 Hello, welcome everyone for our webinar. I'm Maria, I'm going to be the moderator for today. I'm also going to be the point of contact. So my email is going to be in the chat box to me after this session if you still have any questions. We would like to share with you that given the number of people joining we had to turn off your microphones. But we really want this to be an interactive webinar. I'll be in the chat box during the entire session so feel free to ask some questions or to share insights and also to share where you are from. At the end of the webinar will end with a Q&A session. So if you have bigger topics to cover and you really want a nice answer from our colleagues please leave these questions until the end. You'll also be needing to type them and my colleagues will get back to you. Another thing I will this webinar is going to be recorded. So in a couple of days I'm going to share with you all the recording but also the presentations of our keynote lectures. About the agenda will start with an introduction to our program with a special focus on the water, food and energy and water resources and ecosystem tracks by Charlotte de Freture professor of land and water development. After that we'll have two keynote lectures by Hadil Hoshni lecture in wastewater treatment for reuse in industry and agriculture and Leonardo Alfonso associate professor of hydroinformatics. After that we'll have the Q&A session where my colleagues will be joining but also Enika Maliz who is the coordinator of fellowships and admissions office. This is the second winners. The other one covered other tracks of our masters. So I will also be sharing with you the recording of our previous webinar if you are not able to join. And I think this is it. Charlotte, feel free to start the introduction. Thank you Maria and well I'm happy to see so many people. Let me start by sharing my my screen. You have to say whether you see it. Yes, we see it. All right, that's great. Let me get this in the. Oh, yep. All right. Well, let me introduce to you the MSc in water and sustainable development. I'm actually quite proud to be able to present this to you. I think it's a beautiful program. But before we start with our program, I would like to say a few words. Why you should come to IHG Delft and why this is such a unique institute. Okay, so, so first we are well one of the very few or maybe even the only independent graduate school in the world that specializes in all water disciplines. If I say all water disciplines, I mean, literally all water disciplines like like from social sciences, technical sciences, sanitation, water and diplomacy, governance, etc. We have world class lecturers and professors. You can look them up in the on the website and if you Google them, you will see that they're that we are fortunate to have such a great lecturers and professors. So we, well, we encourage the peer learning and we are in a truly international environment if per year, we have some like 60 or 70 nationalities so so that's that's really and they're coming from literally all over the place. So so that's a really nice international environment. And what that does, I mean that leads to a membership of a very big global water alumni network so so you don't only learn like the topic topic matter. But also you learn a lot or learn to know a lot of interesting people and you will be part of that alumni network. Now we have two masters of science. One is the one year masters or a regular master for water professionals who seek a science based MSc degree that's anchored in professional practice. And then we have a research master with the emphasis on research skills and those are really geared toward people who would like to pursue a PhD. Or at least a career in academics. Now we have a few key principles of the program. One, of course, it's problem oriented based on actual water related challenges. So it's not purely academic, but we also have a link to practice. It's a multidisciplinary degree. And we, of course, we encourage like interdisciplinary approaches. It's, it's active learning. So so we really encourage students to to be an active part in the classroom with all kind of activities, assignments, assignments, etc. We don't only look at the knowledge, but also on the competences like like personal interpersonal and cognitive competences. And lastly, but absolutely not least, I think we are very student oriented. And we have customized study trajectories and how that works. I would like to show you now. So we have a lot of different topic topics. And we call those modules. And we have divided those modules in the different thematic tracks. So you have water has a risk and climate. You have a thematic track on water and health. We have a thematic track on water, food and energy. And we have a thematic track on water resources and ecosystems health. How does that work? And within those thematic tracks, we have then what we call profiles like an engineering profile, digital innovation profile, a governance and management profile, and then environmental profile. So so within those thematic tracks, we basically subdivide them into disciplinary profiles. How does that work? Say, if you have an example, right, if you if you are if you have a background in agriculture engineering, let's say you have an interest in engineering solutions for sustainable water development management for food and energy security in insecure world, for example, it is that you basically start in a thematic track of water, food and energy. So first you have an introductory module in the in the theme, and then you can start selecting your, the modules that the best fit with your career path and your ambitions. So for example, you could choose water crop and crop, sorry, water and crop production. Then you choose another one, let's say assessing irrigation performance, you choose another irrigation design and modernization, hydraulic design of structures, and then lastly Dems and hydropower. So you see that in this particular example, you choose you stayed within the engineering profile and within the thematic track of water and food and energy. Now, say you have an interest in address addressing integrated basin management challenges while safeguarding ecosystem services right you have a slightly different profile you have slightly different ambitions. Say you have a background in hydrology or ecology. You would obviously then choose a different thematic track let's say you choose the water resources the ecosystems health. So again, you start with the introduction to the theme. You choose a topic like hydrology and ecosystems, you can choose that river basin modeling, you can choose a topic like bio ecology, aquatic ecology and bio assessment, river and flood lane rehabilitation and hydrological modeling. So, so this would be another example of a series a trajectory of in your study, and you see you have different disciplinary profiles you combine engineering with environment with some interdisciplinary topics, etc. You basically follow a interdisciplinary profile within the thematic track. Of course, you can also in water resources and ecosystem health. You can also do a purely engineering or purely environmental track. So, so sorry. Say you are a student with a background in environmental sciences and agriculture and or agriculture, but you have an interest in development sustainable water resources management solutions with those on ecosystems that produce food that's a wetlands or some other ecosystems that that potentially produce food. So, you start in a thematic track of water resources and ecosystem health. Again, with the introduction of the water resources into the theme. Again, you may choose a topic like hydrology and ecosystems, but then you start with a water quality assessment, and then you can go to another track, right, you can basically follow the environmental topics in a different track like food systems transformation wetlands for life and conservation, and what do you reuse for agriculture. So, so what you do then is basically you follow an environmental profile, choosing environmental topics, but then actually transcending or switching between the different tracks. So, so your, your red thread is basically the environmental profile. So in this way, there's, you can see that there's there's many, many different possibilities of choosing your own path. Not only that we have, of course, our topics and our classes, but we also have an MSc research. And we do see that, of course, it's difficult to or difficult to some people may well may may find it difficult to choose and need say some guidance on. So each student is assigned a coach. So once you are financially academically and financially admitted, you get assigned a coach and that coach will contact you and will support you in setting your own learning goals. And along the way, you basically keep track of your own learning so you assess your progress, and you build a portfolio of things that you have learned. I already said we look also at transferable skills like academic and non academic skills. So I already explained that you can have like a customized profile depending on your learning goals, and you, you end your education at your MSc degree by an MSc thesis research, which is consist of three months of research and before you start that research you have six weeks to write your proposal. So that's a good chunk is actually MSc research. Now I can explain about the mixed weeks in in so so you have those those topics those modules interspersed with the different mixed weeks and there you have like the skills development, which is, for example, working groups, presentation skills, science communication skills, critical reading, debating skills, and scientific writing. So these are all part of our curriculum as well, besides of all the topics that you follow. Now the research master is a two year program, as I said, this colorful picture, you see that the orange is longer, it has more emphasis on research, and also it has a longer research period, in particular in the second year, it's a lot of research is dedicated, a lot of time is dedicated to doing your research. So, so you see that there is an overlap between the so so basically you start together in the two year program you start together up to the summer, late summer, and then you split up while the regular students the regular master students that go to research, and the two year program so the research master they go into the different research topics, and spend a little bit longer period on doing research. I think this is what I wanted to tell you about the master of science or actually both masters of science in water and sustainable development and also the research master of course of science in in water and sustainable development. Thank you so much, Charlotte. Everything was very clear as always. Now we are going to have the first keynote lecture by Hadil Hoshni, which is called revolutionizing water and agriculture resources. Thank you Maria. Hi everyone. Let me just start by checking if you can see my full screen. Yes. Can you see my full screen please. That's great. So, good morning again everyone. Thank you for joining us. My name is Hadil Hoshni and I'm happy to be with you here today in this webinar. So, actually, our world faces critical challenges in ensuring sustainable access to water and optimizing agriculture productivity, but within these challenges lie immense opportunities for innovation and progress. Today, I would like to take you in a very short journey to explore the potential revolutions for water and agriculture resources. Let's just start by understanding the landscape of the global water resource. Actually, if we look closely into the supply and demand size of the global water resource, we find that globally the total water supply amounts to 3700 billion cubic meter per year. This includes surface water bodies, groundwater resource, and other fish water reservoirs. If we look really on the breakdown for these resources, we find that 8% of the total water supply is allocated for the domestic purposes, including drinking, sanitation, and household needs. While 70% of the total water supply is utilized for agricultural activities such as irrigation, crop cultivation, and livestock. 22% of the total water supply is allocated to industrial processes, manufacturing, and energy production, while only less than 1% of the total water supply is being lost through available transpiration. But if we look really about the actual demand, we found that it amounts to 4600 billion cubic meter per year. That means that we have a total shortage of 900 billion cubic meter per year. In response to water shortages, there has been an increase on the intensity of water withdrawals, which really pushed the limits of sustainability. This trend is clearly depicted in a global overview of regions where water withdraws exceed recharge rates, as you can see from this figure. According to the United Nations, when a country or a region withdraws 25% or more of its renewable freshwater resource, it considers as water stressed country. When we analyze the global population trends and their implication for resources limitation, it becomes evident for everyone that the world's population size is experiencing a remarkable increase. According to the estimates and projections, the global water calculation has reached approximately 8.1 billion people as we present year 2024. Looking ahead, future projections suggest that the population size will continue to increase, while the growth rate itself may decrease. Emphasizing the importance of addressing resource limitations. So, to accommodate the needs of the growing population, we need to intensify our agricultural activities. So, agricultural activities have evolved to maximize productivity. This includes the use of irrigation system, fertilizers, and advanced farming techniques. While these practices have increased food production, they also require substantial amounts of water. The increased demand of water in agriculture amplifies the strain on water resource. Adding to these pressures, there is the climate change. Actually, the projected impacts of climate change on water resource are a cause for concern for everyone as we assess the future challenges we may face. Climate change is expected to bring about significant change to our hydrological systems, affecting water availability, and increase the water-related risks. Some of the main consequences of climate change are increasing in temperature, shifts in precipitation patterns, increased the frequency of flooding and droughts. Next to these challenges and pressures on water resource, come the digital revolution. The rapid advancement of the digital revolution and the growth of the industrial sector have also placed additional pressure on our already limited water resource. As we rely more on data centers, cloud computing, and technological infrastructure, the demand for water in these operations has increased significantly. And here I just would like to present and show you one example that highlights the water consumption associated with digital services in the case of Google's data center. In 2023, only alone, Google utilized over 5.6 billion gallons of water in its data center worldwide. And to simplify this, this is just equal and equivalent to 37 Gulf courses. If we look on and take really a comprehensive look at the various pressures on water resource, as we just mentioned, coming from unsustainable water rules through global population, and identifying the agricultural activities, climate change, and digital revolutions, there is also, beyond these factors, other significant contributors to the strain on water supplies. These, like the trans-boundary water issues, where water source span multiple countries, add complexity and potential conflict to the management of water resource. Also, the developments of biofuels, while toted as a renewable energy source, comes with a hefty water cost. It takes between 1,000 to 4,000 liters of water to produce just one liter of biofuels. Additionally, the improvement in living standards, while positive in many respects, have increased water consumption. For example, a 10-minute shower can consume around 100 liters of water and just one pass can use up to 200 liters. And these pressures and factors are continuing and putting different layers of pressure on our limited water, limited freshwater resource. So, I think it is obvious for everyone that we need to revisionalize our water and agricultural resource. So, the demand for revisionalizing the water and agricultural resource has never been more pressing. Fortunately, innovative solutions are emerging to address these challenges. Let's take some of them, like the Internet of Things, utilizing sensors for monitoring and video solutions along with remote sensing, enables real-time data collection and analysis, drones, proputes, play an important role in assessing crop quality and gross, and optimizing accordingly our resources utilization. Also, the genetic and nuclear techniques offer a great opportunity to enhance crop resilience to weather extremes and diseases. They also contribute to increasing productivity, while simultaneously reducing greenhouse emissions. Also, methods like soilless agriculture in greenhouses, maximized crop yield bear drop of water, and kinetic controlled agriculture, shortens cultivation time, improving efficiency, and contribute to an optimum resource utilization. Next to these is the rain harvesting, which offers a sustainable alternative for water as water resource, reducing the debentancy on the traditional freshwater resource supplies. The desalination processes, which convert the sea water into freshwater, expand the water resource for agriculture use, especially in water scarce regions. Adding to this revisionality in water and agriculture resource is the reusing of treated wastewater in irrigated agriculture, which only not valorizing the each drop of water, but also it contributes to reduce the green gas emissions by an average of 32%. And also a good source for nutrients by recovering the nutrient and the treated wastewater, reducing the water footprint bear crop, and really add a significant benefits to cope with these challenges. These examples illustrate the diverse and innovative approaches available to address the challenges facing our water and agriculture resource. But please remember that these should be a tailor-made solution based on available data in each location to fit the purpose optimally. Not one practice or technique or technology would fit any country or any context. As we conclude our presentation, I would really love to leave you with this thought. Every journey begins with a single step. Each of you has the power to make a difference, to take the first step towards unlocking your potential and shaping a brighter future. Thank you for joining us on this webinar today, and let's take the first step together and make a positive impact on the world around us. Thank you so much, Adil. Leonardo, now we have his lecture, Real-Time Control of Water Systems by Leonardo Afonso. Could you take the lead now? Yes, I can. Thank you so much. So let me set up this, please. Please let me know if you see my screen. All right, very good. Good morning. Good afternoon also for some of you. I will talk now a little bit about the topic of Real-Time Control of Water Systems, which is part of one of our digital innovations modules in our Mastering in Water and Sustainable Development. But first let me clarify something. You probably know these two persons, but maybe what you probably don't know is their full names. So, Lionel Messi is actually Cucitini and Sofia. She has two names, Vergara. However, they have dropped their last names. And as I also want to be famous, then I used to drop my second name as well. This is because, well, not because I want to become famous, but because Alfonso is my last name and this is sometimes a source of confusion. So anyway, so I'm going here to talk about Real-Time Control of Water Systems, which is a digital innovation that uses sensors, models, algorithms, actuators, controllers, and optimization among other technologies to assist decision making in our water systems. And the Netherlands is a great place to see this working. This is part of the Netherlands. Here you see Delft in the south part. You can also see Amsterdam somewhere up there and the North Sea here in the left side. The city of The Hague is also around. And this map shows the area that could be potentially flooded if the water is six meters below sea level. So basically what is happening now. However, if the water is two meters below sea level, then the map will look like this. This is one meter below sea level. This is at sea level. You see Delft is now an island. And here is one meter above sea level. So you see even if this happens you will be safe in Delft because we will have still some island around. But the thing is, this is how the area works. And for that, it's a very complex water system, low-lying areas that the water level needs to be between minus six meters to 40 centimeters. And these are many independent water level areas that has rapid runoff. And there are several pumping stations that drain the water out of this area. You see some of them here. I think there are a couple of more nowadays. But this is the idea. And also there are about 120-polder pumping stations draining more than 60-polders. I'm going to talk about that in a moment. And also this famous structure is around here that you may have seen in TV or documentaries. So this is the typical landscape where lower and smaller canals fit larger and higher canals. And as you can see the water level in larger canals can also be much higher than even the infrastructure that is next to it. So cities are built like that. This is the typical polder system. And this is basically land that was reclaimed from the sea. And it is built to be drained constantly by means of various structures. And for that we use control theory. And control theory is the branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamic systems and how their behavior is modified by feedback. And related topics are control engineering, control systems, automation, and others. So this is a very big field. And here in this class we concentrate on the application of basic control theory to water systems. And what's a water system? Well, it depends. These are different types. Water systems can be natural water systems. So systems flowing freely without control. Others are partly controlled. So this is, in this case, a weir that is fixed and that has been built probably to store some water behind it. And we have also partly controlled water systems like in this case where we have yeah hydroelectric plants. So that we can control how much water it will flow through them, depending on different aspects. This is an example of almost fully controlled. And actually, this is one of the pumps that I was showing in the map before. This is in the Netherlands. This is the North Sea. And yeah, this is a pumping station. So it drains the water from inside to into the sea. And this is this was used to be one of our destinations to visit with the with the groups. We have fully controlled water systems like the piping systems, you know, pipes for water distribution or for drainage. These are systems that we really have control on the water behavior there. So what is RTC real time control is control while the event is taking place. So there is an event. And then we need to do something about that. This was done by a shielding in 1990, but later a former colleague here at IHG associate professor in hydroinformatics Arnold Lovreks came up with this definition that RTC is control on the basis of monitoring data. This is the very important first component data in which the time lag between measurement and control action is short in comparison to the response time of the control system. Maybe a little bit complicated to read and understand in one go, but let me give you an example, a very simple example. Suppose we have a river system with a reservoir and an urban area downstream. So this is the reservoir. And this is the urban area. And then we, we also have a gate here. So we have something that we can control. Suppose that the strong precipitation event happens upstream and such such event would produce these flood wave that will travel downstream and the peak is measured at the measurement point. This triggers the instruction to open a gate so that the excess water can be safely stored in the reservoir protecting the urban area downstream. I will repeat again the animation and I'm not so sure if these animations can be seen very, very good in this kind of seminars or webinars because of the delay in the video, but let me try again. So the flood comes, it is measured and almost immediately the gate is open. So remember that the time lag between the measurement and opening the gate is short compared to the time required for the water to flow into the reservoir. So this is what we mean by the definition of real time control. So real time control can be used for many things. Flood prevention is one of them, but not the only one. We can also use it for draft prevention for optimization of resources for improving operational efficiency of the systems that we have in place. And in general for optimizing capacity. And this is an alternative to infrastructural measures. Sometimes we tend to build bigger tanks, bigger pipes, bigger storage, yeah, let's say storage bodies. Sometimes that's not necessarily it's just a matter of optimizing the capacity you have with real time control. And for that, we need to consider different water management aspects, because there are different things that affect these decisions like common good sectorial interest and operational interest, and they may be conflicting. So that's why we need to balance this a little bit when we define the objectives of the real time control in our system. In the classroom we see we study actuators. So actuators are actually the devices or the hydraulic structures that you can use to change the behavior of the variables of interest in the water system. So with this you can control discharge or water levels or water quality, etc. And these are some examples, the pumps, the gates, the weirs, the valves. In the classroom we also see how we can operate these actuators. So we start with a very basic control scheme of open loops, and then we go as sophisticated as feedback, feed forward control with send point optimization. And we go slowly, we increase this complexity slowly and then we study the concept of controlling this way. And also we teach the concepts of, you know, that are behind basic controllers or algorithms to calculate the new operational state of these actuators. And modeling is in the heart of real time control, because if you see in the previous slides, this more complex scheme contains already a process model somewhere here. And that's why we need to talk about models and model is a simplification of reality. And inside the models we use, let's say we simplify reality, and in our case that is this means mathematical models that describe the behavior of the water passing through these devices through these actuators. And then we see how in the different modeling systems this can be taken into account and how can we set up and configure this in the models. So some of the educational activities do we do are of course lectures some exercises you need to make some calculations to use some modeling. We ask a lot of questions. You also present your own case study, you present your findings in groups, we have also a tutorial and a short visit. And in the visit you normally go to a polder. You have to recognize all the elements of an RTC system. And by the way, these windmills are remarkably one of the most famous characteristics of the Netherlands and that happens to be also an actuator. And, for example, this is an old windmill without the blades, but in fact, there is a big pumping station inside, which drains the water from the big low lying area that you see behind this green area. And also you see that we are all wet because it here in the Netherlands it rains very often actually right now is raining. So in this field visits we sometimes get wet as well but this is part of the experience. And, you know, we study water from all perspectives possible. So finally, we bring the classroom outside to visit these polders and see some actuators and we do this by bike. And sometimes, you know, students don't know how to ride a bike so I offer myself to, you know, at least take one because I cannot take more. So I kindly ask you to start preparing yourself if you don't know how to ride a bike you can start practicing now. And this is all from my side I'm looking forward to see you in the classroom soon. Thank you so much. Very nice way to finish your keynote lecture. We left the video. Well, now we start the Q&A session in a guy think the most of the questions are for you. So I see a lot of questions about students that would like to join a PhD after and that wonder if this is the right path to go there. I think this one can better be answered by Charlotte or Leonardo. Yes, okay so so indeed. So the best preparation for a PhD if you want to pursue a PhD is of course a two year master. But having said that, there is a legally by law in the Netherlands if you have an MSc, whether that is one year, two years or five years or whatever. If you have an MSc you are entitled to for pursuing a PhD. But of course, I mean in the two year master you get a better preparation because you get all kind of well research topics, scientific writing, doing literature review, I mean a critical thinking. So there's more and more emphasis on the research skills and the academic skills. So I saw also a question Maria, if I may, I also saw a question of people saying, well if I start the one year master, can I then flow to the two years master. Yes, that's indeed possible, but I do need to have some expectation management here. It's not automatic. It's not that you can. Very practically if you have a scholarship, there may be limitations to your scholarship. If your scholarship is given explicitly for one year master or for the one year master, there may be administrative reasons why you cannot use that same scholarship for switching to another master. I think Enicum can say a little bit more, she has more experience in that. And also, of course, we do have some procedure for that and looking at basically your performance, but also more importantly your motivation for switching from one year to a two year master. Because you need to have the funding to do that. And that is also a, but this year there are a few people who basically switch from the one to the two year master. So I also have another question. I think this one would be for you. Is it possible to do modules across all tracks. It is possible to do modules across all tracks and in particular if you're following a certain profile, a certain disciplinary profile, like for example, Leona Leonardo gave a very nice presentation about the digital innovation. And so there's different topics, different modules across the tracks that are basically addressing digital innovations with different applications of different types. So in principle, you're free to choose any module that you like, except, and again, a little bit of expectation management. It's not completely free. Of course, you need to have the prerequisites to do that. So for example, if you want to do a very technical engineering module, then of course you need some background that like in engineering or some other technical topic. So that's a prerequisite. And of course you need to have some rationale in your trajectory. It needs to kind of be related to your learning goals and your career goals. There is also another question. How is the connection between class and the industry like? Could you also cover this, Charlotte? Yeah, I can do that. But maybe Leo can also do Leonardo can also do that. We have different by module. We have different excursions. And we also have guest lecturers that actually from the industry that come and teach in our classes. But maybe Leonardo can also say a little bit about how in his topic, how he does that. So are we talking about, I'm sorry, I was a bit distracted. We're talking about the connection between class and the industry. Yes. Indeed, by means of guest lecturers mainly. So in our classroom, we invite people from, for example, water distribution. Like Dunea Water or Vitens, these experts that explain how water works here. And in different modules, we have also other persons talking about their consultancy projects and, you know, that relate very much to the content of the course that we explain. So, yeah, I think I can say, well, maybe also we can say that sometimes during the research part, the thesis, sometimes we also encourage the participation of external supervisors that are from companies. And that also provides a good connection to industry in general, not only in the Netherlands, but also elsewhere. So there's also a question related to the course has industry internship to gain hands on experience. But I think you kind of answered this way. Well, I would say that this can exist, but this is not the main, it's not the most common part, let's say, sometimes, because that depends on funding and also if the industry is able to take the students. Okay. All right. Thank you so much. Maybe if I may, in the master research, the research phase in both masters, there is indeed sometimes a connection with the industry so that the industry or some company is asking to do certain kind of research and that is then in collaboration with that particular company. Now, I have another, I saw several questions about these, which is about their background. What are we searching for in terms of students. We welcome students from different backgrounds, right? But Charlotte who wants to join in this answer, but maybe you could just speak a bit about this. Again, I can say, so we're looking for water professionals who are looking for a boost in their careers or sometimes we also have students who have a slightly different background, but they would love to kind of geared and go towards the water sector. So I think the number one is motivated student, active students, but also interested in all kind of water issues. And of course, I mean, the formal, let's say the formal requirements, admission requirements, I think Enika can say something about it. But yeah, so those are basically the, to me, the most important features, let's say, so motivation, but also willing to look a little bit further to be exposed to other water topics, other people around people from the industry, but also from governments for NGOs, and basically people who are willing to make an impact in the water sector in their particular countries. Thank you. Then Inika, maybe you can talk a bit about the formal background because from what I understand it's not just people that studied engineering, but also social science is possible. Yes, yeah, you find all the admission and the criteria in detail on the website. So for the different tracks, it's indicated which bachelor would be most suitable. But then it's also possible even if your background is not mentioned there it may be possible that you can be admitted but in those cases, most probably you will be advised to study some preparatory courses. You can find them on our open courseware and also after an applicant has gained admission and financial admission also you will have this meeting with the coach who will then advise this applicant which preparatory courses best to follow. And also, yeah, if you if an applicant does not have a suitable bachelor background but is already working in the water fields, then that's also a good possibility that the applicant can be admitted. We can ask a minimum bachelor GPA and it's around BB plus according to the US system or 70 second upper according to the British system and per country we have a list with which the minimum requirement country. Now I have another question. How deal mentioned in the presentation about how the solutions are region specific. The question is, do we get to experience that in class, looking at example of region specific solutions. Yes, thank you for the question. Yes indeed. Usually we have a real case studies from different regions was a special focus on global south as well that are suffering from a serious water shortages and also food insufficiency. So, for instance, for the module of wastewater treatment and using agriculture we have cases studies from India from Egypt from Iraq from Jordan as well. And sometimes we compare the cases study from global south or from low and middle income countries with some developed countries take some numbers and figures from the Netherlands or from Belgium and we do field trip here in the Netherlands or Belgium related and start to make a pinch parking between the developed and low and middle income countries. So we do have real cases studies with real figures numbers. So we do a lot of projects in these countries and we use the data and findings for our students to practice and to see the real situation. All right. And another question related to this. Do I get to design my research Taylor towards addressing problems in my home country. Yes, you can for sure you can do it. So we have two options. Our colleagues here at IHE offer several topics according to their expertise, but also you have the option to propose your own topic from your home country and match with the mentor and supervisor and the related this plan. Yeah, for sure you can. Thank you. Inika. Now we go back to you, because we have several questions about scholarships. Maybe you can go over the scholarships that are still available for the coming academic year. Yeah, there are still scholarships available from the water development partnership program. And these are for a certain number of countries so one of Africa, Sahel, middle. You have to post the link. Yeah, and for a small island development states countries so you do not have to not have to apply separately for the scholarship so you do have to apply for academic admission and pay attention to your application that you really look. It's good to upload all the documents have a good CV and a strong motivation. And then we will, the deadline is the first of June, and we'll expect the outcome in July. And then we have still a scholarship for Latin American students these are partial scholarships cover 50% of the cost. And that's only for sanitary engineering and sanitation background. And you still have it she partial scholarships hardship scholarships cover 25% of the reduction, the tuition fee, and water leader scholarship for the regular master and what a top scientist scholarship for the research master. 40% on the tuition fee. The information is all on the website. And beside the scholarships. It's also advisable because you, we noticed that some students only apply after they see that they are scholarships on our website but this is not. This is just what it knows, but there will be more applicants or also advice to search themselves. And, yeah, first step is always for a sponsor that you have an academic admission. So, the advice is always do apply for academic admission, because also throughout the years they may may come different options available for scholarships at this moment we do not know off. And then we wish check in our database of admitted applicants. Okay, I've just posted the link of the scholarships so you can all see their scholarships that are still available. I see that some potential students are having difficulties in applying for some scholarships because because those are closed already. Only open scholarships that are still running are the ones that Inika just mentioned. Maybe they will open for the next round. The other ones. I also see some questions about the English test. Could you go over it a bit Inika. You can put the link also of the English requirements. But the, you know, there are certain tests which we accept. And there are for some countries there are exceptions but if your country is not mentioned there, then you're, it cannot be accepted so an English test is required. The health test is the most common one for the regular master require a score of six for the total and six for the writing part. And for the research master is six and a half for the total and the writing part. These are the tests which are most commonly used there are some others which are also mentioned on the website, but we do not accept a statement of a university. The bachelor was in English, only for the countries which are on the exception exemption list. There is another question about accommodation. So I think everyone knows that it's hard to get an accommodation in the Netherlands. How it is in Delft. Do we have any particular suggestions to have an accommodation system. We have our own student accommodation so this is, yeah, compared to other universities. This is, of course, a big advantage. So, IHC offers student accommodation so once a student has financially been admitted, they will receive information about it and can make a reservation. The accommodation though is expensive that's that's in the whole of the Netherlands it's a it's a problem to find accommodation, but the big advantage of IHC is that we have our own student accommodation. Okay, thank you. Charlotte. How well would you say that this program is tailored for entrepreneurship in water sector. Well, of course it depends on the on the topics in the modules that you will choose, but but I think if you, as I say, I mean there's a lot of flexibility. And so if you choose your topics and your modules well, I think this is well suited for for entrepreneurship. So if you look more at the topics of let's say financial management or entrepreneurship. It depends of course in which kind of entrepreneurship you're thinking of but I think there's there's enough scope for choosing the modules in such a way that that indeed it's a good basis for for entrepreneurship. Well, I think this is it because I see several questions that keep coming but we already covered. Yeah, about the joint Japan scholarship it's no longer available that's why you're not being able to apply for the scholarship. Well, you do have my email I will post it again. I will also get back to you all with the recording of this webinar, also with the presentations of my colleagues. So, yeah, then you will have the open floor to get back to me with other questions that remained unanswered. I hope everyone enjoyed in a car. Thank you so much for your presentations. And thank you so much for joining us as well from all the corners of the world. And I think this is it. Have a good day, and we'll keep in touch and hopefully you will apply for our master's programs. Thank you. Bye bye. Thank you. Thank you.