some questions ring in your mind so websites of course many websites are there need to choose which one of those are going to help you now of course the dictionary is important I have 15 dictionaries news letters magazines newspapers also keep track buy newspaper sometimes okay outside available in the market so finally it's very important that I give this phrase because generally people here and forget but if they see they remember and if they do something they understand so that's a Chinese phrase I think I'm not finished my this is my second and first talk so these are my references for this talk so the whole talk is based on five that is Russell my whole philosophy for this talk is he was in prison meant for almost ten years or something during that time in 1918 very old and he wrote this in the prison actually and that tells you the struggle struggle that he had in a rose to freedom can read it sometimes