 वह लेक वो अगर साथ दोने की जीनी। तो तो, लिक्रने रहा है जीनी, नहीं वह वो अप थै, बैगर आमने भी ़ेदा, पह अप रहा है, रहा है. तिक लिद च्छादती गराई वर्द वेद, आप दिसेक्तिंग तो औरगन अद बाडी जो भी हमे खुली आंख से, खुली आंख से, विदाउग देखते हैं आन एड़दाई से देखते हैं, और वाजे तोर पनादर आई उसे हम मैक्रो अनेटमी कहते हैं, तो यहांपे हम अनेटमी यस में तोड़े से बहुत जाहर हैं, तो यह सो में दिवाइद करदे तो हम यस में अपनी खुली आंख से, दो ख्लीर एड़ियाज देख सकते हैं, the outer area which is the darker area, and that is called as the cortex, whereas the inner part, inner part that is which is towards the urethas, that is the, we call it as the medulla. So there are too many clear areas, the cortex and then the medulla. And apart from this, in this medulla, we can see, it's 8 to 18, there is cone shaped renal lobules. We can see that like lobes, they are arranged in a specific order. Now each containing small cortex, in which the cortex is also present, along with medulla is also present. And these are also called as the areas which I mentioned. So these are renal pyramids. Okay, so this is the diagram showing the cortical region, this is the cortex, this is the area, this is the cortex. After that, next is this medulla, till here, and then this part which is the concave part, from where the arteries and veins come and go. So these are renal, this is renal pelvis, this is the renal pelvis, and these are the calisthenics which we will see in the next detail. And apart from this, from this convex region, these are the urethas, and these are renal and R2C, which are renal veins. Now apart from this, these two columns, like these lobes, between them, there is a tissue, like this, this is the tissue. And from this we call as the renal columns. These are renal columns, i.e. between the lobes, the tissue, we call these renal columns. Or in other words, these renal columns divide the region of medulla in this lobe structure. The most characteristic features of the medulla are the renal pyramids and the renal papillii. These are two important terms. One is the renal pyramids and the renal papillii. Now we will see that this is the renal papillii. This is the renal pyramid, the conical part of it, that is the renal papillii. And if there is more, we call it as the renal papillii. And apart from this, there is the renal pyramid, these are all the renal pyramids, which are conical in structure, that is why they are called pyramids. And apart from this, these are the ureters, these are the main ducts, which then extends into the ureter. But before this, in the kidney, that is in the medulla, we are seeing that there is this major calyx and then the minor calyx. So minor calyx, they are smaller, you can say so-called ducts, and these are uniting together to form the major calyx, this is the major calyx. So the papillii are the bundles. And what is this papillii? Here they are the bundles of collecting ducts. Collecting ducts are the ones, which then we see in the detail of this whole nephrons. They are being opened in the ducts, which then we call collecting ducts. And these collecting ducts are then being opened in this. These papillii are being made. So papillii are the bundles of collecting ducts that transport urine made by the nephrons to the calyxes. After these pyramids, then minor calyx, then major calyx, and after that, this urine will come out. Now the next is the nephron. Now this nephron is the nephron, which actually performs. You will understand that this is in the micro-anatomy. So each kidney is composed of about 1 million nephrons. And these nephrons are the capsules, which we will see in the next slide. But we can say here that every kidney is composed of 1 million such tubules, which are coiled tubules, which start from here, from this part, which we call as the romance capsule, from here, from here, from here, and then from here, yes. So this is a long tubule, coiled tube, and the nephron is a very important part. So the nephron has two main parts. You can say that this part is the corpusal, and then this whole structure is the tubule. But after that, its more is its deviant. The cup-shaped corpusal containing this part of it, which is the tuft of capillaries, which are made of glomerulus, which we call as the romance capsule. The glomerulus and the romance capsule together they form the renal corpusal. Now the tubules, as we have seen that this is a corpusal, and it is a tubule, a coiled tubule. So tubules are small tubes travelling through the inner part of the kidneys that regulates the passage of various chemicals to and from the blood. So this is why it is very important, as we see in the next lecture. The tube has three main parts. The proximal convoluted tubule, as it is called as the world juhi. The proximal, as it is called as the coiled tubule, this is called as the proximal convoluted tubule. And after that there is a loop which we call the loop of Henle. And next there is another coil which we call the distal convoluted tubule. Now the cortex of the outer renal tissue is composed of the renal corpusal, as we have to see what is the cortex. So the cortex has a capsule, a renal capsule. After that there is another coil tube which is proximal as well as the distal. Both the coil tubes are found in this cortical region. Whereas the loop of Henle projects this into the middle line. So the middle line is the inner renal tissue. There is a splitting into triangular parts called the pyramids. We have seen that these are columns which is a column of tissues which is a compartmentation in the form of a lobules. So the renal pyramid that contains the loop of Henle we have mentioned of each renal tubule as well as the collecting tub. So in this, in these pyramids, in the renal pyramids, what are the collecting tubules and the loop of Henle. Because the loop of Henle is of all the nephrons. So this is all about the macro and microanatomy. So we will see this nephron in the next module in further detail which cells are important. So this is all about.