 you praise the Lord. Praise the Lord. Thank you everyone for joining class this morning. It's been two weeks since we have met to study the book of Timothy. So, you know, we really have to make up for four hours. I don't know how I'm going to do that. It's quite a and we have three more books to complete including first Timothy. So totally four books. We'll see how much speed we can gather today. Okay. Before we begin, can I ask Lyndon to lead us in prayer, please? Lyndon, Philip, can you lead us in prayer, please? Good morning, man. Praise the Lord. You wanted me to pray and start the session, right? Yes. Yes, please. Yes. Okay. Father, we thank you for this wonderful day that you've blessed us with Lord Jesus. Thank you for all the sessions that we enabled us to attend this far Lord Jesus. Thank you for this paper on studying and researching and meditating on the books written by Apostle Paul. Lord Jesus help us to understand, help us leaders by your spirit to understand the way that you let your saints to write down these epistles. Lord Jesus lead us and guide us, make us understand your vision and help us to read and meditate on your word, lead Pastor Selena as she would explain us, make us understand and Lord Jesus open our hearts so we could listen to the word and help us to follow your precepts. And we will bless and pray all the students who are attending this class, Lord Jesus, enable us and make this class a blessing for all of us. We ask this in the name of the Lord and save the Jesus Christ. Amen. Amen. Thank you, Lyndon. So two weeks back, we started our study on 1st Timothy. We looked at the introduction, the background to 1st Timothy and we also began studying chapter one. We looked at the false brief greetings in chapter one and also we looked at the reason why he is writing what he has written in chapter one because in chapter one he's basically telling Timothy who he has left at Ephesus to oversee the churches at Ephesus and for some reason maybe he's heard back from Timothy that, you know, it's difficult, it's challenging and maybe he wanted to leave his post and come back and be with Apostle Paul. But Apostle Paul is giving him reasons in 1st Timothy chapter one, you know, why he needs to stay on in Ephesus to continue the work because he says in verses three to seven he says, because there's a need for the truth to be established, the doctrine to be, the truth, the doctrine to be taught to the people and verse 8 to 11 he's talking basically about, you know, it's a hard place but he needs to minister that and then he goes on to talk about how in verses 12 to 16 God uses unworthy people, verse 17 he's talking about how, you know, you need to serve because you serve a great God and verses 18 he says because you're in a battle and you cannot surrender, verses 19 to 20 he's talking about, you know, not everyone else is called to this or not everyone else is called to do what he has been called to do. Okay, so we looked at verses one to verse 15 we will continue from from there on so just give me a minute please. Sorry personal experiences yeah we're from verse 15 so can somebody begin to read verses 15 to 17 please 1st Timothy chapter one was 15 to 17 this is a faithful saying and worthy of all acceptance that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners of whom I am chief however for this reason I obtained mercy that in my first that in me first Jesus Christ must might show all long suffering as a pattern to those who are going to believe on him for everlasting life now to the king eternal immortal invisible to God who alone is wise be honor and glory forever and ever amen amen thank you linden so here Paul is saying Christ Jesus who came into the world to save sinners of whom I am chief in verse 15 okay so Paul's claim to be the chief of sinners was not something that you know he was using as an expression of his how humble he was or you know it's not an expression of strange false humility but he genuinely felt for the sins that he had done that he had committed and he genuinely felt that his sins you know made him more accountable before God than others okay and it's it's so amazing that even after all these years of great apostolic ministry that Paul has been doing and has done for God you know Paul focuses on the one main thing and that one main thing is that Jesus Christ came to save sinners and he calls himself the chief of sinners so I think he's also saying this because he's saying you know if God can save me and how you know strong ideologies and mindset that I had if he could save me he could save anyone else okay so he's maybe just assuring Timothy that hey Timothy there might be people around you who you know can be like me who are persecuting who are you know causing hardships and difficulties but remember that when when when Jesus can save me he can even save people who are causing these difficulties and hardships around you was a 16 and 17 he says you know Paul says he's saved as a pattern of mercy to others as a pattern to those are going to believe on him so this explains another reason why God really loves sinners you know God loves sinners not just because he loves everyone and is a God of love he is love but also that because you know it can become a pattern for those who are going to believe on him so if one sinner looks at the other sinner says hey you know person has changed God has changed him and changed me changed me as well you know it's this pattern is going to create like a ripple effect for those who are going to believe on him and God wants others to see what he can he's doing or how he's working in the lives of other people okay so what God did in Paul's life is basically an example a pattern of his abundant grace and his great patience to encourage others who would also believe in him and you know after he says this he's basically I think so overwhelmed or all that who God is all that God's love his patience his grace abundant grace his love his mercy that here even though I persecuted I killed so many believers I put them into prison I caused so much of hardship when God can have mercy and show me grace and favor and love you know what a wonderful God he is and so this causes Paul to just break out in praise to God okay so sometimes when when you look at situations in your life and you just don't feel like praising God you know there are times when when we go through challenges when we go through difficulties we just don't feel like praising God and I think at those times we need to look back and really look at God's goodness in our life his faithfulness in the past his love that he has shown how he's come through faithful and you know that can cause us to look in anticipation in in expectation of what he can do in this situation and in the future for our life so Paul is based and that can cause us to praise God so we don't have an excuse at any point in our life not to praise God we have always you know either when we're going through the midst of trials difficulties loss pain we can look back and we can still thank God and praise him for who he is amen okay so Paul in verse 17 is breaking forth in praise he says not the king immortal invisible to God who alone is wise be honor and glory forever and ever amen some people use this as a benediction as well I think it's a beautiful benediction to pronounce so he says you know you know that even though God is a God of love you know and he can do so much for us you know all we can do is just praise him so he just praises him for being the eternal king immortal invisible and who is wise I'm not going to explain all of that because we already know what does he mean of eternal you know what it means when we say God is immortal invisible and who alone is wise okay and he says be honor and glory forever and ever so knowing all this about God Paul is saying I can't just stop praising him so even if you're going to troubles and hardships we can still worship God you know just declaring and worshipping him for who he is okay if you have trouble worshipping God it's basically we do not know who he is we do not know his nature okay so Paul is praising God for who he is and he's just declaring who he is and his attributes okay and so this description of God gives Timothy all the more reason to remain in Ephesus okay and he could and should stay there when he looks at the greatness of God who is this God what he can do the greatness of this God who he is serving and you know this God who's worthy of our worship is also worthy of Timothy's sacrifice and also could empower his service in Ephesus so Paul is telling Timothy that Timothy see even in my situation when I'm imprisoned and that is impending impending on me you know looming large over me even in the situation you know I'm able to praise God you know I think you should do the same because when you look at the situation yes this is challenging but you know look at the greatness of God you need to know who God is and you know the great God that you are serving a great God who can give you the strength who can help you to face the challenges and the difficulties will help you to overcome you know your your the red sea that you face the mountains that you face the giants that you face he says the same God will empower you and the same God is worthy of the sacrifice you're making so Paul is acknowledging that hey Timothy I know that it's not easy but I know it's a sacrifice that you have to make to stay on in that place okay any questions verses 15 to 17 okay if not we'll move on to verses 18 to 20 can somebody read verses 18 to 20 please go ahead Zealotoli this this church I commit to you something what is according to the prophecies previously made concerning you that by them you may wage a good warfare having pain and a good conscience with some having rejected concerning the faith has suffered she pray of whom are human news and Alexander Alexander whom I delivered to Satan that they may learn not to listen to Amen thank you Zealotoli so verse 18 Paul is saying this charge I commit to you so this it's a famed Greek word for charge that you know he used in first Timothy chapter one verse three the verse three that and I and I when I was talking about this word there I said it's a military word it's referring to an order from a commanding officer okay so he's saying you know I'm charging you to stay back commanding you to stay back in Ephesus you know because of you know the prophecies that were spoken about you God had spoken to Timothy through others through the gift of prophecy and Paul wanted Timothy to consider what the Holy Spirit had spoken to him through others in the past and to receive the courage to remain in Ephesus from these prophecies okay and Paul also refers to these prophecies again later on in his letter in to Timothy first Timothy chapter four was 14 and a second letter to Timothy in chapter one was six okay and then he says that by them you may wage good warfare so he's saying that the focus is not on the prophetic word that Timothy heard in the past the focus is on the battle right now in front of him okay and he's saying the battle is raging in front of you and you must wage the good warfare that means you must fight the good fight as it's mentioned in kjb okay so Timothy had a job in front of him it and it's going to be a battle it was not going to be easy or comfortable or carefree for him he had to approach this job that Paul left him to do in Ephesus or this ministry assignment as a soldier approaches battle a soldier doesn't a good soldier does not leave the battlefield and run away others he'd be considered as a coward okay and so Paul is saying Timothy that you know this gives Timothy another reason to remain in Ephesus that he should sense a responsibility to stay where he felt even when he felt like leaving because he was a soldier in battle and he cannot desert his post okay there will be times or numerous times when we are in ministry or you know when we are called to do something in church as a volunteer take up ministry assignments some of you full-time ministry some of you the workplace you know being an example for God you just feel like quitting you just feel like giving up but you know you can't leave your post you can't leave your assignment unless you know God tells you that you leave that post and go elsewhere you need to stay there because ministry you know God taught me early on when I wanted to quit a time in my life when I wanted to quit a ministry post assignment which was I was finding very difficult to stay in that place and God was telling me ministry is not a matter of convenience but it's a command you know it's not your convenience it's a command and then you know God himself in his time he brought me out of that place so it's important that we stay on in our post and we don't desert our post and we are like a soldier in the battlefield okay and verse 19 he's giving him the tools for warfare what are the tools for the warfare that to fight the battle thank you jeffina faith and a good conscience okay so says faith and a good conscience are essential when battling for the lord they protect us against spiritual attacks of doubt and condemnation okay I think most of the time we really want to leave the post because we feel too condemned we don't feel that we're in the right place or we feel condemned by people we feel they're put down and all of those things and also there is doubt you know is this the place God wants me to be I'm in the right place am I doing the right thing and all of those things so timothy had to have faith that God is in control and God would guide timothy to do what he is entrusted to him and also a good conscience is simply living right before God and man okay so if I do away with good conscience what happens what happens if you do away with good conscience what is Paul telling timothy if you do away with good conscience what is the consequence of it sorry any answers what will happen if you you know do away with good conscience sorry you lose the battle okay everyone there in the online class what what what happens if you do away with good conscience look at verse 19 it's there okay what will happen if you do away with conscience is saying you know if you do away with you know you will ship wreck your faith your fate will be ship wrecked okay you will destroy your own faith that you have in God okay so timothy has to have a good conscience because his enemies would be attacking him and if timothy does not conduct himself rightly then they would have all the more reasons to attack him you know because of his behavior his lifestyle so a good conscience is connected with good conduct okay so if your conscience is right that means conscious knowing what is good and what is wrong and doing what is right you know you will end up with a good uh conduct okay and he says that some of them have rejected this that means some of them have rejected these weapons what are these weapons faith and good conscience okay and they have ship wrecked their faith so he's talking about two people that rejected the tools for warfare now these are not just two tools of warfare there are many tools that God has given us for warfare but we're just mentioning two here in this context in the scripture passage okay and he's saying uh he mentions two people who have rejected these two tools of faith and good conscience and he's talking about hymenius and alexander and um he's saying uh hymenius and alexander whom i delivered to satan that they may learn not to blaspheme now when you reap this you can see how could paul do this how can he deliver somebody to satan um how hood of fame or how uh you know he's not being gracious not being compassionate he's not showing the love of christ there is no love of christ in paul towards hymenius and alexander what what do you think paul means when he says i delivered them to satan any answers what does paul mean when he says i deliver them to satan i think we learned it in corintians last time somewhere around way smitham and she told uh uh so they just move out of the spiritual covering out of the church for a little time and so they can learn um how the world is and what's happening and they can actually be convicted of this and and they can and when they come back we still accept them as far as i remember that's what i learned you're right jeffina and you're listening to your lectures very carefully thank you so here uh yes you know he's talking about hymenius and alexander he mentions hymenius also in 2nd Timothy chapter 2 was 17 where he's saying talking about hymenius in connection with philates as a very dangerous man and one of the doctrines which hymenius promoted was that the resurrection had already taken a place so he's totally going away from the faith and talk teaching wrong doctrine again and regarding alexander in 2nd Timothy chapter 4 was 14 uh paul mentions about alexander the corpus smith as someone who did much evil there is a when he's talking about alexander the corpus smith he says is someone who did much evil so i did much evil to paul and so it could possibly mean the same alexander and paul handed over both these men to satan okay and what does he mean paul did something similar in 1st corinthians chapter 5 was 5 jeffina was referring to he says hand this man over to satan for the destruction of his flesh so that his spirit may be saved on the day of the lord so that so we understand that these men were actually you know put out of the fellowship of the church where they no longer were under the spiritual oversight of the church leaders of the spiritual covering and the intent was you know when they were out of the spiritual covering they would easily be attacked by the evil one by satan okay and when you know when they go through hardships and difficulties they would eventually realize the wrong that they have done and when they have done that you know they would come to their senses they would repent and you know can come back to fellowship and we can take them so that was the main idea which what paul was basically doing so when you go through hardships difficulties sickness loss we basically go back and say okay what did i what areas did i sin god please have mercy please forgive me and no we repent we come back to god and you know we come back under the spiritual covering and we experience the blessings and the forgiveness and the love of god and the restoration of god so he's saying um you know um that's why he delivers them to um stated okay so when they are in the world they are on the devil's domain okay and uh you know the punishment was removal of protection uh from the spiritual covering that they would experience uh where they would then they would eventually be inflicted by evil and they would come back to god okay so paul is giving Timothy more reason to remain in Ephesus and he's saying he should do this because not everyone else does okay um look at what he says in um we just one minute yeah he's saying you know uh do all of these things because you know uh there is uh you know you have to be there you need to uh you know help these people out you need to do all of these things uh because there is no one else who is called uh to do this okay um and not everyone else is called to this position not everyone else is called to do this see look at hymenius and alexander themselves okay they have gone away from the uh faith and the fact that some people don't remain faithful to the end you know should give us the reason all the more as people who are holding on to the faith not to give up our force so that is why he's saying these people who we know who are in the faith like hymenius and alexander you know when they themselves can go over the the faith you know uh and uh you know uh there are few people who can go away and there are few people who remain uh you know to the faith and you are one of them so this gives you another reason why you need to remain in Ephesus okay and he ends the chapter by talking about hymenius and alexander any questions questions and first Timothy okay so the key takeaway is what we just read that we must live you know we need to hold on to faith and a good conscience okay so if we do away with good conscience it will lead us to shipwreck our own faith or destroy our own faith and verse five where he says we must live and love out of a pure heart and a good conscience and sincere faith coming back to good conscience and sincere faith yeah okay any questions anything any any um doubts you'll have anything you want me to explain again okay if there are no questions and doubts we'll move on to chapter two okay so can uh one of you please read uh you know or we can all read first Timothy chapter two where are four i episode five there are 15 verses so maybe uh sorry there are 15 verses so maybe uh yeah Lubeca can read seven and or eight and then John Paul can read the rest therefore i exalt first of all that supplication prayer intercessions and giving of thanks be made for all men for kings and all who are in authority that we may lead a quiet and peace peaceable life in all godness and reverence for this is good and acceptable in the sight of god our savior who desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth for there is one god and one mediator between god and man and men the man Jesus Christ who gave himself a ransom for all to be such testified in due time for which i was appointed a preacher and an apostle i am speaking the truth in christ and not lying a teacher of the gentile in faith and truth therefore i desire that men may men pray everywhere lifting up holy hands without worse and doubting amen in light manner also that the women adorn themselves in modest apparel with propriety and moderation not with braided hair or gold or pearls or costly clothing but which is proper for women professing godliness with good works let a woman learn in silence with all submission and i do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man but to be in silence for adam was formed first then and adam was not deceived but the woman being deceived fell into a transgression nevertheless she will be saved in childbearing if they continue in faith love and holiness with self-control amen thank you lupega and john paul so we look at verse one says therefore i sought first of all that supplication prayers intercessions and giving of thanks be made for all men okay so what does actually supplication prayer intercession giving of thanks is part of what yeah it's part of our prayer right the prayer time so um is spread basically have a rigid uh differentiation with all of these things should be rigidly follow all of these things when we are praying there is sure we should sorry i'm saying sure we should yeah we should but we don't have to get too rigid on their differentiations okay because there are slight differentiations but we don't get too rigid on their differentiations um uh but of course we we uh use all of these uh you know things when we pray okay so uh why is paul suddenly talking about you know for us it's this chapter two but uh you know uh for paul it's a letter okay so it's a continuation for what he has written about alexander and hymenius and then why does he go on to talk about supplications prayer intercessions and giving of thanks to be made for all men so what's the connect uh from you know the previous verses that we read in 1st Timothy chapter one okay verses 18 to 20 and what is the connect to what he's writing here in chapter two verse one i don't know if i'm right but i think he's encouraging them to fight the good fight of faith and maybe he just wants to just give it all to god just rely on him to pray maybe okay that's a good way of looking at it anyone else so paul is basically saying in the light of people going away from their faith and you know from a good conscience the first thing i want you to do is what pray right it's important for us to pray okay pray so that people will hold on to their faith and they maintain a good conscience so he's talking about the importance of prayer okay and he's talking about supplications prayer intercession and giving of thanks all have to do with praying and there are different parts of prayer but we will look at what each one of them are just for our basic understanding not you know because we want to get too rigid on their differentiation but just for the purpose of our understanding what do you think is supplication what do you think is supplication when a person is making supplication what he's doing basically begging and pleading right making a request asking for mercy okay or protection and what is prayer or prayers here talking about what is prayers when do people pray when do people pray predominantly when they are in need or expecting or anticipating something yes thank you linden when we when we basically want something prayer quickly rises up right so when we we lack something when we want something with a need or something or in a dire situation we pray what is intercession okay well pleading on behalf of someone with God okay praying for someone else pleading on their behalf standing in the gap for somebody else yes thank you what is giving of thanks thank you for what you have done thank you for what he has done and also thanking God in anticipation for what he's going to do and how he's going to answer your prayers so he's saying you know do all this and you know should be made for all men okay now the Greek word is here is Anthropos which is gender neutral and therefore meaning people not men so doesn't mean that we don't pray for women and children it means it's a it's a neutral general word the Greek word is Anthropos meaning people and one way to practice this is to pray for people everywhere whenever and everywhere okay so pray for people everywhere whenever and wherever you are when you're walking down the street in your locality in the mall you're driving your car you know when you see an ambulance with spas pray for the person you know in the ambulance when you see a beggar on the street when you see a drunkard which is basically let prayer rise up in your heart for them so Paul is encouraging Timothy pray pray for all of these people who are teaching wrong doctrines going away from their faith from their good conscience okay and then he goes on in verse two he says for kings and all in authority that they may lead a quiet and peaceful life in all godliness and reverence okay so he's also instructing Timothy to pray which means you know supplications prayers intersections and giving thanks for whom verse two worked for all men in verse one and verse two who does he say you need to pray for for kings and those in authority now why do you think Paul is mentioning here specifically for kings and those in authority yes because he's saying you know if you pray for them because if they are favorable and good towards you then you then only can you lead a quiet and a peaceful life and then you can also live in all godliness and reverence okay so he's saying when you pray for those kings and those in authority and you know in our context civil authority you know so that people can lead a quiet and peaceful lives and live in godliness and reverence towards god but look at what Paul is saying pray for kings you know and I think this would not be taken well by the early Christians of Christians during Paul's time because of the kind of kings and rulers who were ruling that time you know when at this time it was a Nero Claudius Caesar who ruled as the emperor of Rome and you know we know that Nero was somebody who had the Christians severely persecuted you know we read here it's given in your notes that he was someone who actually burned down 70% of Rome so that he could build a bigger palace for himself and when people turned against that he blamed it on the Christians and then hence there was severe persecution that broke out towards the Christians out in Rome and it had effects everywhere else as well and also you know Nero was known for amusing people by throwing Christians to animals when they had these you know these show in the arenas where they had these Christians sent out in the wild lion or a wild animal chasing them and tearing them apart it was such a it was like a big you know what do you say a show for people people would celebrate rejoice clap their hands scream and shout and all of those things and so he used to use them as to amuse people and also you know he's also known for burning Christian as torches and you know in his garden and for his life of indulgence and extravagance so we see that in this situation Paul is saying what God wants us to do is he wants us to pray for those in authority for the kings and those in authority and even today you know we might be going to persecutions but we need to pray for those in authority so that it can help us we would be the people of benefit so that we can live quiet and peaceful like lives in all godliness and reverence okay so praying like this is going to lead us into fulfilling God's desire also which is for everyone to be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth so when we pray he says you know but this is good and acceptable in the sight of God I say that this is who desires all men to be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth versus three and four so this praying he's saying is also going to lead into fulfilling God's desire which is for everyone to be saved and come to the knowledge okay we need to understand when we say that it's God's desire for all men to be saved it does not mean that all men will be automatically saved but it also you know implies that God would have left an element of human response to the gospel yes God wants all men to be saved but all men automatically are not saved we know that that's why we preach and teach the gospel we take the gospel out to those who are lost why because there is an element of human response they have to choose whether they want to accept the gospel or reject it so it is a desire that you know even though he wants all men to be saved this is desire to have a genuine response from human beings as well a genuine response from people as well to the gospel okay versus five to seven can somebody read verses five to seven please and before that anyone has any doubts versus one to four no doubts no questions okay versus five to seven can somebody read that please for there is one God and one mediator between God and men the man Christ Jesus who gave himself a ransom for all to be justified in due time for which I was appointed a preacher and an apostle I'm speaking the truth in Christ and not lying a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth amen thank you Rosalind so this is one place in the Bible that mentions that we have one God and one mediator between God and man the man Christ Jesus okay so the Bible is very clear that salvation is only through Jesus Christ and is the only one who gave himself as a ransom for all okay what does the word ransom mean what is the word ransom mean on the whole on the whole okay jeffina says an offering okay pay the price okay thank you to Vega the Greek word for ransom is anti-lutron which means a redemption price okay you're going to the slave market it has this whole idea of going to the slave market you know paying the price and buying a slave okay so the same way Jesus paid the price and redeemed us from captivity from slavery from being prisoners uh he gave his life uh for the redemption of all people okay who did Jesus redeem us from or what did he redeem us from from sin okay the power of sin the power of death and satan okay so we were slaves of who satan and sin and Jesus Christ redeemed us redeemed us you know those who true to the redemption that he has paid you know can walk and live in freedom because the price has already been paid and which means the devil has no longer hold on us and we are no longer slaves of sin and death and satan uh because Jesus offered the price who did Jesus offer the price to did he offer offered it to satan the redemption price was offered to whom to satan or to the father to the father yes to the father right not to satan you know Jesus offered himself as a price to the father you know uh so that satan's legal claim over every individual would be cancelled okay and it has been uh terminated and satan has no more claims over us and so we are here or we are asked to pray this into effect okay we are asked to pray this into effect and also like we read in the verses you know in verse 4 that you know God desires all men to come to the knowledge of the truth not only do we pray this we also preach this we announce this we preach this we preach and announce this good news so that people will come to the truth and will embrace Jesus Christ and they would be saved okay and Paul says you know for for which I was appointed a preacher and an apostle uh uh and I'm speaking the truth in Christ and not lying a teacher to the Gentiles in faith and in truth okay so Paul was a preacher an apostle and a teacher okay um um how do we know this how do we know this uh look at what acts chapter 13 verses 1 and 2 says can somebody read that please acts 13 1 and 2 anyone can read acts 13 1 and 2 now in the church that was okay now in the church that was at end here there were certain prophets and teachers Barnabas Simeon who was also called Niger because of searing mannion who had been brought up with here the deep trench and stone or till worse yeah that that will do so here we see that Saul is also mentioned okay um and later on he was called Paul but early in the early church in Antioch he was known as Saul there still as Saul so we see that he was called as a prophet and a teacher okay uh why do we call Paul as a prophet why do we call Paul as a prophet okay he spoke a lot about the second coming okay he walked as a prophet because much of the prophetic New Testament scripture was you know um written by Paul okay uh was and he received all of this you know during his 17 years of silent period received all of this from uh for the inspiration of holy split he was taught by God himself so most of the prophetic New Testament scripture was written by him and we also see that he serves as a pastor okay he planted many churches he and he uh did the role of a pastor and we also know that he's a teacher you know um he thought when he uh you know he taught in churches his writings were also like teaching to the people and so we see that a person or an individual can flow in more than one ministry office gifts just as the Lord Jesus determines okay they can flow in more than one ministry gifts just as the Lord Jesus determines so we see also that Paul's ministry was primarily to the Gentiles and so this shows us that God can specifically call us to you know a specific geographic location or nation or a particular community or a race of people just like he called Paul we'll stop here and we'll go for a break and we'll come back after the break thank you