 Welcome back to our meds smarter lecture series where we're taking a smarter approach to preparing future physician Before we get started if you'll take just a quick minute and click that like button and also Subscribe and turn the bell on so that you'll be notified when we post new videos Let's continue on with our discussions of microbiology and start covering some gram negative Bacteria the first bacteria will discuss in the gram negative category is nice Syria So as we have discussed it is a gram negative Diplococci and it metabolizes glucose and it produces IgA proteases so what is the What is the significance of the IgA proteases? Well these IgA proteases are enzymes that will go cleave the IgA and it allows bacteria to adhere to and colonize mucus membranes If you remember IgA is found in the mucus membrane tract oftentimes in the respiratory system So by having an IgA protease we can decrease the body's defenses against These bacteria allowing them to adhere and colonize in that area The three bacteria that produce these IgA proteases are the shin bacteria and that stands for Strep pneumonia Hemophilus influenza type B and nice Syria Some facts about nice Syria specifically is that it contains lipo oligosaccharides that have a strong endotoxin activity And it is often intracellular meaning it is found often within neutrophils So in this picture over here you can see some of these neutrophils such as this one that has many many Nice Syria bacteria inside that neutrophil. We do find some of this bacteria Floating elsewhere outside in the plasma But for the most part we are going to find them within these neutrophils because they are often intracellular We're going to compare and contrast the gonococcal and meningococcal in just a minute But a way that you can determine the difference between the two is the acid production In meningococci covers maltose and glucose Whereas the gonococci only covers glucose So you have the mg for meningococcal gives you your maltose glucose And then gonococcal only has the g giving us just glucose So let's look at a comparing contrast between the gonococci and the meningococci As you can see here on this slide the gonococci has NO highlighted this is going to be important in Determining if it's meningococci or gonococci due to the presence or absence of certain features So the polysaccharide capsule is present in meningococci But because we have no in gonococci, there is no polysaccharide capsule here As far as meningococci goes it has a maltose acid detection But there is no maltose x acid detection in the gonococci once again, you know no maltose And finally there is no vaccine available for gonococci That's all going to be due to the variation in the pilus proteins Which are helping in the motility of this bacteria Whereas in contrast to the meningococci It does have a vaccine of it's a type b vaccine that's available for patients that are at risk of meningococcal infections Gonococci as we know gonorrhea is sexually or perinatally transmitted And meningococci is more transmitted with respiratory or oral secretions The main diseases caused by the gonococci bacteria Specifically going to be gonorrhea septic arthritis Neonatal conjunctivitis, and that's typically going to be found two to five days after birth Pelvic inflammatory disease and Fitzhugh Curtis syndrome Meningococci will cause meningococcesemia with particular hemorrhages As well as gangrene toes meningitis Waterhouse-Friedrichan syndrome which has four significant findings, which is adrenal insufficiency fever Dic in shock To diagnose gonococcal infections We use the nat which is the nucleic acid amplification test That helps us determine if we see the genetic material of the gonorrhea bacteria And it helps us get a positive or negative diagnosis meningococci Is diagnosed by a culture from the actual fluid or by PCR So if we're talking about some of this meningitis, we have to actually gain Access to that particular fluid that could be infected with meningococci So we're going to have to do something like a lumbar puncture We are able to reduce the spread of gonococci using certain types of prevention So for sexual transmission condoms are effective And for transmission from a mother to a newborn The erythromycin eye drops that are given immediately after birth helps prevent neonatal blindness associated with gonococcal infections and neonatal conjunctivitis As far as meningococci goes we can treat that with some of our antibiotics We can use rifampin, supraphyloxacin, or septraaxone for prophylaxis If we do have somebody that we know is a close contact So if we're talking about a patient that has meningitis and is in a university setting in a dorm room Then we can give all of their roommates or sweetmates the one of these medications to help Decrease the risk of them catching the same meningococcal infection How we treat these varies just a little bit, but for the most part seftriaxone is going to be our main treatment for gonococci and meningococci With gonococci we do also add azithromycin or doxycycline Because we oftentimes see gonococcal or gonorrheal infections Alongside of chlamydia. They a lot of times will be co-infections So we'll give seftriaxone plus Azithromycin or doxycycline to help cover both of those potential infections When we're referring to meningococci Seftriaxone is one of our best ones. And if you remember the ax and seftriaxone Helps us to remember that this does cross the blood brain barrier So it is effective in use for meningococcal meningitis We can also use penicillin g for this But we definitely our first choice of drugs is going to be seftriaxone due to its ability to cross the blood brain barrier If you found this material helpful for your studying Please like and consider subscribing to the channel Also share this video so that more people can benefit from it like you have