 So now we have discussed different types of policies related to Pakistan, like gender policy, family policy, crime policy, health and education. Now we discuss the impact of globalization on social policy literature and practice everywhere, not focused on Pakistan. So what is globalization? Globalization is the more and more emphasis on travel and other things. Globalization means that more interactions, more travel, more data movement, more capital movement, all these things are part of the globalization. For centuries, local was everything. So localities defined people. So there was a distinct culture of every locality. There was a distinct language spoken there. There was distinct tribe or social structure and foreigner meant any person who was from another village or from another town. Most of the people don't left their town or their area all their lives. So that was the situation in around 11, 12th or centuries before. The globalization started after the age of discovery. So age of discovery was from 15th to 18th century. During this age, European explorers discovered America and circumnavigated the globe. There was a scientific revolution, Copernicus, Newton and other scientists. They come up with new scientific discoveries. Then there was this as a result of this age of discovery and movement of Europeans outside their homes. We have colonization, exploitation of the people and as well as slavery. Global trade of course increased because of this but the problem with this global trade was that it was only with their own colonies. So Europeans were trading globally but only with their own colonies. So French were trading with French colonies and British were trading with British colonies. After the age of discovery we have four waves of globalization. So globalization one from 19th century to 1914, globalization two from 45 to 89, globalization three from 89 to 2008 and then the globalization four. The first wave of globalization from 19th century to 1914 was dominated by the British Empire. It was said that sun never set on the British Empire because the British possessions were dispersed around the globe. So whenever the sun set in one area it was actually coming out from another area. So the inventions which are related to this wave were steam engine and industrial weaving machine. So this led to factories making large number of products and then there were steamships to transport them all around the world and there was these colonies available to buy those things which were produced by England and other European countries. And then of course there was this invention of stock exchange and then there were international companies and people have the opportunity to buy or invest in these countries. In these companies. The second wave started from 1945 to 1989. Between 1914 and 1945 there were two world wars and depression. So these three events actually decrease the global trade and as more and more trade was linked to military rather than other commercial activity. And then of course great depression led to trade wars and increasing of tariff in almost all major countries. After 1945 the global trade again started its ascent. So the new hegemon which is the US led the world using new technologies such as automobiles and airplanes. Soviet Union also helped the global trade in its own sphere trading with even bilateral trading with other communist countries. There was world peace during this time local wars continued but overall there was peace so that helped the increase in global trade. And it increased to 14% of the world GDP. There was also the rise of China. The third wave of globalization started in 1990 when the European Union collapsed and the Iron Curtain also went down. And then there was nothing to stop the neoliberal ideas to be promoted and to be accepted all over the world. So communism was out. So globalization became the all conquering force. China also changed itself and didn't remain a communist country. It remained a communist country only in name. Otherwise it became part of the capitalist world. There was also world trade organization which was created in the late 90s. And it also helped to increase the global trade. And major economies like India, Brazil, China all slashed their tariffs to help the global trade. Computers, internet and mobile communication were technologies which helped increase the movement of capital, movement of goods and movement of people. Global export rose from 14% of the world GDP in the last wave to 25% of world GDP. And the global trade became half of the world GDP that is 50%. And there was the integration of supply chains like never before. So if you are making a car, a part of it may be built in India, another one in China. The engine may be coming from France. The headlights may be coming from US. And the actual the car will be assembled in Mexico. So that is how the global supply chains worked. We are currently in the fourth wave of globalization which started after 2010. During the last few years before this 2010 there was this global recession and it decreased the global trade of our time being. But now the global trade is now in full swing. This era of globalization or wave of globalization is dominated by US and China and the technologies that are leading this march of global trade are e-commerce, digital services and artificial intelligence.