 And as was told to us by Yakanquasa, we are landlocked in East Africa. That's the area about 33 million people. The significance of that is that we've grown from 4.8 million in 1950 to 24 in 2002, and now about 33 million. So you can see that's quite a rapid population growth. And the population is relatively young, median age only about 15. So there are lots of young people in Uganda. Having said that, we're also one of the world's poorest countries, the so-called least developed countries. We've been recording relatively high growth rates in recent years. But despite that, most of the population still lives in the rural areas, and they live in poverty. The biggest sector is agriculture, of course, which employs about 80% of the workforce. We do have substantial natural resources, including recently discovered oil in the Albertine Rift, which everybody's excited about, but which we are also sure is going to be useful to everybody. The Gen-Gudel Institute, of course, was founded by the Lady Gen-Gudel in 77, after she had conducted her research in Gombe in Tanzania. And the main activities for the organization include research, conservation, protection of primates, and community-centered conservation. We do a lot of public education and awareness, and we have the so-called Roots and Shoots Program, which is a program to inspire youth. There's that quotation in blue, if you're interested, if you can read it fast enough, but it is a quotation from Dr. Gen-Gudel. Basically, it's around engaging the youth if you are going to conserve the environment and the future. The mission for JGI Uganda is to maintain a stable and viable population of chimpanzees, and we expect that these chimpanzees will live in harmony with the local community. That's a total order, but that's our mission. We think we'd like to achieve that. Now, last year, the Gen-Gudel Institute in Uganda was selected by stakeholders who participated in the Masindi meeting, which was alluded to by DELIS, to coordinate activities of the local chapter of the poverty and conservation learning group. Now, as an organization, of course, we focus on chimpanzees, but the PCLG has got a broader mandate. The group doesn't focus on chimpanzees. Its mission is much broader, and it includes understanding sort of the interface between conservation and poverty, and the fact that there has often been a mismatch between conservationists and policymakers in development. Since I said we focus on chimpanzees, I thought I should say something about what threatens chimpanzees in Uganda. The major issue, of course, is poverty, and of course the high population growth rates, which I alluded to. The implication of high population growth rates, when you have a population of more than 80% living in rural areas, means that you need more land all the time for the growing population. That low rate of urbanization means you need land out there for the people. And I said agriculture is the major activity, so certainly you need land to grow, whatever you need to grow. And obviously that would mean encroachment in habitats that have been previously occupied by wildlife, including great apes such as chimpanzees and gorillas. Now humans have this tendency of reacting to situations such as that by getting back at the wildlife. So in this case they can trap and kill the apes. They can set snares of various types. In the case of Uganda, chimpanzees are not eaten, and other great apes are not eaten either. But people do set snares in forests to catch other species, wild pigs, dykers, and other small mammals. And when that happens, the chimpanzees are non-target species. And unlike in West Africa, where I understand chimpanzees have learned the art of removing snares, hours in Uganda haven't. They actually just fight on and fight on until the snare gets tighter and tighter, and eventually they lose their limbs sometimes. Now I wanted to say something about the policy and legal framework. It's quite comprehensive in Uganda. It starts from the constitution itself, which gives government the role of trustees. They hold all natural resources in Uganda in trust for the people of Uganda and the global community. The current policy does recognize that some of the wildlife can be a problem and can cause damage to human beings and to their property. It also recognizes that land use change has been a major driver that has led to an increase in human wildlife conflict. Unfortunately, the policy divests management of vermin to local governments. Although it recognizes that local governments do not have the capacity to manage vermin. There are certain species that have been categorized as vermin. Not all problem animals are vermin. Now, some of the guiding principles of a wildlife policy are that problem animals are widespread and in general the best approach is really to try and minimize the damage they cause. The policy believes that you cannot eliminate the damage completely. You cannot minimize. But it also recognizes that if there is a value to some of these problem animals, maybe the sustainable use of those problem animals should be encouraged. Now the Wildlife Act vests the Uganda Wildlife Authority with the mandate to monitor and control problem animals. And our friend Agri here, that's the organization he comes from, whenever there are problem animal issues in Uganda, Uganda Wildlife Authority is called upon to see whether they can solve the problem. So I'll just briefly mention some of the approaches that are currently used in Uganda to reduce the human-ep conflict. There is the best practice guidelines which was lying on the table there and which many of you have a copy of now. It has guidance on how you could reduce conflict. And various methods have been used as was mentioned earlier by Tanya. Guarding is one of them. Some people use scale crawls, live hedges, creation of buffer zones. You've heard about all these before. Adoption of alternative crops, in the case of gorillas in windy. But those are the procedures that are used in general. However, there are approaches that are not commonly used but which were mentioned by Tanya in the morning. Education and awareness is one of these things. As I said, most of these things were mentioned. If you don't understand the biology and behavior of great eps, sometimes that lack of understanding exacerbates the conflict with eps. So you find that programs of education and awareness undertaken by a number of agencies, both government and non-government, and these programs are aimed at making people understand wildlife, including eps. We do, for example, as an organization, have what we call forest education centers in two forests. And what happens at those places is that kids, school kids, are brought in from the surrounding schools to these centers and taken through a structured program for a day. It's amazing that these kids live next to the forest but they don't know anything about what happens in the forest. They have misconceptions about wildlife, misconceptions about eps. And so we think that if people begin to understand, then they'll appreciate some of the issues that are connected with wildlife. There are a number of institutions, such as ITFC, where Douglas comes from, McKinney University Biological Field Station, and others. All these stations are best in forests and they do carry out some form of education and awareness programs in their proximity. Now ecotourism is another approach. We believe that when ecotourism is used in a good way, it can be used to improve the welfare of local people. These local people will be able to appreciate the value of wildlife better if they are benefiting from the ecotourism. And we think they can be less hostile to incursions on their land once they receive benefits. So there are a number of programs that run in Uganda. The Uganda Wildlife Authority runs programs based on gorilla tourism as you are aware and also on chimpanzee tourism. The National Forestry Authority also has some chimpanzee-based tourism in two forests. We've not been able to assess the effectiveness of these programs in reducing conflict but circumstantial evidence shows that there is greater tolerance of great ips at the sites where there is tourism. On that side, I just wanted to show you what happened at Budongo. That's just one of the cabins that was constructed by JGI in Budongo Forest. These are the people who were recruited from the local community to act as guides. Now this is an education center in Budongo. There are two sites in Budongo where there was ecotourism, chimp-based tourism. One is called Busingiro and the other one is called Kaniopabidi. Now JGI discouraged NFA from pursuing ecotourism at Busingiro basically because it's at the edge of the forest. And we thought that if they encouraged ecotourism it would increase conflict with the community because these chimps are just next to the community. So instead, we set up this education center and people can go there and do other forms of tourism, heavy tourism, but not chimpanzee tourism. So instead, we shifted it to deeper in the forest at Kaniopabidi to reduce possible conflict. The dance lady is here. We showed you just some of the things that are happening in Budongo. But this one here, that was the administrator of innovation from Washington. It's not because it was funded by American money. This, of course, is a picture, a classic picture of Bwindi. And you see the sharp edge between the community and the forest. And this shows you just some of the things that are happening in Budongo. But this one here is an innovation at Bwindi. The place is called Bwindi. It's not a protected area. There are forest fragments there with chimpanzees in them. So some years ago, the community approached the Gen-Goodle Institute and said, look, we've heard that people can track chimpanzees and make money. Can you guys come and help us and habituate these chimps so that we can make money? And we told them, well, we don't think that's really a viable option because if we habituate those chimps, it's going to get worse for you. These chimps will be moving right up to your homes. So they said, wow, what do we do? These chimps are in menace. They're eating alcohol. They're doing all this. And yet we are told we shouldn't kill them. So we came up with the idea of a cafe, a roadside cafe. So this is actually to certainly be open this year. It's a roadside cafe on the road between Masini and Hoima. It's a tourist route. We think that if the community are trained to manage this cafe, four of them are currently being trained on the job by one of the large owners in Uganda, this thing is being constructed with funds from a number of sources, JGI, Disney, various European donors. So it's going to be ready this year. And the community will be managing it. The idea is that the resources they obtain from managing this cafe will compensate for the tourism which they wanted because we said you can't go into tourism. It's going to cause more problems for you. So we hope that presumably this idea will work. The issue of livelihoods, again, was mentioned. Many of these people do not tolerate incursions by wildlife onto their land because it's interfering with their livelihood options. We think that that tolerance can be improved if farmers are given options, different options. Again, we have an example of a project we are implementing currently in Hoima District. We see that support. We are working in seven villages and we provided things which you wouldn't expect a typical conservation organization to be providing, but we think that in the long run it is useful. So we've been giving a borehole to each village, protected springs, training in improved land use management, construction of energy-saving stoves, and we've also put their village tree nurseries because we are trying to re-establish actually a corridor between two forests. There are riverine forests that were degraded by the community. We've convinced them to be able to replant at least 30 meters on either side of the river and the streams. It wasn't easy at the beginning because they thought we were trying to steal their land, but eventually they accepted and they are actually working on that quite fast. So those are some of the interventions. This is a so-called improved breed of goat. Some people have got goats. This is a protected spring. That's a village nursery. That's an improved fireplace in the kitchen, in the area. This is an area that is being replanted. That's the stream across and 30 meters on either side, people are replanting trees. Research. In the morning we had about research. One of the unintended consequences of research is the fact that research assistants are often recruited from the neighbouring community. They go back there, they talk, and in so doing they spread awareness because they are talking to their fellow villagers. The sites gather information on conflict situations. They always come up with ways of intervening. CTPH was talked about what it has been doing in Bwindi. I thought I should also mention a few other activities. The Genbudo Institute often gets involved in interventions to rescue distressed chimpanzees. Chimpanzees that have been caught in snares. One of the outcomes of that has been that last year, no, it was the year before, 2010, there was a female chimp which was caught in a snare. No, it's a man trap. These huge traps that closed like that. It was about a five-year-old. Our team went and they found that the leg had actually, the bone had been crushed. So they just couldn't treat it and leave it. So they had to bring it to Ntebe, to the Wildlife Education Quarantine Centre. And it was kept there for about a month. The leg was amputated, that's why it's called Mugu Moja. And it was reintroduced because it's female and it's integrated very well. But since then, people have been reporting to us presence of man traps. I mean, people were touched when they saw what happened to this chimp. And they thought, oh, it's not a very great thing to do. So, similarly, the snare removal program also does teach people to appreciate that maybe the things they do are not quite appropriate. Finally, there are a few challenges. You know, challenges include there's no adequate involvement of communities when these interventions are being made. Of course, land use is changing at the expense of wildlife habitat. Resources for problem animal management are not adequate. Sensitization and awareness is still needed. Monitoring. We need to monitor the great epic incursions into community land so as to establish the seasonality movement patterns in order to understand the problem better. There's also the perception by communities that they do not benefit from wildlife. And so, we need to work on that perception so that people begin to realize that they can benefit from wildlife. And of course, there is a problem at the district level in that they do not have the resources to deal with problem animal issues. Thank you very much.