 Let me just be very frank keep your questions short and I will ask my Speakers to try and respond objectively. Thank you very much Here in your presentation, you know We have to ask, you know that the wall of aid going forward in terms of crises You know this recognition that it can both help and harm We see that Oda hasn't really increased as much as it should There's questions about their commitment. There's questions about what will be of aid for things like refugee crisis We in the financial dialogue promote this framework called the new deal for engagement in fragile states, which seeks to basically encourage encourage actors to Change their development approaches in fragile states My question is aid is growing though very little. There's questions of donor commitment to really thing is 0.7 mark But are we being more and better with the Oda money that is available have development principles worked in your view And how can we make sure that going forward whether it's a crisis or in long-term development? We we Get political actors and development actors to make better use of the moment aid effectiveness principles. Thank you I hope I didn't miss anyone but over here in front. Yes. Good morning, everyone. My name is Thomas summer I'm a postdoctoral researcher at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki My question is addressed to Rob Voss In your presentation the focus was more on food production But I think that there are two other great challenges on food security, which are food distribution and food conservation Now in many parts of Africa There's a lot of food production in one area, but the biggest problem is that the food is not The farmers are not able to transport the food to other parts of the country and to other countries because there is a lack of good roads and Infrastructure so what is being done about that then the second point is food That's about food distribution The second point is on food conservation now a lot of food is is produced during the harvesting season Like mangoes tomatoes and so on but because of the lack of means of conserving them some of them They get rotten because they are they are perishable food And so during the time of no production there is an unavailability of food. So what is being done about food conservation? Thank you in a call I Have the following suggestion I'm wondering whether there's a lesson to learn from the financial system and from financial markets where we differentiate between excessive volatility and Normal volatility because this distinction I was missing in the presentations One can of course build resilience and that is necessary and good, but should it not be Resilience resilience to normal volatility or to the unknown unknowns Could we not identify to what extent societies and countries today suffer from excessive volatility? Why is there so much problem in the food security area? Why did you encounter in your work sundryne so much volatility? Do we just want to be palliative or also do we want as a response to crisis be curative and preventive more? Thank you. And finally in this round over here. I wanted to ask What could be done to increase core support for the UN? of aid where I see that Too much aid given to some of the UN agencies is given only for projects and not for core support Which is so needed in a whole range of areas and too many donors just give it to the World Bank Rather than to the UN Okay, so I'll ask my my speakers to try and address the questions Whoever wants to offer his first words Taken a couple of the the question maybe not all of them. Let's first start with the question from Thomas on Food distribution food conservation Didn't address it in this talk, but of course we do a lot on trying to first improve things along the food chain and Where we see major New dynamics emerging as soon as you introduce cold storage cold transportation processing capacity, then you see both the distribution improved, but also great new dynamics for the Agriculture sector and having less losses That point before I get to the food, but maybe just and of course that also Helps reduce food losses and foods and it also food waste as we estimate about 30% of all after deducting normal loss of From processing that 30% of all food gets lost or waste wasted during the whole food chain process so with these kind of Things that you mentioned that a lot of things can change and we also we do see With both positive and also challenging effects from the changes we see in food systems Driven by what some call the supermarket Revolution with big players, but that they have brought new dynamics to the system because they do demand that food is being transported and conserved in In in ways that would not affect the food safety and the quality of food But let me not dwell on it But that we clearly try to help the just their culture production side for the long the whole Food change side and support in government to improve that and that will be critical for food security moving forward That most partly addresses so on the promotion phase with with volatility in food security and agricultural livelihoods, so we see a lot of talk about volatility in In food prices we think of a lot often about the world markets All right, but it's much more important to look at the volatility What's how it affects farmers on the ground and and consumers on the ground and There we see a lot in a lot of context a lot of volatility in food prices Because of a lack of infrastructure and means to store production So you get a lot of farmers that produce all on the same cycle, right? So once the harvest is there and there's little capacity to process to store You get a lot of seasonality also the prices and that's you could call it a normal Volatility, but it's it's a major problem for farmers if the infrastructure is not right So we do make that distinction of course what I talked about in my Presentation was more about the The big events the catastrophic events and how we prepare for that natural Hethered, but that all ties in with this broader development approach by which you build resilience not just against Through the weather resilient infrastructure in some particular the livelihoods are more resilient and that's Wilson also being prepared and being resilient against both the normal shocks as well as these bigger events Maybe but there's a comment on Richard's question on on the core support We were not specific what you meant by the core support. Of course the UN agencies. They do get a core support out of the regular contributions from from the member states which are sort of defined contribution percentages of GDP that applies to all agencies again secretariat as well as the specialized agencies What is and I guess that's what you're hinting at is that the those contributions terms of levels more or less have been fixed Even in our cases FVO in nominal terms, right? It's a meaning in real terms have been going Down that that kind of support so for FVO it applies that the core support for the overall Activities is about 35 Percent of our activities and the rest are voluntary contributions in projects and I do agree is that maybe it's not the point that You get this distribution, but that's the The other support of 65 percent does come in the forms of projects and typically small projects and that's Sometimes fragments the work we can do if we would get more of the funding Both will multi donors of programmatic support We probably could create a lot more critical mass including for the lines of actions Which I mentioned because a lot of these lines of actions are indeed supported by by donor through age resources from various sources But all for specific activities and it's often very challenging to put that together in the water packer So I take your point in that sense that so Not so much core support versus the others But that programmatic work can get more solid support the two beef up our capacity I think that would be important to look at I don't know if Sandrine Eduardo or Finn want to add comments on that Finn Thank you chair. Thank you for Good questions. I'll be very brief. I'm perfectly available to elaborate in in lunch In my job, I do a lot of reviewing I see a lot of papers the last five one I've seen on aid are all about the fact that Paris is dead The triple a is no longer relevant. That's the point of departure of these analytical papers So basically no These eight principles that were discussed agreed follow it up. They're not out there being used in practice So yes at dark OECD there is a big job to be addressed there's a lot of work to be done there and Yes fragmentation of aid effort. It is extremely costly one of the 240 papers I referred to estimates the cost. It's a big number So I would suggest that this is an area for improvement, but again, it's also an area We shouldn't be particularly how can say naive about Why donors are there why they're doing what they are? But we can push that but we should try to be more concrete and specific Maybe I may try to volunteer a response also to to the questions about the core support I for one think that the UN should make a major effort to stop coming across as an internally squabbling fragmented Internally fighting against each other thinking that it is a zero-sum game that what one institution gains the other one loses There needs to be a very strong focus on clear work program and delivering on promises If I may Just as an illustration. I think this is one of the things where at wider We have been trying to be very clear and we have tripled our core support over the last five years Because we've been very specific. We've been concrete. We've been clear and we've delivered now Another aspect of this is of course is that we need us the UN to make sure that the information is out there Tony will know that we had a visitor one of the executive directors the World Bank the other day or the day is about a month ago And he went on and on about that the only place in the development business where it made sense to put money was in the World Bank Because that was where the big return for the money was He became somewhat quiet when I reminded him that the wider output is about the size of the World Bank research department So we do need to somehow get that information out there and be more outspoken about it and actually within the UN Help each other when there are successes build on those rather than the opposite. Thank you Yes, a few comment on on a first I don't know why he is now only been discussed among the club of donors in OECD that committee I guess There in the past when I started diplomacy the general assembly was providing some you know some input on that And I'm nothing again that but that is the reality today We have a problem on where you discuss the issues of aid on the principles about aid Second, I think it's also important to make clear that sometime aid is very important to resolve other crises I'm thinking pandemias, you know, even a migration, etc So and that you need to see how I think yesterday we said how we you contour lies I mean, this is aid really or something different because it's helping both side and normally it was said yesterday But I think that is a it's very important And and third my last comment is regarding Innovative finance is not terribly important numbers, but we have been doing that with Brazil I will say and and I guess a UK and France and I've been on that Those meeting and let me say that they're very I was very well impressed in the sense how things are dealt Just because there is not the feeling of it's always of donors and recipients I remember we have a which was a meeting in Paris. Yes to decide after five years of what was called you know fund again hunger and poverty and that work came from former president of Brazil and When you sit down and discuss the question of aid and where you're gonna use it and how you're gonna use it in our case was That $2 for you know ticket on airplanes, so it was fine. It was not big point It is but five million dollar for Chile was important and Brazil was more from another You have in the same floor not only those countries who were providing the money you go We received also many people who were coming from Africa because this was money given for you know Malaria fighting and these kind of things so the actual people from the community's local communities You get also other representative was was really a multi-stay holder You know kind of so it was the discussion was different because they were not only the I will say the donor on only their recipient But also those who were so it was a very practical thing and and I just as I'm a Chilean diplomat I must say that we have a fund again hunger and poverty that it was decided by the Congress and every year We need to provide five million dollars, you know for south-south aid and it should go through any International United Nations, so it's not go bilateral so it's not been used to say look I know I'm it is Chile who's given that it is always go through UNDP project MO is health So and I think was very clever thing for us country of the south to say look We need to use the United Nations, you know, it is there You don't need to create a special thing but it is just because if you have five million dollars in 30 country on 40 countries, I think it's a good idea to have this kind of south-south aid Unfortunately now that we are doing that and we have been graduated by the OECD that committee and that creates Terrible problem for our triangular cooperation while trying to explain them that they are losing country that are doing something because They decided that our you know Chile and Uruguay were true. I mean there So that is a fight we have there in Paris But I let me say that some people sometimes don't understand, you know the importance of just supporting these new donors rather than creating this kind of problem Sundarine any comments Okay, so Because I'm really worried that you're gonna go hungry I Suggest that we continue this debate over lunch Finn had asked me to do a wrap-up. I'm not sure I can do that because I think we had a very rich Number of presentations from different perspectives The original kind of pessimistic tone from Eduardo. I think was To a certain extent balanced by a more proactive and forward-looking message From both our other three speakers Either on how to act on how to develop those priorities and particularly at the end that actually aid Matters and we have proof that it matters Significantly Eduardo had I think mentioned Hadley bull if I remember well Mr. Bull Suggested that at any point international society is a mixture of anarchy and society and the question is Where is the balance and where the trend is to a certain extent? I think the balance is We still need to figure out, but if we have the tools and the trend seems if I have here it well Overall positive. Thank you very much. See you at lunch