 Welcome to Computer Science E1. My name is David Malan, and it was about seven years ago when I first uttered those words. It was February of 1999 when I took over this course. And back then there were no streaming videos, really. It's certainly not in the popularity that they are today. There was no podcast. There was no distance ed. There is VHS. So back in the day, we used to film these lectures on VHS so that students, not abroad and so forth, could watch them, but so that our own students, if they missed a lecture or wanted to catch up, they could actually review the tape. And it was kept down the hallway in the library. The funny thing back then is we didn't throw many resources into these VHS tapes and we would have the teaching fellows rotate through each week and each week film one of the lectures. And back then it was mostly my friends who were teaching fellows for the course. And so I was an undergraduate at the time. And we have a lot of videos where the camera is doing a really nice job during part of the lecture and then when the T.F. or cameraman would fall asleep. So our Chris Malis has done a much better job in recent years of filming us, but I thought if you'll indulge me down this walk down memory lane, I thought I'd give you a few seconds of what this class was like in 1999. Here we go. All right, let's stop it repeating there. Let me just tweak this microphone for a moment. Can everyone in here in the back hear me all right? Yeah, any need for more? Okay. Welcome to Computer Science E1, Introduction to Personal Computers in the Internet. My name is David Malin and I will be your instructor for this semester. Some of you may recall a woman's name, Laura Noble Peel, on the original course catalog. She has since moved to Minnesota and I've been asked to take over the course in her stead. But I promise this semester you will have a fantastic time and by the semester's end we'll walk away with a firm grasp of both what computers are as well as what the internet is. Before we begin, let me take a quick survey of people. How many people here actually have a computer at home if you could raise your hands? That's fantastic because it will make our lives easier. How many people, and it's okay to raise your hand to this one, have never actually used a computer before? There's no shame in this. Okay, that's fantastic. This course will be, so everything was fantastic back then apparently. And I don't think I was ever as nervous as I was that week. I probably didn't eat for days before that class because I was still, I was a senior at the time and as that guy said, Laura Noble Peel who was the original architect of this course, a boss of mine at FAS Computer Services whom I worked for as an undergrad, had invented this course probably in 1997 or so. And before this at Harvard Extension at least there really was no introductory course, no survey course, there really was no entry point for folks who either wanted to pursue somewhat technical academic programs or even just wanted to get some more savvy for their own personal edification. So this course really is the result of her vision way back when and she moved unexpectedly partway through the year and a gentleman took over for about a half semester or so, Bill Barthelme who was the second instructor for this course. And he too did a wonderful job bringing the course closer to what it now is today and it was in the spring of 1999 that he decided to step down and focus on his full-time job at FAS Computer Services and they tapped me, this little old Harvard undergrad who at the time we kept it very quiet as to the fact that not only was I the youngest kid in the room, I was also the only one without a degree at the time. That's why you see me dressing in suits and I even had suspenders on under that suit at the time. I wore glasses. I did everything I could to come across as something far older than I was and I bought myself a few years and these days now, Dawn was surprised to see me tonight because I think I've let myself go since with jeans and t-shirts and the class and so forth. So I thought I'd spice it up a little bit tonight. The point though is that this is the 11th time that I've taught this course and it's been wonderful. This is the last time that I'll teach this course. This is the final E1 lecture that I will ever give and for me that's why I've probably not been nervous in this class since the first lecture of this year. I'm always nervous the first lecture since I don't know anyone in the room really and it's kind of intimidating seeing all these fresh faces literally staring down at you in this lecture hall. And unfortunately by lecture two I realized that y'all are pretty much okay. But tonight what I'd like to do with us is one, take a look back at where we this semester started the course. Take a look forward as to where you might go academically just with technology in the future. Certainly say a few thank yous to those who have helped out in the class and also just give you a sense of what you yourselves have been a part of particularly with respect to the course's podcast. So without further ado, we have over the years tried a number of experiments in this class. Oh and there are a lot of little things tonight that I've tried to interest first that really makes sense only to me. This for instance was the very first song that was played in E1 in the very first lecture so I thought it would be effort-po for me at least to hear it again. But with that said we tried a number of experiments in this class. The one of which you are probably most familiar with is this guy, the podcast that we've been dabbling in for the past year or two. And that's been one of the fun things about this course is over the past several years we've tried a number of tools, techniques, ideas with which to familiarize our own students with technology and computers make them more part of the course so they're not just some talking head at the front of the course but rather the students themselves and beyond just workshops and sections are actually engaging either intellectually or hands on with some of these technologies. We tried for instance way back when when the course had a different website a sort of you know that the course website now has that resources page with links. Those are pretty much these days links sanctioned by us. Well there was a time where students themselves could post to that webpage links that they like to frequent, there's a little description for them so that their fellow students could see what kinds of links other people were making use of and you have to realize too back in 1999 it would be cute to say that there was no internet back then and there were no computers. There certainly were but certainly not to the extent that there are today and there were certainly several hands that first night in 99 that went up that said I don't even own a computer we had a couple of people who had never used a computer and we had people certainly who had never used the internet and it really was a different audience. And the courses had to change over the years such that these days pretty much all of you came into this course with some savvy with computers maybe a bit of a fear factor maybe you weren't quite the type who could problem solve technical problems on your own but odds are you were using a computer nonetheless eight hours a day at work or at night at home where you had some basic skills so the courses certainly adapted over the years. Well that one experiment where students could post their own links to the website absolute failure no one ever did it. We put it aside and we tried something else. We had a course listserv for a number of years. A listserv is just an email list. We put all the students on it and we invited them to talk with one another post questions post answers discuss things on the listserv that too complete failure never really worked. We tried using the listserv last year in the last ditch effort to breathe some life into it from requiring that students for those movie reviews if they wanted to get extra credit on a problem set they'd have to share their thumbs up or thumbs down not only with us but with the class on the listserv the only emails that everyone out in the listserv were movie reviews so it didn't really speak to its academic value. So we scrapped that. We for several years used a system called the personal response system PRS which essentially are these little infrared based remote controls which we fondly called clickers. These were not so much a failure. We don't use them terribly much these days but imagine if you will an experiment in which all of you had these little remote controls in your hands on these controls as a keypad from one to nine and zero and a couple of other buttons and we use these for a number of semesters to engage students in Q&A sort of anonymous Q&A such that if I posed a question in multiple choice form we could survey the students by way of these clickers and they would buzz in with answer one or two or three or four and then we had some neat graphing software that would show us how many students guessed A or one, how many students guessed two, how many students guessed three and it was always fun of course because though it was anonymized we could always make fun of the students who were in the wrong bucket on the screen and that was sort of an attempt to get students to be a little less hesitant to answer questions, right? Raising your hand especially if you feel like you know less than everyone else in the room is kind of a scary thing especially if you're wrong and I make a light of that after the fact so we use these clickers and those worked well I'm not convinced they have particular pedagogical value as much as they have entertainment and sort of fun value but nonetheless we use those for quite a while and usually we didn't do it this year we used to even that project we began to use just to vote for mouse pads every year so you would buzz in for your mouse pad choice but this year we did it the old fashioned way on paper pencil so the short of it is this class not only in having students acquainted with a whole bunch of material we've also tried to experiment with a lot of technologies and the most current of which and dare say the most successful of which for our own students and beyond we think has been this podcast so it was around fall 2005 in September when podcasts really were just starting to catch on this is just over a year ago they sort of existed under that name or others for quite some time perhaps I mean at the end of the day what's a podcast it's just like a feed of MP3s now movies PDFs right it was just a marketing term really it was just a buzz word around something you could have been doing for years but it began to gain traction in this term podcast sort of came my way and you know truth be told I think I said to Ray in last August maybe last September 2005 you know hey Ray let's podcast E1 this year and I think five minutes later after I finished talking with Ray I went on Google and looked up what a podcast was I mean Wikipedia gave a very nice definition of what it was I had just committed us to at the time we were only podcasting in audio so I had in addition to these wires yet another device an MP3 recorder that was recording everything I said we used it in some sections and workshops and we posted that material on the web not only in iTunes and the podcast for students in the course to download and it was also just publicly accessible if anyone else wanted to sort of see what this class was up to well around last October or November Apple released the video iPod and we quickly went back and re-digitized all of our videos in quick time format using an MPEG4 codec so that we could also distribute the videos of the course as well that landed me for a while in the provost's office because we had a nice little discussion with the powers that be as to what it meant to be podcasting courses at Harvard Extension School or at Harvard in general and everything certainly worked out for the best in the end but it certainly raised a whole bunch of issues that even other universities are continuing to consider and to discuss as to exactly one what the value of technology like this is opening a university stores whether this one or Harvard Extension or any other school to the public at large as well as to its own students and also two just you know maybe they should be doing this in the first place and I've sort of come around to thinking with these kinds of technologies especially when we have so much information being uttered in classrooms like this school and others that it perhaps could be one of the most significant things for universities to start doing to opening their doors virtually to the world not only in the U.S. but other countries and just making available at relatively low cost what is already being produced in some of this country certainly dominant universities I think it's a powerful thing and for that reason alone I think it's been exciting to sort of be pushing the envelope or getting ourselves in trouble at times just to see exactly where something like this might go with that said I thought it would be fun to reveal to you some of what you've been yourselves involved with and what your past semester student body were involved with this podcast again was launched in September of 2005 to give you a sense of what logs suggest subscribership has been to this podcast certainly not just within our among our own students but in the world at large this is a chart showing the number of downloads as far as we can tell from logs that we've maintained as to how many times each lecture or workshop was downloaded neither MP3 or quick time format and you'll see that lecture one for instance last year log suggest was downloaded over a 12 month period over 10,000 times things like lectures three and four and workshop four and eight sort of average out or sort of reach equilibrium about 8,000 so we actually suspect that last year's podcast had again not just in our own walls but about a subscribership 6 to 10,000 people who tuned in to the class that you folks have been tuning into in this particular year which was quite remarkable because certainly at the time we had no expectation as to really there being any benefits or any interest in the outside public for us for Ray and I when we discussed this way back when the value was just in letting students if they missed a class or wanted to review a class be able to review that class or watch it or listen to it for the first time without honestly the you know it's all relative but the inconvenience of having to sit down at their computer and watch a streaming video or listen to a streaming audio cast right we've come a long way from VHS and just putting this stuff online was a huge marginal gain probably for students in terms of convenience well when you start to get used to things like iPods and wireless internet access it actually becomes I think a virtual tether if to engage in this kind of material you have to be physically online or you have to be streaming a relative on a relatively slow connection the data and so really what this podcast was for us was just in marginal change a marginal improvement perhaps on the media that we were providing our own students with already so they could listen on the subway to their MP I mean frankly it's a whole other question as to why you'd want to be listening to computer science on an iPod in the first place so let me disclaim that you know I'm not sure I would watch myself on an iPod or an iTunes or whatnot so that much I can see it I think the value is in the technology not so much the guy in the technology but with that said it simply gives students options and it gives them another angle another means of access to courses content like this numbers we also looked at last year between 05 and 06 where where people were coming from most subscribers appear to be coming from the United States just over half but we had folks from Germany, Australia, Japan Canada the United Kingdom and then a whole bunch of other countries who made up a smaller percentage but there were over 50 countries represented in the log so far as we could tell this year as we mentioned a few months ago we had some serious bandwidth problems fall semester 06 began and we crippled the extension school server and were nicely asked to leave the extension school server so we turned to outside resources and when we began looking at the logs this is 06 so just a few months ago in December 06 just a month ago we had experienced downloads on the order of just shy of 4 terabytes in November and over 5 terabytes of data were downloaded from the podcast in December now you have to consider that these videos themselves are large so they're 2 to 300 megabytes so these numbers while big you sort of have to divide by a you know 10 or 100 to get a sense of the magnitude but even so when you consider how many individual people were downloading the content it seems again to be in the thousands and I'll show you a couple numbers in just a moment this I thought is less related to the podcast more just fun with logs as we suggested in our security lecture I looked at the key phrases that people have apparently been typing in to google and yahoo and so forth to find E1 or find its podcast or at least content like it and apparently and perhaps not surprising if you type in lecture and internet somewhere along the way E1's podcast will come up in your favorite search engine also our logs suggested that people had found us via Harvard lecture seems reasonable as well so police dog training apparently leads to computer science E1's podcast so go figure Harvard extension school problem set 4 I dare say that was one of you looking for your problem set 4 given how specific it was upgrading a PC similarly leads to us and no joke and mind you this is the censored version of what I'm showing you apparently for great sex you can come to computer science E1 apparently we've got some videos floating around that maybe I'm not aware of but those are among the search terms that apparently lead to E1's podcast so what have a specific downloads been like well here's a graph of just the last three weeks of November 06 so just a month or two ago and Eugenia's workshop number 8 currently according to logs has the distinction of being the most popular content downloaded in November with about 2200 people downloading that particular content and again you have to take some of these numbers with a grain of salt because we can only infer from the logs but that seems to be a reasonable lower bound on the number of times these were downloaded Dan's workshop number 10 was clocked in around 16 or 1700 downloads and I hope these two are beaming that they completely trounced David Malan's lectures which were the three least popular downloads in November of 06 but there we have lectures 8, 7 and 9 and to look in December had similar results Eugenia was hot in December as well with her workshop number 11 with over 3000 downloads the TFs review there's a pattern here right the TFs review number 2 came in just shy of 3000 downloads in December 06 alone and then whoever it was doing lectures 12, 11, 10 and 1 was in last place in December as well so that's great and it's sort of what's amazing to be honest is just these numbers the fact that as a side effect of our interest in just engaging our own students in you know tetherless iPods and iTunes and so forth for the course's content that it's had this sort of effect or this fringe benefit of others tuning in as well and finding their way not only to this class and asking us hey how can I enroll next semester but also just to extension and some of the other courses that have begun this experiment as well finally just to make sure these guys are properly recognized for their popularity on YouTube where some of these videos have been as well Dan's video of the week from volume 4, TCPIP has had over a thousand downloads on YouTube alone Dan's volume two browser wars has clocked in over a thousand downloads and then raised installing Windows XP similarly popular on YouTube as well so it's remarkable and we share these not so much to more out of certainly more out of amazement as to what has happened with this experiment then certainly out of pride or anything like that so we hope we offer these just as data to sort of offer you a sense of what you yourselves have been involved with or the project that you have been involved with so none of this certainly would have been possible without these four folks today and what we're about to do is going to sound like we're winding down to a thank you and good night but there's more to come we clearly have something to do here tonight and we've got a retrospective as well but I wanted to take a moment before we go on too long to recognize these four faces who look much prettier in person I blew up very small JPEGs and you know from your multimedia lecture on the screen at this resolution because it's only like 46 pixels across and I blew it up but also listed here on the board are teaching fellows past who have been involved with the course since February of 1999 and if you would indulge me with a round of applause for these four I'll say a quick word about each of them if I may Ray Diaz has been involved with this course now for several years and it was two years ago that mid-semester Ray took on the gargantuan task of filling in for a few teaching fellows who were no longer able to continue with the course and so we had holes in the schedule of two sections so Ray stepped up and literally began teaching three sections simultaneously and I wish I hadn't used the moniker back then but he was presented with back then a plastic Superman doll which sort of captured the fact that he really was a man that semester and he's certainly done an outstanding job since as the continued head teaching fellow Eugenia has been with us this year and she is the result of several months we started honestly recruiting for teaching fellows months ago because it's much easier to do this over a period of time and sort of ideally have your pick of folks and we posted to various sites locally at Harvard and MIT Craigslist really anywhere we could think of where we might reach out to some technical folks and Eugenia was the result of several months search and we've been thrilled certainly that she said yes to our offer and has both been teaching and learning we think along the way with us so thank you for that as well Dan Armandaras has been with the course for a couple of semesters now Dan and I met at MIT where we were both EMTs, emergency medical technicians writing ambulances and such that we never together rode the ambulance that makes it sound much sexier than it really was because at the time of being EMTs which is factually correct I was also the webmaster for MIT's emergency medical services and Dan was the guy who took over the website for MIT EMS it's not nearly as cool when you say you met because of a website but we were officially at the time EMTs he's been with the course for two years now and is certainly our unofficial and official Mac guy and the guy as you've seen during lecture I'll turn to and ask questions of when I don't know the answer and he too has been fantastic to have been on the team for the past couple of years finally Chris there hasn't officially been on the team but has sort of become on the team over the past several months Chris is a former student so she was part of Paul 2005 and all of that she has this semester volunteered way more hours than probably any of us have put into the course ourselves in helping with our video production so the video of the week project that we took on with the support of the university producing some 60 videos of the week that will continue to remain available after the course's end if you haven't even had time to dabble on that content has certainly been furthered along with hours and hundreds of emails that I've gotten at 2 and 3 AM from Chris who originally was just volunteering her own time just to help out with this video project and so much of the videos that you've seen this semester would not have been possible without her as well so if you'll indulge me once more just a round of applause for these four thank you so much this is going to sound like the Academy Awards for just a moment but Chris Mel who's the man who you never see in front of the camera but is always behind the camera has been wonderful to work with over the past few years right when we finally got rid of the sleeping teaching fellows and started using professionals to film the course the videos have been fantastic and of all the videographers we've worked with at extension Chris is awesome honestly this man here we personally request him via email each semester because not only does he just film the lectures which is one thing and he doesn't fall asleep which is also to his credit he really if you watch the videos and maybe though I'm talking to the wrong crowd tonight given that you're physically here but he really gets into it and does a really nice job I think of capturing what's going on down here when Don is up volunteering some evening capturing what's on the screen and just really giving a good video experience and we hope you've appreciated that as well behind the scenes Chris Barnhart is the woman who does our post-production who takes the videotapes that Chris makes each week puts them into machines and does her magic and out comes some real videos and the synchronization of slides and so forth so she too and I'm hoping she actually watches these videos and doesn't just fast forward through us because she'll too get this thank you from us few other people if I may and then I got some juicy stuff for you here tonight if you haven't seen Wired Magazine by way of author Jeff Howe was kind enough to make mention of E1 and its podcast and its December issue and we're very grateful certainly for the comments and the attention that he further brought to E1's podcast. Victor Cajajo who was our guest lecture if you will when we did that Skype demonstration and you had that huge face beaming down at you on this 20 foot screen via video conference. Victor is a fellow who's had his own podcasts for a while the currently most germane to the course is his typical Mac user podcast in which he takes questions and gives answers and generally just talks about what it's like to be a Mac user converting to be a Mac user and early on last year he was wonderful in just drumming up attention for E1's podcast and really helping us get the podcast out there and for that we are certainly grateful. Finally in the commercial and Jake Fisher at switchpod.com switchpod is a startup started a couple years ago and I don't quote me on this but from my own research Jake I believe is 16 or 17 years old now he was one of these crazy kids who starts a company in his parents' home or dorm room sells it to another company and what you have here is switchpod.com which has been generous enough to host our podcast Gratis for the past several months and help us sort of deal with the thousands of downloads that you've seen and it was Victor who referred us to Jake so we too are grateful to Jake. Here's where I'll wave my hand not for you with the Academy type speech but there's a whole bunch of people who have been instrumental in making this course possible from 1999 until now and thank you again for indulging me in this thank you to all of them this is most of them I'm sure I forgot one or more people but the beauty of the internet and PDFs and podcasts is that I'll just go change the document when I realize I've forgotten someone and put them back in retroactively. Finally, literally finally Dr. Henry Leitner so this is effectively my boss he was my one of my CS professors as an undergrad Henry Leitner he's one of the deans at Harvard Extension School and is really one of those people I don't know if you all have found one of these people in your life I was sort of surprised that it happened to me already that really influences you and gives you your chance and tastes risks on you and I'm sure it was kind of a crazy thing at the time when he quietly had some kid filling in for Bill Barthelmy when he stepped down to take over E1 but he took a chance on me and for 11 semester since I've been lucky enough to continue to be brought on for this course and it is to Henry that I'm eternally grateful he's one of those guys where you know I started off as an undergrad as a gov major which maybe is fitting if people who like to hear themselves talk as we apparently are doing tonight but eventually changed to computer science and it was the only reason I think that I ended up with involved with E1 or even teaching in general was because I ran for student government at Harvard and lost and lost really badly and I remember all too vividly the elections debate one of these debates where it was me and a bunch of other sophomores or juniors you know all dressed up like this and some Harvard-esque lecture hall and debating each other over like the quality of food in the dining hall and why there are no parties on campus and these kinds of things and I did horribly like it was embarrassing how poorly I spoke and how poorly I presented myself and I don't know if this is the typical solution but I decided to fix this by teaching so it's an awful speaker so I decided if I started pursuing teaching fellows roles I was one of the TFs for E1 when Laura when Bill taught it in 1998 in the fall thereof and I sort of use that as the motivation to get in to all this so it's sort of funny I think just to look back on incidents like that where you make one relatively simple decision or mistake even and it kind of influences things along the way but none of this would have happened without Henry so thank you for indulging me in these past many minutes of retrospectives and now welcome to computer science E1 this is lecture 14 exciting conclusion so over the past several months we have looked at a whole range of topics and bear in mind that one of the first pictures on arriving at lecture one or downloading lecture one was a pdf containing a picture of a hack at MIT does anyone remember what this picture of an MIT hack was yeah water thingy water fountain yes so years ago as MIT is popular for one of their hacks was to have some clever kids connect a fire hose working as I understand it to a water fountain and then tacked on the wall just above this recall was a sign along the lines of getting an education at MIT is like drinking water from a fire hose and we sort of usurp the idea the spirit of that hack and try to warn you on page two or so of the syllabus that there's just a huge amount of content in this particular course and it is certainly our expectation and our understanding that if some of that went this way like that was to be expected and certainly by courses end here even if you didn't get a hundred on exam one or two even if you're thinking MIT hack what was that that's okay it wasn't all supposed to go down but what hopefully you'll exit this course with is just even if it's a marginal bit more confidence that heck if you don't know the answer to something if you're not sure how something works you know half a dozen websites you can go check you know half a dozen people you can go ask you know a half a dozen tricks internet keys word searches and so forth that you can use to solve those problems or those questions on your own among the things we did in lecture one was focus on hardware we didn't really talk about these but these are sort of toys that I have in my apartment that are germane to hardware including this newest sexiest of telephones the blackberry pearl and I offer this one is just a originally this slide contained binary numbers and we were going to do a little exercise and what were these binary numbers do you remember the binary numbers we did with light bulbs and there were five rows and then we played 90210 and then I played the 90210 we've done that too many times I think it's it wasn't funny the first time either perhaps so hardware what's the relevance of this stuff it's the omnipresence of it we talk in this course early on certainly about hardware at its most basic level bits and we talk about registers and CPUs and ultimately we spend more time talking about laptops and desktops but the fact the matter is and this is not a surprise computers and technology and the sort of stuff we explore in this course really is all around these days such that the cell phones we all have most likely in this lecture hall are little computers for years of your cars had computers in them the Tivo is just a linux box with a sexy interface on top of it that lets you save TV shows as the broadcast the sling box which we've used before lecture a lot is just a little computer that uses some type of multimedia codec to take a video feed quickly wrap it up in like some mpeg like codec and then stream it out on the internet so already here we have the notion of an operating system meeting linux and hardware we have the notion of streaming we have the notion of mpeg like compression we have the notion of how can we tie this in wireless internet connectivity and just the fact that it is a little computer and I won't ask that you indulge me in playing with this phone but it really is the coolest thing you can get google maps on this you can look up the internet I'll be sitting at dinner lately and if some random question comes up I'm the geek at the table who's like I'll answer this and then type into wikipedia or google some question and we get the answer immediately on demand but the point is that pretty much everything we talk about in this course still applies to all of this hardware inside of all of these devices are bits in some form are registers are pieces of memory flash memory wrong all of that continues to be present in even today's most advanced devices just released yesterday was the apple iphone and if you didn't see the announcement already go to apple.com after class or pull up cnn or msnbc everybody's talking about this thing this is a new cell phone that'll be out in june or so this year it is entirely touch based so there are very few buttons on this thing and pretty much the whole menu interface that steve jobs demoed yesterday at mac world is about showing you what you can do on this particular screen and there's some neat little effects and what this really is sort of a nice marriage between good hardware fast hardware and increasingly well designed software the aim of which is to just make these things easier to use the point steve jobs made yesterday in the keynote that some of us were watching tonight before class was that you know even just to call it is hard my mom hates it when I use her in examples but the last time I'll do it for me to pick out a cell phone even for someone like my mother who just wants a phone to make calls doesn't need anything fancy just wants to be able to call make calls and receive calls it's really hard to go into a place like Verizon T-Mobile any of these guys and pick a simple phone even I sometimes get frustrated more so with my last phone to do simple tasks is very hard and I think this is largely a function not so much of the fact that my mom's not a computer science major the fact that you might not be a computer science major it's because the computer science majors who designed the things did it poorly and so hopefully one of the takeaways you'll get from this course is that if you are struggling with something technological it is daresay as much if not more the fault of someone else honestly than it is of you and hopefully you'll walk away with a sense that that is in fact true testament to this notion of increasingly better increasingly well designed software Google Earth I think is a brilliant example of something that's pretty easy to use it's certainly pretty to use and it really seems to do a lot even if right now it seems to be more of a novelty sort of fun way of taking a virtual vacation already people are developing applications that use Google Earth for instance I think I saw something recently like where in the world is Carmen San Diego like a game running on top of Google Earth and what better way to sort of allow a kid or an adult to explore the world than to literally make accessible all of that information in what's really a nice interface and so what Google is certainly good at besides search I think is presenting some really novel and really appreciated interfaces Google Maps right we've had MapQuest we've had Yahoo Maps for years Google Maps I think is the best and it's the most recent one you wouldn't have thought perhaps that this is a market that you should bother entering since people already do this but you can click and drag and you can scroll you can look at the satellite imagery and it's these marginal improvements that I think people are finally beginning to appreciate as technology becomes the domain not so much of geeks like us but of everybody that you really have to appreciate that you don't need to be or shouldn't need to be a technophile to make a phone call or to look something up on the internet well lecture 3 recall was we call it software but we really just put a DVD in the drive and hit play which is kind of a cop out when it comes to talking about software but software sort of lays throughout the course anyway that we doesn't bother us so much what I did insert into this our conclusion is some of the all too familiar indicators of what it means to use software so this is the famed what a blue screen of death right if you ever see this on your windows pc it doesn't mean that you messed up it means that someone at microsoft or someone who wrote the software or drivers that are installed on your computer messed up and pretty much crashed the computer and crashed it hard few years ago exam one if I said this already in October but exam one fell on Halloween and so we offered students 5 points of extra credit if you show up however socially awkwardly at your exam dressed up in costume so one of the winners that year dressed as a blue screen of death man came in with a cardboard box on his head painted blue with some text on it and he was a blue screen of death he did very well I think on the exam also familiar also funny certainly our error messages like this these are all real these are not photoshopped images this too is when someone makes a mistake and prompts you with clearly a complete lack of messages here's an error again this is an example of what we call a bug right not so much your fault but someone else's this is a classic right this is one of those situations that maybe you stumbled across from writing your scratch programs or pbj programs you know if you don't think through all the scenarios something's going to break and this is an error in logic certainly blue screen of death not so good when your billboard is running windows right that is perhaps the biggest and saddest advertisement of windows you might see on the side of a building alt.tv had a computer clearly crash perhaps a little more discomforting is when you see it in an airport when those little arrival departure computers are clearly running windows at this particular airport that's not necessarily a good thing those ticket machines you'll see a greyhound or amtrak the machine even ATM machines most likely not hopefully not but a lot of these terminals that don't look like windows actually are windows even bloomberg has a version of bloomberg that runs on windows it's just when it's full screen you don't know that it's windows underneath the hood not saying it's good not saying it's bad just saying that it's funny when things like that come across come your way and this this is doctor someone made this to be cute PC users among you will know that control alt delete reboots your computer what better peripheral to have than one that does that so terribly easy well on the internet was our lecture for this is a clip from slash dot from December of this year I thought it was relevant since the title was spam volume jumps 35% in November this is a remarkable problem we mentioned spam in 1999 and yeah you'd get spam once in a while but spam did not constitute some eight or nine out of ten emails on the internet which is a gargantuan and scary problem an expensive problem certainly and I mean how many of you have ever just changed email addresses to avoid spam anyone right so a couple few of you so that's certainly not an ideal solution and as the world moves toward relying on email ever more hopefully we will soon see better technological solutions to this but does anyone know why this is such a problem in the first place like what is the fundamental if someone at the water cooler tomorrow say hey you just finished taking e1 what's with spam why is it such a problem like excellent so one it's a cheap form of communication sending a million emails doesn't really cost much more than sending one email if you ignore bandwidth and so forth especially if the spams are being sent not just from your own computer which is very easy to shut you down if you're sending spams from home where's a lot of spam coming from these days so so bots and zombie machines so some of you if you have spyware installed on your computer or just malicious software among the things this software tends to do these days is not just pepper you with ads and banner ads and so forth but is to use your computer as a computing resource and turn out spam in fact if you ever run like the net stat command at your command prompt which we didn't do so much this semester but it's one of those esoteric commands you can type and just see what's going on behind the scenes on your computer if you see connections originating if you see a lot of internet connections and you've got no web browsers open odds are it's because you have a little smtp server running on your computer smtp referring of course to outgoing mail and your computer unbeknownst to use just turning out spam and the beauty of that approach for spammers is what if they're using you or the so-called botnets to deliver their spam it's free you're not they're not paying for the internet access they're not paying for the cpu cycles much right they won't get shut down right imagine if you the unsuspecting fairly non-technical person at home gets shut down by comcast as does everyone in your neighborhood because as you know del survey a year or two indicated that a huge percent majority of computers according to their numbers were infected with some form of spyware solution is not just to turn everyone's computer off it's too large of a problem and it's a brilliant approach these spammers have taken to using fairly interesting algorithms and distributed network type approaches to just sending you junk mail to random addresses to specific addresses and ultimately this is the result of the internet really is being used these days email the web for stuff wasn't intended for right when email was invented there was no notion of authenticating the origin there was no protection against who could put whose address you could put in the from line of an email in fact all of you could go home tonight and type into the appropriate configuration screen of your email program that you are david mail in mail in at post dot harvard dot edu and send emails as though you were me right sign it dj m who's going to know the difference frankly and that is testament to the fact that email just wasn't designed to sort of prevent this kind of problem that we're facing and so a lot of the solutions that have been offered including the software you might run on your computer the stuff your isp uses is it's patching the symptoms but it would really require some much more clever or really a fundamental redesign of the way things tend to work right now to really get this right but we're sort of stuck with the way things are and we can only make incremental improvements so this was just an article about how spam transfers here is that according to iron port systems from in on average in october two thousand five there were thirty one billion spams sent today in november oh that's a an average yes so there were thirty one billion spams sent per day on average between october oh five and october oh six in november of oh six though according to these numbers they saw eighty five billion spams sent that is huge it is a huge problem and fortunately course is over we'll have to see how they figure that one out also on the internet we talked about this in this image I did steal from our original lecture because most of you have something set up like this at home and hopefully to one of the takeaways from a course like this is that if nothing else you eventually you at some point took our suggestion of unplugging all the cables from your computer or maybe a co-workers computer and then just plugging everything back together that alone can be sort of worrying for some people this we offer though is just very representative of the type of stuff that hopefully after this course you'd be comfortable setting up and turning on security with these routers right little pop quiz what type of encryption ideally should you be using on your wireless router if you care about the privacy of your data and such yeah so wpa in contrast to wep which some router still only come with which simply is not secure all too easily broken we had a little surprise in lecture six where we had a few students pitted against a few teaching fellows that was meant to just reinforce recall some of the material from that first exam multimedia in lecture seven so what the heck is this so this is a screenshot from a wonderful hardware site if you've at all gotten a taste now for what cool hardware is like and like to learn about this stuff and gadget.com is a wonderful site that even I've just gotten into this year that it will make sense in a moment this was a recent post it's essentially a blog about the latest and greatest in computer hardware and the Nintendo Wii which you may have heard about just shy of Christmas time was as talked about is the Playstation 3 the Nintendo Wii though is cool because rather than use those sort of old school controllers that have up down left right AB and the newer controllers that have that plus sixteen other buttons whose patterns you have to memorize to use so the Wii uses a controller that ironically has up down left right AB but at least I'm capable of remembering up down left right AB but if you want to move something on the screen you don't necessarily use up down left right AB you just point and point here when you want to point here on the screen point down when you want to point there on the screen if you want to play tennis you don't hold the keys and then hit the left key when you want the player to hit the ball to the left or the right key when you want the player to hit to the right with the Nintendo Wii you go like this and when the ball is coming to you back end you go like this and when you want to serve you throw the ball up and you hit it like this because this controller has a bunch of accelerometers as they're called inside and these things Apple's iPhone has accelerometers and if you saw the keynote Apple's iPhone is able to detect if you're looking at the phone this is not an iPhone this is a stand-in it can detect if you're looking at your phone like this or if you're holding it like this and if you're holding it like this it shows the screen or the photo or the video as you would expect and if you turn it this way it immediately rotates the image too so that you can watch like a wide screen news clip or movie even or whatever you happen to have on your iPod so Nintendo uses the same type of hardware to detect if my hand is going up if it's going left right if it's twisted this way twisted that way and the effect is remarkably powerful and one of the things we did promise tonight is that we would demonstrate this little toy this is Dan's Nintendo Wii and I should fess up that though in that solicitation last night or that teaser email last night about how Dan stayed up for some 10 hours in the parking lot of a circuit city to get himself and his siblings one of these wheeze so there's also someone else present that night for 10 hours and I'm loath to admit it because honestly I never thought I would be shall we say one of those people but it was a fun experience nonetheless we did foot races around three and four a.m. to stay warm because this was in the midst of December we became friendly with people we don't really know by name because we knew them by that guy's number one that guy's number two I think we were three and four in line and number five was a cool guy he was there overnight to getting a Wii for his for his kids I think number ten was a woman with her two daughters who were camped out on like a chair outside of circuit city and so finally they too went into their cars for a bit but it was this wonderful if nothing else I mean certainly a geek story but wonderful sociological experience where you have a whole bunch of people going into this and mind you this was in the coming on the heels of those stories where people are getting mugged and attacked online for PlayStation 3's right Sony's release of their hardware didn't go so well we was much more civil but here were showed up at what 10 p.m. and it was already dark right the employees the manager said goodbye to us on our way out of the store and there we were getting settled in for like a 10 hour nap outside of circuit city and what was funny was this was one of these main like strip mall type areas in New Hampshire we were in New Hampshire of all places too literally next door was a Best Buy where there were 24 other such people waiting for Best Buy to open apparently down the road there was a target where you had people camped out there as well it was quite the place to be on Saturday night but the result is that we did it for you and we have this Nintendo Wii to demonstrate and we thought this one is certainly fun but two I think it really speaks in the spirit of a lot of the things Apple has been doing in other companies really where technology is going and better user interfaces and better experiences the fact the matter is these game consoles today and I make myself sound old when I say this I can't deal with 14 or some odd buttons on these controllers because the game then becomes a project of memorization like what keys do I have to hit if I want to punch the guy this way as opposed to that way whereas something like this just the computers become much more intuitive and that's precisely in the spirit that this iPhone was released now what about this picture so I think these people should be embarrassed that they're bringing lawsuit against Nintendo for having hurt themselves supposedly using the Nintendo Wii for smacking people with these I've seen pictures of these things lodged in people's expensive TVs true or not frankly I think it's great that Sony is getting all the more attention for these things we promise you a safe experience here we thought we'd take a five minute fun break, pit a couple of people against each other and hopefully it won't turn out quite like this but let me give you our little plug for the Nintendo Wii and since it is Dan's let me give controller number one to him and maybe just to we'll we won't ask you to if it might be of interest allow me to challenge Dan to a match of tennis few points in tennis here we're going to come up to the crowd and notice both he and I have these controllers in our hands as with most things though we like to spin this as though we like to spin this as a bit academic this is also a nice excuse for Dan and I to play this on a 20-foot screen okay so I'm going to pick so notice as I move left right my red hand moves so this is a pun intended we J.M. I should probably go over there then huh alright we're getting a bit of feedback for some reason but we'll ignore that for now alright alright let's go maybe I'll go up here alright so you're number one what let's just do the one alright so we have two players on the side so I'm officially before we begin don't don't psych me out here so before we begin I'm controlling the right hand side of the screen Dan the left but you're seeing the same image just from different sides of the court because I'm just one person if I for instance move my arm notice that both of my guys are swinging so the idea is that if the ball is closest to the guy at the net and I swing he'll hit it the computer figures out that I want him to hit it or if I wait it'll come to the back of the court and the back guy will hit it as well so we've got our safety straps on alright notice Dan's gonna swing and you can't see this on film but in a moment Dan is literally going to throw his arm up and then serve and then I'm gonna ace him back we will be editing the video at that point alright those of you watching the video Dan just flailed his arms the side and missed that shot so at this point Dan is losing by one point the funny thing is Dan and I joked for a while that the wager for this would be if I lose I quit but it looks like I might be back in 07 now since you've been dull just let me yield my controller and ask who in the crowd would like to take on Dan for a game uh Don you've been volunteered would you like to come over alright it's a good question have there been any experiments to compute how many calories people burn doing this I did see an article recently which was thank you kind of funny that it was on CNN or something too where the article said that these physical computer games help kids lose weight which uh sort of a nice rationalization perhaps but I don't know I will admit that when preparing for tonight's lecture I broke a sweat several times playing tennis here so Dan has prepped on Don is filling in for Wijayam on the right Dan hit it a little too hard back but come back time for Don I think I heard rematch one rematch alright so in this final rematch we have Don vs. Dangerous D alright it's tied at 15 all 30-15 Dan slightly in the lead applause though if we could for Don Dan has kindly offered to when we conclude which will be early tonight that we'll leave it set up so we can have some more folks give it a shot so thank you to Dan I'm going to get yelled at for having beaten him because we did have sort of an unofficial wager but 10,000 people just saw that so let's leave it at that so in lecture 8 after multimedia we looked at security this is a clip also from Slashtop which is another one of these wonderful websites if you like to be up on everything current in technology and geekdom this article is about a Vista zero day exploit for sales so one Vista is referring to Microsoft's latest operating system which you may or may not end up having on your computer soon as well a zero day exploit what does this mean we didn't really spend time on this but you see it a lot zero day exploit it refers to the amount of time that usually refers to the amount of time after a bugs discovery that it takes someone else a bad guy to figure out how to take advantage of that bug and wage havoc on a computer so in other words someone discovers hey there's this potential bug in Microsoft Vista at 7 a.m. well if by 12 p.m. someone's figured out how to use that bug to crash the system or take it over that's an exploit and because it happens so fast it's a zero day exploit that's pretty much the simplest explanation so perhaps unbeknownst to you there is supposedly this whole black market when it comes to bugs in software especially software that is omnipresent as windows such that besides just there being opportunities for spam there's opportunities in taking people's computers over to use them to just cover your tracks and wage malicious attacks or denial of service attacks against websites try to steal personal information by taking over people's computers so attacking the bugs in something like an operating system is perhaps the best way at getting at that what this particular article is about says the following underground hackers are hawking a zero day exploit for windows Vista at $50,000 of pop according to computer security researchers at trend micro the Vista exploit which has not been independently verified was just one of many zero days available for sale at an auction style marketplace infiltrated by the antivirus vendor prices for exploits for unpatched code execution flaws are in the $20,000 to $30,000 range bots and Trojan downloads that typically hijack windows machines for use in botnets were being sold for about $5,000 so reportedly there are there is this underground market such that if you're going to make more than $50,000 off of spam if you're going to make $50,000 or more off of some scam getting you know emailing a million people and having just 0.01% of those people send you their life savings some of these things can be worth it so just be aware certainly that these kinds of stories are all over the place today but they're not so much cause I think for paranoia I mean the fact the matter is that practicing and we sort of make light of it safe computing is really the best you can do and the only you know the measures that we've certainly proposed in our security lectures were things like you know don't check your bank accounts in some internet kiosk at an airport or at some internet cafe elsewhere you know anything that's particularly sensitive at least just use your own computer and even then on your own computer just be aware of the possible threats run some antivirus software run some anti spyware software but at the end of the day truth be told you can only do so much these days so you just have to be aware of what's going on with your computer and for instance if you notice all of a sudden your computer's gotten deathly slow well maybe it's running something in the behind the scenes that you don't know about so maybe it's time to use that not as cause for concern that I need more ram but maybe if this is a differential from the previous day maybe something's on there that I don't know about investigate on your own by you know any of the techniques that we've discussed so far this is sort of in that same spirit Professor Eugene Spafford of Purdue the only truly secure system is one that is powered off cast in a block of concrete and sealed in a lead lined room with armed guards and even then I have my doubts this is a famous quote that sort of been altered and butchered over the years and taken up by other people but it is pretty much fact right only if the things not on the internet and not turned on and not plugged in and not accessible is it really secure so it's all about relative risks and hopefully in this course and through some of the sections and workshops you'll walk away with some ideas as to at least what reasonable measures you can take for yourself okay yeah let's just proceed so website development going to speak more slowly so we can come back to this in just a second so so we gyms I don't know I mean they already have ergonomic machines right where you can pretend to row when you see like a guy you know going on water in front of you right I've seen something like that but I don't know the point though I suppose is that it's possible now apparently we're back and so website development was our lecture 10 so recall we dabbled with this whole mailen rouge idea but really the take away hopefully from that lecture was and in your ongoing final projects that you don't mind being reminded is relatively how easy it is and how cheap it is to get a website up and running how pretty it looks really as a function of your own design abilities or maybe how much you want to pay someone else to design it for you but the fact of the matter is it is relatively easy to do these days and those web hosts are sort of innumerable on the internet and dream host is the one we've been using there are certainly others that we've recommended but it's hard to go wrong too certainly for relatively small sites that don't need to deal with a lot of traffic if you're thinking of launching some company whose website will be its main focus then you want to do a bit more background checks as to the quality of the service and honestly if you're trying to run a major internet company with a twenty dollar web hosting account it's probably not the right path to go down but certainly for the personal type websites mail and rouge that we discussed in this class more than sufficient and you can pay even less than the twenty dollars a month that we're paying if it's really just for your own personal use and for email and such apparently it's peanut butter jelly time which means that we have one of these internet forwards that I got a long time ago don't remember where it came from but it's our introduction to this demonstration oh this is not there we go I don't know what this is or why someone made it but it is peanut butter jelly time you ever called it for your problem set ace one of the programs you had to write was that for making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich something that could be passed to a robot who could execute it verbatim literally making no assumptions so what we thought we would do is take a moment to just grade a couple of your problem sets right now if the teaching fellows wouldn't mind coming down I just so happen to have dropped by Star Market before class and it appears per that problem set that we have some jelly we even have some strawberry jelly a couple more over there we got some peanut butter and because we're going to do a nice tie in with the class afterward we got whole bunches of bread so that after class you're all going to get a peanut butter and jelly sandwich if you want we got split top wheat bread but for Ray we've got country style 12 grain for Eugenia we got the old fashioned country 100% stone ground wheat for Dan and we got white bread for Chris oh white bread for Dan alright so let me turn down the audio here what I did was took and we apologize in advance if you see your problem set on the board it's anonymized and we do this we do this because we love and we care don't assume you're going to get a good grade or bad grade just because we happen to pick for instance this one so what I thought we'd do is since the screens behind you guys all recite these lines one at a time and the task at hand for these guys is literally while grading this in their mind execute only what they are told to do making no assumptions let's see what happens take one from one of computer science 2006 students first step locate jars of peanut butter and jelly a loaf of bread and a knife done excellent one point so far if customer orders a special sandwich if only jelly is requested then dip knife into jelly and spread across bread so we're going to need I guess someone to play the role of the customer what kind of sandwich what kind of sandwich would you like oh a split top wheat all right so let me take a specific request so the request is for a regular sandwich so let's skip down to the else block sounds like only ray is on the table right now if customer orders a regular sandwich dip knife into peanut butter and spread across bread no peanut butter little bug dip knife into peanut butter and spread across bread you're glad this isn't your problem set already aren't you all right step to dip knife into jelly and spread across bread and all that remains apparently is to add another piece of bread and give it to server okay so not so good shall we try again let's try again how about let's do another one so this one here was from another student take two yeah so yeah so this is an A quality work let's say this one perhaps has the distinction of being the longest program ever it's a good two pager I think there's several hundred lines it did well so let's do another take take two okay you know this will be good so take two well let's involve all four of them now locate jars of peanut butter and jelly a loaf of bread and a knife then open bag of bread and remove two slices remove lid from peanut butter jar and jelly jar then if peanut butter or jelly are empty okay they're not so else wait a minute let's give up I think that's a real bug okay let's get let's debug we're gonna skip that line step seven using knife spread peanut butter on one slice of bread you got ten thousand people wondering right now why what place using knife spread jelly on top of peanut butter maybe we'll go out after class then place second slice of bread on top of first this last one's mean then eat you brought prophylactic gloves tonight it's the EMT thing okay excellent alright let's try if our volunteers could restore things to their original state as best as possible let's try one left final take because if you all find this so funny let's see how well you can do because as I recall the baby changing not so good so so to the audience don and team step one from you is locate jars of peanut butter and jelly loaf of bread and a knife now from someone in the audience what's step two gonna be unscrew the lid of the peanut butter and take off any cap kind of funny we made three sandwiches and we're still not at that point over here alright step three riding her coattails unscrew jelly lid and remove any cap alright step four good job so far anyway open the bag of bread open the bag of bread untwisting the tie take out two slices from the opening of the bag place them on the plate if it's a heel discard it spare and if it's flat place them flat on plate okay next step take the knife lights blade side first blade side up and scoop out a teaspoon of peanut butter put on one slice of bread flat spread the peanut butter over the top of it evenly on the flat side of the bread if it does not completely cover bread scoop out more until covered peanut butter approximately one eighth inch thin evenly and pretty what's that you can draw a design if you wish almost there what's next with the other piece of bread you're punting do the same with jelly sure sure Virginia yes take second piece of bread from underneath top piece so if what if bread is stacked on top of each other take what the naked piece take the naked piece of bread this is why great sex and other such terms okay next uh oh you being reprimanded next take us home almost there scoop out more jelly scoop out more jelly spread thinly on bread and pretty evenly repeat the same as with the peanut butter on a different slice of bread join jelly side and peanut butter side flat together so that the pieces of bread line up evenly evenly and pretty lightly push together match edges so I need one more volunteer clearly no what do you think eat the sandwich if you wish oh you can oh this will be good slice in half gently gently with knife this guy's works looking pretty good right now isn't he alright well that was great alright thank you to our volunteer PBJs and we at our conclusion here alright so um let's all stay down here alright lecture 12 that's fine lecture 12 was Pictionary Recall I meant to just reinforce some of the topics from of course exam 2 and it was our first attempt clearly didn't work so well since I was asking all the terms that you just been quizzed on made it a little easy didn't need that 60 second timer but it sits in an ongoing process here anyone lecture 13 just last week was a film for those of you who attended locally on startup.com if you did not catch that I would certainly recommend checking out from Netflix or local store what not it really is a fascinating documentary at least at least in my opinion what I did offer here is not a screenshot of startup.com was just to put the idea there maybe make no particular claim but this is a new story from just October of 06 and you probably know that Google spent an enormous enormous amount $1.6 billion to buy YouTube which is of course this video file sharing website and I offer this just as food for thought if only because friends of mine and I certainly have discussions of late about a lot of the attention that companies like Google are getting and YouTube and Facebook and a lot of these sites that are all the rage you know numbers 1, 2, 3 on the internet and so forth and yet other than Google don't seem to make a whole ton of money YouTube in particular $1.6 billion for a site that effectively is free it's got some ads and so forth but we all offer this as food for thought as to whether what happened just 5 6, 7 years ago in the so-called dot com craze if it's lessons are sort of being quickly forgotten and perhaps I'll be proved wrong come a couple years from now with Google's investments and such do pay off but Google in particular is a company that by all means is printing money when it comes to search but they have dozens of other projects Google maps and earth and so forth none of which have obvious or necessarily intentional revenue streams and I think it will be very interesting just to watch as sort of a technological society just how long sort of companies can keep that up and just how long the world the outsiders value companies like Google at $500 a share or more or less it's sort of an interesting thing and I think it'll be interesting to see what the sort of takeaways are in another 5 years time if we're sort of forgetting some of the lessons we learned a few years ago when it comes to valuations of companies and actual products and revenue or if perhaps this is something completely different all together so time will tell so the exciting conclusion is where we're at here at lecture 14 so computer science e1 understanding computers and the internet was all about this thing ultimately and again do take away if nothing else reassurance that not all of this had to go down the first time know that the courses lectures and workshops and videos of the week a lot of the handouts will remain online for a while certainly on the courses and in iTunes but also as you've seen on Google video and on YouTube as well so if you've missed anything don't feel that tonight or two weeks time for now was sort of your last chance a lot of this content especially the content that the teaching fellows have put so many hours into this year to make possible the videos of the week in particular will long outlive this course we hope and certainly outlive this semester so fall 2006's mouse pad right after we announced this up do feel free to come down and mingle say hello grab a sandwich make us can we do that make a sandwich alright we have some things left over we'll turn back on the we and perhaps Dan will take a rematch against anyone else here as well as the other teaching fellows the winner of fall 2006's mouse pad which we have in this box over here one for each of you and for distance students we will mail these out to you for the other ten thousand of you not going to have enough but that is okay the winner of this year's fall 2000 mouse pad which rings in the end of the semester for us is that's some photoshop work the winner is this and how fitting that I survived E1 is imprinted on it so congratulations to Dan Yelp so thank you very much congratulations you did indeed survive computer science E1 we look forward to seeing your final projects and certainly at some point in the future so farewell come on down for some snacks