 So, as we talked about in the previous videos, we figured out why it is that we're studying, whatever it is that we're studying, we've figured out that it's better to sit down and study longer periods than it is to do short chunks, right? We found our happy space, which is right here, right now, sitting down, right? We've got a to-do list and our schedule, which is going to allow us to sit down for a while and study something new. On our to-do list is to learn a little bit of linear algebra, read a little bit of physics, and learn a little bit of contemporary present-day politics. So what we're going to do in this video right now is take a look at how to read a textbook. Now, one thing I should mention is, or some place that I'm going to direct you right now, if you're interested in figuring out how textbooks are introduced into the school curriculums, is an article or a chapter from a book by Richard Feynman, and he's the guy who the book that we're going to take a look at. He was probably one of the best-known physicists in the United States, in the world, really. And in 1960s, in 1964, I believe, he was asked to join the California State Curriculum Board or something like this, where they reviewed textbooks to be introduced to the school system. And he participated in that project, and he got textbooks sent to him. And he reviewed textbooks that were going to be introduced in the school curriculum in California, in the United States. And from that experience, he wrote a chapter, an introductory chapter in a book that he put out in 1985, I believe, explaining why most textbooks in most schools are so bad. So if you want to know why some of the textbooks, or a lot of the textbooks that you get introduced to, that you're forced to use in high school, why they're not some of the best books around, that article will explain to you why that is. And of course, if you're interested in an extremely in-depth analysis of our education system, John Taylor Gatto is who you want to look at. And he's talked a lot about textbooks and the school curriculum and how things are structured and the problems with them. And there is also an amazing book put out by Krishnamurti, and it's called Education and the Significance of Life, and that's an amazing book to read. And again, critiquing our education system, some of the problems associated with our education system, right? So we're not going to talk about what the problems are with the education system, because if you're in school, you're dealing with some of those issues right now. What we're going to talk about is how to bypass those problems. Okay, so what we're going to do is take a look at these books and figure out what the best way is to read textbooks. Now, before we take a look at these books, what you have to keep in mind is two things about textbooks. The two of the most important parts of a textbook. And those happen to be the table of contents and the index. Now, when you pick up a textbook, if you find out that it doesn't have either an extensive table of contents or an extensive index, then you should put that textbook down and try to find a better textbook. Okay, more emphasis on the index than the table of contents. Okay, because the table of contents could be actually simple. Could be a very, you know, it could be a one-pager, which is the case for days of destruction. Okay, or it could be a multi-page table of contents. And the way you should take a look at this is the table of contents for a book is the way the thought, the information has been organized and the way it's going to be delivered to you. Okay, so it's really important. It's just basically, you know, if you've ever taken notes from a textbook and if you're in school, hopefully you have, right? If you've ever taken notes from textbooks, what you're really trying to do whenever you're taking notes is take a chapter and condense it into a shorter chunk, a smaller chunk, right? That's what taking notes is. What you're doing is reducing the amount of content, taking out the, you know, just filtering out the noise and taking it down to the chunks, to the chunks of information, to the bits of information. And the table of contents for books is basically chapters taken down to their key words, to your key, key thoughts, right? And if a textbook is organized well, then from the beginning of the textbook, from the beginning of the table of contents, to the end of the table of contents, the train of thought, you should be able to read the table of contents and follow that train of thought. Okay, and that is what basically the book is all about. The index of a book allows you to find specific topics right away, and it's extremely useful if you're using a book, if you're using a textbook to study. Okay, so keep that in mind. The most important parts of a book are the table of contents and the index. And the third most important part of some books is the bibliography, the footnotes, where they're referencing other material. Okay, and that really, that comes into play for math textbooks somewhat, but it comes into play a lot in politics, economics, and non-science-based textbooks a lot, because they are taking ideas from different places and presenting them, where they're taking data and analyzing that data. Okay, so as far as these books are concerned, the first book we're going to take a look at and flip through is a book on linear algebra. Okay, and this book is very specific when it comes to mathematics. It's basically focused on one specific aspect of mathematics, which is linear algebra. The next book we're going to look at is, I guess this is considered one of the masterpieces for physics anyway. It's the main author on it is Richard Feynman, and again he's one of the best known physicists of the 20th century in the United States and in the world really, and he worked on the Manhattan Project I believe, and he was an amazing lecturer, and he wrote a lot of books, and he did a lot of critique of society, and this is a book he put together with two other authors on physics, okay, and it's quite extensive, and it's very good, and it's well-meaned too, and I believe this is the second printing. Okay, and the third book we're going to take a look at is a politics book, Politics and Economics. They're sort of meshed together, Politics and Economics, and it's a book by Chris Hedges and Joe Sacco, and Chris Hedges is basically a journalist, one of the best known journalists, independent journalists in the world right now, and this book is amazing if you want to understand what's happening in the United States at the present and what has been going on, what we've been building up to for the last couple of decades, and Joe Sacco is a cartoonist, a comic book and artist that sort of gave birth to comic book journals, and his work is absolutely amazing, and he's published a few books on a few different topics, war zones, occupations, and his work is extremely heavy, and it's brilliant, and he basically gave birth to comic book journalism, and he's absolutely magnificent, and this book, as far as I'm concerned, should be a must-reading for any politics, economics curriculum in high school and in university, and in the future this book will be taught in history classes, there's no doubt about it because it provides a lot of information, a lot of data, compiles a lot of info on what's going on in our society right now. So that's sort of the introduction of what we're going to do. Now keep in mind that the table of contents and the index are the most important parts of the book. What's inside is really dependent on what you're finding, and what you're looking for really, because very few science textbooks you'll end up reading from beginning to end, because there are, especially in higher level mathematics, higher level science education, is because you really focus on specific topics, and if you're lucky enough to find a textbook that is well written, you end up keeping it. Okay, so keep this in mind if you're in the mindset of learning, of studying, and picking up tools that will help you out in life, you're going to have a library, and keep that library stocked with books that you find important, that you find useful. And just like any other field, any other genre, the number of brilliant textbooks out there is much, much fewer than the number of bad textbooks. Now as for these books we're going to take a look at, and we're just going to sort of skim through them just to show you how, what the best way it is to read certain textbooks. The first book is a linear algebra book, okay? It's the second edition of linear algebra and its applications, Gilbert Strang, okay, I'm really bad at pronouncing names, so my apologies to the authors and what not, right? And this book is the second edition, what year was this published? Massachusetts Institute, the author, Gilbert Strang was from MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, okay? And this book is, as far as linear algebra is concerned, is a fantastic book, okay? And the copyright on this thing is, the first printing was 1976, and the second printing is 1980, okay? And it was published in, I believe, New York, Fifth Avenue, academic press, and what not. I usually end up, whenever I pick up a book, I usually end up reading this. And if there's an introduction, I usually end up reading the introduction as well, because that's sort of the mindset of what the authors had in mind, right? So what we're going to do is take a look at the table of contents right now, and you can see there's a preface, and the introduction is usually a preface, so I do usually end up reading the preface to this, okay, sort of allows you, gives you an idea of what the authors were trying to do, right? So it's usually a good read and gets you in the mindset of this book, so it becomes more personal. And as you can tell by the table of contents here, there's chapter one, and each chapter is broken down into subcategories, right? And usually, when it comes to math textbooks, they start off with the most basic concepts for each chapter, right? And they go to more complicated concepts, and each chapter usually builds on the next, if it's really specific on a certain topic, right? So for math textbooks, it usually, it's usually very difficult to pick up the book if you don't know this material, to go to a chapter in the middle and learn that, because you need to know the processes before that, okay? So if you're reading a textbook, really pay attention, math textbook anyway, really pay attention to the chapters and what they're introducing, right? So when you pick up the math textbooks, have a read through the main chapter headings, okay? And get a feel for the flow of information, because that's what the textbook is, right? Determinance, and then it goes on, it builds from there, right? And then programming games, like you, if you don't know what determinants and matrices are, there's absolutely no way you could get into, understand most of what's being presented in computations with matrices and this stuff, right? So table of contents, super important, and then you have the appendix, where they provide additional information, okay? And a lot of textbooks, math textbooks and science textbooks have these, the appendix, in the back, where they provide either tables with data, where they provide graphs, where they provide additional information, right? Formulas. So take a look at what's available to you in the appendices, right? The references is the books that they're referencing. You got exercises and solutions, and you got the index. References for math textbooks, if you're really digging down into a specific topic, they're important because you can go down further, right? Read more about that stuff. The solutions and exercises, very important for any math textbook. If you pick up a math textbook and it doesn't provide you with solutions, okay, put that book down, go pick up another book that does provide you with solutions and exercises, okay? Because for, no matter what math course you're taking, you're going to have to practice, right? Because what you see at the end of every chapter, for any math text, any good math textbook, I should say, you're going to have exercises, exercises, right? Every chapter is going to have exercises that you're going to have to do because these are sort of processes that you're going to have to learn how to do, okay? And that's the table of contents as for the index. So we go to the back, and a lot of, unfortunately this book doesn't have it, and a lot of good math textbooks, what they do have is on the inside cover in the front and the back, they sometimes have formulas and tables laid out, and those are extremely useful, okay? And I really like math textbooks that do that because they took care on providing that information at a finger's tip, right? And what you'll find is a lot of textbooks have blank pages, some textbooks anyway at the end, and this is part of the printing process, but these blank pages can be useful, and some books I believe they provide these blank pages for notes as well, where you can take notes yourself, okay? Now here is the index for this book, okay? And just to let you know, I've picked up books, math textbooks, and other science textbooks, where the index is just one page, you know, the book could be extremely thick and the index is one page, and I never buy those books, I never use those books, because no matter how good the inside material is, right, if you can't find exactly what you're looking for quickly, then it becomes extremely difficult to use, okay? So the index here, you know, it's alphabetized, right? And this is not about index, and some of the best indexes you'll see, they, there's main categories, and then there's subcategories. So for example, for this one, you see inverse, and then inverse has, you know, they've broken down to four different places where they talk about it, and they, you know, because it's used in different types of processes, for mathematics anyway, different types of things that you're going to do, okay? So this index is pretty good, not bad, multiple pages, take a look at that subcategory for matrices, this is one of the main topics for linear algebra, right? Where you look at the matrices, right? And it's broken down extensively into multiple, multiple subcategories, because that's what it is, it's used everywhere, right? So this is a good index, right? And then you have your, let's go to solutions and exercises, and this is a good, okay, so let's take a look at the references. So for references for math and science, well for science, more so, but for math, the references aren't that many usually, okay? So if you want more readings on some of the topics that these guys are talking about in this book, you know, there's one page of references, you'll find out for days of destruction, days of revolt, the references, the bibliography is huge, because there's a lot of data, especially Chris Hedges, Chris Hedges is a journalist, and one thing he does is he digs down into the data, and he presents the data, and he provides a lot of references for that, okay? So this is the references, you got solutions and exercises, but solutions to exercises, right? And the exercises are at the back of every chapter, usually every chapter has exercises, right? And this book is really good because it provides solutions for every question. You'll find that some math textbooks only provide solutions for every second question, and I really don't like that. I know why they do it, because that way teachers can only, you know, can assign questions for the ones that solutions are not provided, right? This one seems to be missing a couple of them, you know, 3.8 is not there, right? I'm not sure why, I don't look at this specific one, right? So there are some gaps that could be because it's more a general question that they're providing, so there could be multiple answers, it could be an opinion piece, right? So this is a very good solution for the stuff, and it's clear. And if you're lucky enough, some books actually provide the solutions in a sense where they show you how they obtain the solutions, right? How they solve the problems, and that's very good as well. And the solutions chat section should be huge for any math textbook, and this keeps on going, keeps on going, and we should get into the appendix, yeah? And the appendix is, you know, referencing stuff, right? Further inform a specific topic. So the appendices are important as well if you want to follow up, right? It's an idea that they're presenting, okay? As for reading the textbook, so the preface, again, if you're into having a grasp of what it is that the author is trying to, or the authors are trying to present, it's important to read, okay? And it's useful, and usually the preface is not very long. There are prefaces that are written that are as big as chapters. Now get into chapter one. This is how you're going to read math textbooks, and math textbooks you read differently than you do physics textbooks to a certain degree, and non-science-based textbooks. When it comes to math textbooks, always read the header. Keep in mind the header, what chapter you're in. Keep in mind the sub headers. Introduction. This is just to give you a general overview, right, of what's going on, what you're going to talk about specifically in this book, in this chapter. Always look at the examples that they're presenting. Extremely, extremely important. So if this is an example of Gaussian illumination, if this isn't a full example, you read this example all the way to the end. Because when it comes to math, one reason you're looking at the examples is because when you're solving a specific type of problem, it has a certain pattern that flows. There's, you know, when you start solving certain types of problems, there's visuals that come at you. Okay, there's geometry, symmetry within this specific type of problems you're solving for, right? So if you're able to notice a certain problem and you know what the pattern, how you're going to go, how you're going to solve it, what the pattern looks like, then you already know how to do that problem. Okay, I'm going to take a look at that in the next video. But basically take a look at the examples. Read the bold stuff. 100% you read the bold stuff. And if you need to understand what's going on with the bold, you read the sentence before and the sentence after, and if you still don't understand it, read the paragraph where the bold appears. Okay, there's a reason that they're making text bold because it's important they want to stand out. There's a reason where they make text. So read italics as well. For this book, the bold and the italics are sort of to a degree, it's hard to pick out the italics. Okay, for other books, other math textbooks, it's easier. So for example, what does this say? If n is at all large, a good estimate for the number of operations is this. This is an important thing to keep in mind. If you're dealing with matrices and determinants of matrices. So we keep on going and these are examples, examples, and that's the way it works with mathematics. Sometimes when you start, well, not sometimes, but usually when you start understanding how a problem works, how an example is laid out, right, when you see this, the example is larger for 1.2, then, you know, for the for the later stuff, because they shrink it down, they reduce the number of operations they show you, right, the reference back to the main one. So you should keep that in mind. And what happens is the reason they do that for math textbooks specifically is because you should know the pattern, you should know how the solutions are obtained, right? Once you learn a process, then you don't have to go through all the little intricate details of that process over and over again. You just know how to do it and you solve it, right? So later on in the chapter, you shouldn't have to, you know, go through every question, every problem, every solution provided, you'll just know how to do it. Okay. And that's how you look at the, look at the, look at the examples. When it comes to science textbooks, extremely, actually, economics and politics as well, extremely important to take a look at the graphs and the visuals that is provided or that are provided. Okay. And read the description of the diagrams. Okay. So diagrams, graphs, charts, extremely important for all textbooks, read them, spend time on them, make sure you understand what this visual means, because this visual is an explanation of what you just did, right? So visuals are extremely important in all textbooks. And you should always, always, whenever you get to the visual pause, right? Take a look at this thing, try to figure out what this thing is saying and how it relates to the problem that you just did or you just looked at, right? And once you start reading a certain math textbook, you get the feel of how the authors are presenting the information. So you won't have to read all these numbers, right? You'll just get sort of chunks of information coming at you, right? You'll know what this stuff means, right? Because that, this is basically the same as this, right? All that's happened is the numbers have changed. So the process stays the same, right? So once you start reading a math textbook, you find that you start going through it faster and faster. Okay. For math textbooks, extremely important to look at the formulas, especially formulas, I'm not sure if this book does it, especially formulas that number their formulas. Okay. Hopefully this one does it as well, but it doesn't appear so. But there's a lot of textbooks that, you know, just like, you know, numbering their figures, so this is figure 1.3, they number their formulas. And they've done it here, I guess. This is explanation, right? One A. And this is something that you're going to have to know, right? So anything that's highlighted and numbered, keep those in mind, know where they are, know how to access them and understand what this means. It looks complicated, right? With the sub numbers, right? Subtext, but it's not complicated if you fully understand the process of what's going on. It's just terminology. Okay. So let's just keep on flipping through this. And what you find out is when they're presenting more and more ideas, you end up having more and more highlights stuff, right? And here's the formulas. This is number eight, right? This is what you want to keep in mind. Important. 1D, 1C, 1B, 1E. You know when they number these guys, they're going to refer to them further on in the book. Okay. So get to understand this, because to understand the stuff further down the book, you have to know what these guys are, okay? Because they're basically telling you, this is important to us. This is what's important from this chapter, as long as you understand what the process is, right? Here's another example, right? If you already understand what's going on here, you end up just skimming through this, okay? And they have different subtexts here, right? So keep all of these in mind. And again, subtitles, not subtexts, subtitles, right? Bold. Now they're talking about a new concept. They're introducing a new one. So you should spend some time understanding this. More highlighted stuff. More determinants, more matrices, right? Important formulas. Learn these. Learn these if you're learning linear algebra. Okay. So let's flip through this a little bit and see if we come to, so that's the end of chapter one, right? And they provide you with exercises, review exercises here. And they have the solutions in the back, right? So if we flip this, this is chapter one, right? Review exercises. And the solutions would be here for chapter one, solutions to exercises. And that way you can do a problem and look up the answer. And one thing you should keep in mind, if you're learning a new process for mathematics, never ever sit down and do everything in a certain section and then check all the answers, right? Don't sit there and do 10 problems in a row and then check all the problems all in one shot. Not at the beginning anyway. If you're trying to learn something new, do one question, look up the answer. If you got it wrong, try to figure out why you got it wrong. If you can't go to the next one, do the question, look up the answer, right? Because if you end up doing a whole bunch of questions in one shot and looking up all the answers in one shot, if you were doing it wrong from the beginning, then you just reinforced the wrong method for yourself 10 times, right? So it's going to take a little bit of doing to undo that. What you want to do when you're learning a new process is read, do a question, look up the answer, make sure you got it right before you move on. And that's, you know, the main gist of how you read textbooks. Look at the visuals. Look at what they're doing. Read the highlighted stuff, right? Math textbooks, you can go through fairly fast once you learn a certain process. Before you learn that process, you have to spend a lot of time with math textbooks and reading these things. And don't, you know, don't let stuff like this scare you where they give you, you know, exercise this, if this is this, this is this, and they give you a whole bunch of letters and, you know, the number or whatnot. This is just groups of information, just an idea coming at you, right? These are really sentences in mathematics, right? So if you know the terminology, then this isn't anything new. You understand what this is. So what is referring to, right? You're sort of building up your vocabulary when you're doing these things. And this math textbook is, it's pretty good textbooks. I flipped through this when I was spending some time, I was in mode here, spending some time with linear algebra. But my main linear algebra core book was another book that I had in the story. And that's the one I used to learn my linear algebra. And again, it just builds from here and continues. And this book is sort of, you know, the same format follows. It's got highlighted areas. It's got numbered. What do you call it? Just principal formulas that you have to learn, right? Basically condensing what they were talking about here, right? Spend your time with the visuals, understand what that is, because that basically is this, right? But once you read this and look at the visual, if you understand the visual, then you understand this, right? And then you can move on to the exercises and do them, right? So for example, this is exercise 6.2.10, right? So if we go to chapter six, oh, sorry, this is, yeah, this is chapter six. So we're going to go to chapter six and the solutions. So we got 6.2, 6.2.10, right? This is the question. Here's the solution. So once you read this, right? Section all about. Let's go back. Let's go back. There we go. Test for positive, definiteness. I think I used to know what this stuff was. I haven't done linear algebra for a long time, right? So 6.2, that's what the section is all about, right? You read this, read this, read this, read this. Look at the visual. They're explained to you what the visual is, right? And again, this is 6.2.1, right? This is the most basic concept. 6.2.10 is a more complicated concept, right? It's the third most complicated, usually in general, concept, but you have to know what the previous stuff was, right? So you have to go through this. So math textbooks in general take a little bit longer to go through. Sometimes, if you understand the concepts, then they're very quick reads, okay? Because you end up using these things as references. Because once you learn a certain process, you don't have to keep on relearning that process, right? If you know how to do long division, you know how to do long division. You don't need to learn how to do long division again every time you do long division, right? It's different. Mathematics is powers that you're obtaining. Once you know how to do it, you know how to do it. The second book we have here is a physics textbook. And this is, I think, considered to be one of the best textbooks out there when it comes to physics. Mainly, I believe, I'm not too familiar with the other authors, but mainly because of Richard Feynman. And this is a volume two, Lectures on Physics. And Richard Feynman, Robert Layton, and Matthew Sands, Stanford University, Professor Stanford University, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, I believe. And again, Richard Feynman, the best known author in this. Okay. And the first printing of this was in 1964. The first printing of this was in 1964. And this is the fourth printing, 1966. So it went to fourth printing pretty fast. Within two years, they printed four printings of this, right? And let's throw this back here. Richard Feynman preface. So Feynman presents us, you know, does a little introduction to this. And again, it's not very long, but it explains why he put this book together. I don't remember. He wrote this preface in 1963, right? This is copyright 1964. And in 1964 is when he served on California board to picking up textbooks for schools, for high schools specifically. And he had a lot to say about that in 1985. And I'll post a link to that article in the description of this video. Okay. So that was a preface. Here's the fourth. I'm not sure who the forward is written by. Matthew Sands. So the other author wrote the forward. Matthew Sands in 1964 when the book was going to print. Now, electron physics, physics is extremely, extremely large topic, right? Mathematics, using the language of mathematics to understand the world around us, right? That's what physics is, the physical world. Okay. And as you can tell is the table of contents is going to be huge for this. It's going to be large and much larger. You know, it's got two columns, right? Because there's a lot to discuss in physics, right? So it's not focused like the linear algebra book, just on linear algebra matrices and stuff that deals with that where this book is very focused. This is a broader book and talks about, let's see, what are some of these things? Electromagnetism, differential calculus on vector fields, vector integrals, electrostatics, application of Gauss's law, the electric fields, electric field, electrostatic energy, electricity. So all of this from chapter one to 10, I should accept the vector stuff. So a lot of electricity, electromagnetism will be here. Magnetics, magnetic fields, vector potentials, laws of induction, Maxwell's equations, huge, huge, right? Principle of release action, circuits. This is a great book. Waves, guys, electrostatic dynamics, field energy, field momentum, Lorentz transformations, motions of charge, tensors, reflection, magnetic. So this second volume looks like it deals with a lot of electricity and magnetism. Here, electromagnetics and magnetic fields and water, not water flow. Water and electricity to a certain degree for physics. You can look at them in a certain same type of way. It's a weird concept. Fluid dynamics. Fluid dynamics is, I found fluid dynamics to be very difficult. When I studied it. And for physics books, for textbooks like this, specifically science-based textbooks, you can, for the most part, you can dive into a certain chapter. You do need to know some of the basic stuff. For sure, you need to know some of the basic stuff. But once you learn some of the basic stuff, the concept sort of can jump around. Okay. So you can pick up a chapter. If you specifically want to, you know, get into Maxwell's equations, then you can go to Maxwell's equations and read this. And at the beginning of this, it will reference stuff from the previous chapters. So if you know some of the basic stuff, then you're all set to attack some of the, some of the more complicated chapters. Okay. So very extensive table of contents and it provides you the train of thought that they were going with, how the information is being presented. Right. So before you start going through the books, you should definitely look at the table of contents and have a feel for how the information is being presented. Okay. As for the index for this, it's going to be quite extensive because they cover a lot of stuff. And you can tell it's a nice index. And this is exactly what you want because you can pick up Maxwell's equations. Right. What are we in? They start talking about Maxwell's equations. And this is all the places where we start talking about Maxwell's equations. And you can go take a look at those pages. Right. Fantastic stuff. And I guess they broke this down into chapters or it could be, this is the volume one, I believe that's probably what it is. Yeah. So if you can see, there's no Roman numerals here. Right. One and two. The odds are the two refers to the second volume and the one refers to the first volume. And so number one, sorry, chapter volume two, chapter one, page 11, I believe. Let's take a look at this. Let's see if they talk about Maxwell. Chapter one, page 11. Chapter one, page 11. Where are we at? We've gone too far already. Chapter one, it's just something here. There you go. Maxwell's discovery. So as soon as they mention Maxwell, there is Maxwell's discovery of the laws of electrodynamics. And Maxwell's equations are huge. And if you're interested in electromagnetic and magnetic methods, Tesla is where you want to be at. Right. He takes these things apart. Maxwell's equations, there's, I forget how many, there's four of them, I believe, but there's actually 20 that, again, I'm going by memory. I haven't touched magnetic electromagnetic methods for a long time. Okay. So let's go back to the index. And let's take a look at this. All right. So here's the index. And again, nice extensive index. This got subcategories. Right. The main thing here is waves, waves, electromagnetic waves, light waves, plane, reflective waves, shear waves, sinusoidal waves, spherical waves, three-dimensional waves, and transmitted waves. Right. So if these are the subcategories, you read that and say wave, right. Electromagnetic wave, light waves. Right. So that's how you look at the index. And let's see. Take a look at the table. This should be, oh, and they don't. It just goes into index. So there is, I'm assuming there's some kind of bibliography in the back, but at the back of each chapter. Now, how to read a physics textbook. Beautifully done here. They break down what this chapter is about. Right. So this looks like it's the same layout as this. 1.1 to 1.6. 1.1 to 1.6. Now, what you want to do is take her with this stuff, with physics textbooks, chemistry textbooks, biology textbooks, any science-based textbooks, the columns on the side, anything appearing on those, you take a look at, you read it, and you get a feel for it. Okay. Because that stuff is extremely important. As with the math textbooks, you read, you try to understand what the formulas are. And for physics textbooks, 100 percent of formulas will always be numbered. The important formulas. Right. Sometimes they go through, in physics, they go through pages where, you know, they're trying to, they take multiple formulas, combine them, and they come up with a new formula. And that's the formula they're going to reference. Right. So you don't necessarily need to know all the between steps. You just need to know what that formula means. Right. The headers. Right. The sub headers for the specific chapter, and always read the title of the chapter. Right. This is electromagnetism. Right. Electromagnetism, electrical forces, electric and magnetic fields. So subcategories. Right. Beautifully done. Always read the text that goes with the imagery. Right. With the diagrams, because that gives you a feel of what this paragraph is talking about. So if you're reading a textbook like this, one thing, you know, I took reading, how to speed reading courses at university. I took a couple of, a couple of classes and it was okay if you're reading stories. Right. Speed reading. When it comes to science textbooks, you can't speed read. You have to spend time with the ideas. Right. So I really didn't find speed reading. You know, I found some useful information they gave me. Right. But I needed to retain the information. So in general, I'm a very, very slow reader. Okay. I savour the words, I savour paragraphs and sentences and chapters. I take pause and think about things. Right. And that's the way you sort of have to read physics, science, space textbooks and math textbooks. Okay. So for these types of books, whenever you get into a new chapter, a new subsection, always read the first paragraph. Read the first sentence of every paragraph and take a look at the drawings and the charts and the graphs on the side. Read the description. If you understand this and you understand the first sentence and the paragraph, jump to the next paragraph and read the next sentence. Okay. If you understand that, read the next paragraph, the first sentence and the next paragraph. If the paragraph happens to be long, read the last sentence as well. If it's very long, skim through it and read the middle sentences. Okay. So in general, what I retained from, you know, the reading courses that I took was read the first sentence of every paragraph. If the paragraph is small, that's all you need. If the paragraph is mid-sized, you read the first sentence and the last sentence. If the paragraph happens to be large, read the first sentence, read a sentence in the middle or anything that is in bold, for sure, and read the last sentence. Okay. That's one way you can cut back on your reading. Always read the information being presented on the sides. Always. Go through this, go through this. If you don't even look at what's here, read through this, read through this. Okay. Extremely, extremely important. Take a look at the formulas being presented. Try to understand what they mean, right? There's a reason at the beginning here. If you took a look, the first thing they did in this chapter, okay, they laid down how the information is being presented again, right? Then what does it say? Review chapter 12, volume one, characteristics of force. So they're telling you what you should have read from the previous volume. This is volume two, right? And they're laying down how the information is being presented in this chapter, right? So they're giving you a prerequisite. They're telling you how the information is being laid down. And the next thing they did when it comes to physics, there is a lot of, you know, letters, a lot of shorthand in physics in all sciences, really, where they use a letter to represent a word or an idea. So they're giving you all the letters, all the symbols that you need to learn to know, really, because you can't really learn this in this chapter if they're giving it to you. They're defining all the, all the symbols they're going to use, right? So these are all Greek alphabet. How are you going to read them? How are you going to say them, right? Theta, alpha, beta, gamma, phi, right? And what they end up doing is using these words, these letters in their formulas, right? So you're going to have to know what those letters mean and then define what those letters mean in the description. Okay. So if you don't know what this letter is, E0, epsilon, right? So you look at this thing, you go, you know, how do you pronounce that, right? You pronounce that as epsilon. So they tell you how to pronounce these letters. And usually when it comes to physics, at the end of the formula, they tell you what the letters are, right? Where epsilon zero is a convenient constant, right? So when it comes to science, space, books, the formulas that you're given after those formulas or before the formulas, they explain to you what the letters represent. Okay. So you really have to, when you look at a formula, you really have to go above and below it as well. You have to read those because you have to know what the formula says. And the way you should think about formulas presented in science is their sentences, okay? Their relationships, their functions. So you have to understand what those are. And when an idea is being built up, all right? They give you this. They present visuals inside of the text. And 100% you have to follow this. And usually when they're building up concepts like this, you have to go back to the beginning of this and read all of this to be able to understand this concept. Because what they're telling you is they couldn't condense this information on the sides, okay? They're telling you that this is extremely important. Read these. Again, subheads, subheaders, right? And usually you end up reading the last section of a chapter because that sort of in general provides a summary of what you just talked about, okay? So you read the introduction. So you treat a chapter just the way you would treat a large paragraph, right? You read the first introductory part of it, right? You read the last chapter and you skim through the middle parts and read all the diagrams if you don't have the time to go through all of this, right? But if you really want to learn the subject, you have to read this for the first time if you're learning it, right? And then we get to the second chapter, right? Again, they tell you review chapter 11 volume 1 vectors. So you have to know vectors before you can deal with differential calculus of vector fields, right? Oops, differential calculus of vector fields. If you don't know what vectors are, you can't learn this chapter, right? So when it comes to science and physics and mathematics and whatnot, ideas build on each other, right? So what you really need to do is learn something, the concept, the basic concept, and that's how you build on that concept, right? And again, you take a look at this, look at the side information, look at the visuals. There's a tremendous amount of information being presented to you here, okay? And over here, you can see they start off with 2.1, 2.2, they're numbering all of these. So the odds are they reference back to these. I'm not sure if this book, yeah, for example, take a look at this. Over here, they've numbered this, right? They've numbered this and this, but they haven't numbered this, right? So this one, they're not going to reference to. So this one is not an important formula that you have to learn. This one is just for the flow of information for you to comprehend what's happening, to understand what's happening, okay? And again, the diagrams. And this is a brilliant textbook. If you're into physics, Volume 1 and Volume 2 of this, I don't know if that can, I can't remember if there's a Volume 3. I don't think there's a Volume 3 or more. And I really don't know if I have Volume 1 or not. I probably have it somewhere in my boxes in my storage. So that's how you read, you know, physics textbooks or chemistry or biology textbooks. And definitely, you read stuff that is bold coming at you in paragraphs. And this one doesn't seem to have any. Wow, they have the letters in bold, okay? So definitely pick up on the letters. And then you can just jump to specific chapters if you need to. This book would be, it would take you a long time to learn all the concepts in this book. Don't think there would be one course that would cover all this. And beautiful drawings. Let me take a look at this stuff. This is before we had access to graphics, easily providing graphics, computer technology, computer processing power was very slow in the 1960s. So take a look at this stuff. I'm not sure who drew these. But this is just drawn by hand, the graphs, right? Nowadays, all of this would be done using technology, right? Using software. And there's definitely tables. You have to take a look at tables. You usually end up using these tables as a reference, matching up the rows, right? These are fields, I think, magnetic fields. What is this? Oh, these are bubbles. Perfect crystalline raft of bubbles. Take a look at this. Chapter 30. There's a lot of information here. Lots, lots and lots of information. One of my favorite books in my collection of math and physics science-based textbooks. They're driving something, right? Only this one is numbered. This guy is not, this guy is not, right? This guy is not. And obviously the graphs are super important, too, to read, to understand. So that's how you read, you know, more physics-based textbooks, as for non-science-based textbooks. Now, if you take a look at this, again, this book is absolutely amazing. It blew me away. It's extremely depressing, because it's sort of an analysis of what's going on in our society right now. Okay. But if you take a look at this, days of destruction, days of revolt, by Chris Hedges and Joe Sacco, right? And this was the first printing I picked it up. All the visuals, all the drawings are done by Joe Sacco. And he's, you know, he gave birth to comic book journalism, and Chris Hedges is probably the most trusted name, one of the most trusted names in journalism, critique of our society. And if you take a look at this, this was copyrighted in 2012. The table of contents for this is very simple. One page, right? Days of theft, days of siege, days of devastation, days of slavery, days of revolt. Those are ideas that are being presented here. And that's the flow of information. If you've read this book, if you read this book, you'll understand why these subheadings are like this, because it starts off from historical perspective, showing you what the political and economic landscape was in the United States, when the United States was being formed and what the end result was, right? They go to Pine Ridge, South Dakota, and the data being presented in this chapter just blew me away. Okay. With mortality rates and poverty rates in the United States. This is absolutely mind boggling. Days of siege showing you that the same things happening in Camden, New Jersey. Okay. Days of devastation is what the end result of days of siege was. Days of slavery is what the repercussions were, right? What happened to the civilized society, right? The populace in these areas. And they talk about this here as well. And days of revolt of what's coming. It's a brilliant book if you're into politics and economics, and I highly recommend this. That's sort of an aside of how to read it, but how to read a textbook. And when I picked up this book, I wasn't sure how I was going to receive it. I read a lot of, you know, a lot of stuff from Chris Hedges before. Okay. A lot of articles. I never sat down and read a book from Chris Hedges before. And I've read some of Josako's, and I know Josako's stuff is extremely heavy. You know, I'm still going through Palestine. I pick it up every few months and read a little bit more because I just can't read what he did in one shot from beginning to end. When it comes to Palestine, it's done, you know, stuff in Sarajevo and a lot of other war-torn countries and places, right? It's brilliant. Very heavy. Chris Hedges, brilliant. Very heavy. Put two brilliant people together. Very heavy book. It's, you can't drop, you can't put it down once you start reading it. So first thing I did was I read the introduction by Chris Hedges just to get a feel for what was, you know, what he was trying to achieve. And he had some notes here. And he's giving some stats here, right? And when you looked at this, you know, the table of contents for this is very short, right? You got acknowledgement, notes, bibliography, and the index here, right? So let's go to the bibliography and the index. 287, 293, 287, 287. Oh, he's got notes here. 277. Let's go to 277 first. So he's got notes here. It's sort of something that most books don't provide, but he provided it because there's a lot of info being presented, okay, from each chapter. And these are sort of footnotes, right? So if you take a look at his footnotes for each chapter, it's quite extensive. And one reason he provides this, because if you want to dig down to his data, you can. And I, you know, going through this and I looked up some of this stuff. And Chris Hedges is known to be basically the most honest journalist, as far as I know, one of the most honest journalists that you'll ever encounter. And he presents the data and then builds an opinion on it, right? So he provides facts, mathematics, and his notes are, you know, ridiculously accurate. And he, you know, provides these footnotes for people that, you know, want to dig down further. And he's got his bibliography and is extremely well-read person, same with Josako. An extensive bibliography, right? Because he references a lot of stuff. And then he's got the index. And this is rare. You know, it's not as common for books like this on politics, but he's got a really good index here. Okay. As you can tell, it's quite extensive because if you're trying to find, you know, his, find data or, you know, sort of analysis of a certain topic, you can go back here and look it up specifically and go to that chapter. Okay. And this is extremely good as a reference book. And I've used it a fair bit. So for example, if you want to know about Enron, and for those of you who know politics and economics, you'll know the name Enron, right? And you can just go, you know, to page 89 and find out what it's all about. So let's go, you know, flip through this book really quickly. Introduction, I read, notes, data, I read. Okay. Days of theft. And, you know, when I first started reading this, I wasn't sure how to take it, right? And this, the imagery is by Josako's brilliant. And you start reading it, I start reading it, start reading it. And this stuff is, it's, you know, it's not a science book. So if you want to speed read through this, you can, you can just read the first sentence of, you know, shorter paragraphs. For mid-sized paragraph, you can read the first sentence and the last sentence. For large paragraph, read the first sentence, pick a sentence in the middle, read that and read the last sentence, right? For me, I read every word. Sometimes I read certain paragraphs more than once. Right. And the imagery by Josako's brilliant. And then what I started doing was starting taking notes in the book. Okay. And that's one thing I do do. If I come across extremely good books, some books like this, I don't mock up. Certain books I do mock up. I just started going ballistic with some of the stuff, information that he was presenting, taking notes, highlighting, underlying it, right? Beautiful imagery by Josako, diagrams, you know, stuff like, you know, he's talking about Pine Ridge, some stats regarding Pine Ridge. And if you don't know what Pine Ridge is, you should look it up. If you live in the United States anyway. And this book is brilliant in one sense because Chris Hedges is, he's providing a lot of data, a lot of numbers, you can tell, right? And Josako goes into the personal, the descriptive, where they sit down and talk to people and hear their stories. And Josako, you know, presented basically sort of a graphic novel comic book format of what was being said, right? And if you've been following my channel, what I do is I love comic books. So this was a treat and a half for me reading information like this and reading, you know, comic book information presented in a comic book format from people that live in this area, right? Drawn and explained by Josako, showing what's happening. And it's actually brilliant. And he uses, you know, quotation marks where it's the words of the people that they're interviewing. Okay. And that's sort of the quick way of reading politics, economics, textbooks or any textbook that's not science-based, I guess. Where, you know, and I've done this with other courses that I've taken as well. This was personal, personal study session, I guess, information that I was learning. But, you know, I end up taking a lot of notes in this book, highlighting a lot of stuff for my own, my own use. I just went when I hit, you know, just stuff talking about education and stuff, I would highlight and take my own notes, health care stats. And that's what Chris Hedges is very, you know, known for is providing a lot of statistics. And again, Josako providing, you know, information on the people, getting the first person perspective from the people and, you know, talking with them, seeing what happened. And that's how I, you know, read, you know, textbooks like this, or books like this, really, I don't know if this is considered a textbook or not, but for me it was because it was a book I was learning from. And I use this book as a reference and I take notes in it. And this will be a keeper for me, right? And, you know, again, it's a very important table of contents in the index are extremely important. And just to give you an idea of how important the table of context is in a book. When I was at university, I, you know, sometimes you end up having multiple exams in just two or three days. And one thing that happened when I was at university in my third year at university, I was taking applied mathematics course, a second year applied mathematics course, systems of differential equations, and applying in a real world. And it was an extremely difficult course, extremely difficult. And I hadn't learned linear algebra before taking the course. It was a prerequisite and I made the mistake of taking the applied mathematics course before taking linear algebra. So when I was sitting in the course, I realized I was pretty much in trouble. So when the final came along, basically hadn't really done well in the course up to the final. So what I ended up doing is 10 days before the final for my differential equation course, I came up, I started studying for it, and I had to learn linear algebra by myself. So I picked up another book that I have linear algebra, and I spent about four days learning linear algebra. And I was studying anywhere between 10 to 12, 14 hours a day, right. And the next six days I spent studying the course material. So I spent 10 days average anywhere between 10 to 14 hours a day studying for this course. Now my exam schedule was in a way where I had in the morning, I had to write the exam for the math course, and I had to write an exam for another course I was taking, which was economic geology. And I had gone to every course in economic geology, and if I can make a recommendation, if you're taking a course at university or even high school, at university or college, or after post secondary education, go to every course, even if you're not paying attention in large part or taking notes, or even like the teacher, when you go to this classroom and sit down, you're getting exposed to the information, right. So after 10 days of studying extensively hard for math course, and writing a four and a half hour exam in the morning, and no one in the in the classroom had finished that exam was extremely difficult. Everybody walked out with their brains being mush, right. In the afternoon, I had my economics geology exam, economics geology exam to write, and I hadn't studied for it because the math exam was extremely important to me. I had done poorly throughout the term and that, you know, with my assignments in the midterm, I was failing brutally. And what happens at university or college, sometimes you're allowed to make the final exam worth 100% of your mark. So that's what I chose to do, opted in to do to make the final worth 100% of my mark. So my whole course was dependent on the final exam and that took precedence, right. I had my to-do list and I set up my schedule and this was way more important than my economics geology exam. Because of my economics geology exam, I had done well so far and I was passing and the final exam was only worth, you know, 30% or 25% of the final mark. So after coming out of the math exam, I grabbed my sandwich, ate my sandwich and consumed some sugar because I needed sugar to be able to function to kick the brain and the gear again, right. I opened up the book and I looked at the table of contents and in half an hour before the exam, I memorized the table of contents, right. Because the table of contents was a summary of what was being presented in the book, okay. So I spent half an hour memorizing the table of contents and as soon as I went into the exam, I took the scrap piece of paper that had given me and I threw, I didn't even look at the exam yet. By memory, I generated the table of contents, okay. Now that I had the table of contents beside me, because I had attended every lecture, I knew the basic idea of all the information being presented for that course and that's when I took my exam, wrote my name on it and opened up the exam and the exam was basically essay questions and long answer questions about the course, about the book and what I ended up doing is I used the table of contents to answer all the questions and write the essays for that exam because essays are really just summarizing what was being presented in the book and the table of contents was a summary of what was in the book, right. And I ended up doing, you know, passing my math course exam when I finally ended up getting the results, which was I was ecstatic about, right. Because it was the most difficult math course I've ever taken in my life and I ended up acing, basically acing, getting 90% plus in my economics geology exam because I was able to present the ideas the way they were presented in the book because I had the table of contents beside me, okay. So extremely important, I'll emphasize this again, when you take a book, when you're using a textbook, as a textbook, as a reference book, as a book to learn something, right. The most important parts of that book are the table of contents and the index, right. Given that the information between those, you know, the front cover and the back cover is well presented as well, right. It's a good book to read, okay. And that's, you know, how I end up reading textbooks, how I end up using textbooks, and best way to read textbooks as far as I'm concerned, okay. As for the next tip I have for you, right. Tip number six, I believe, when it comes to studying, what we're going to do, we're going to take a look at how to, you know, and this is going to be very specifically math oriented tip on how to study. We're going to take a look at how you should lay down your questions, how you should solve problems. Because what happens in mathematics, certain types of problems play out in a certain way. And math is very visual. So if you end up reading a problem, right, and you're trying to solve an equation or graph a function, there are certain things you have to do to an equation to be able to solve it, to be able to graph it, and a certain pattern emergence for specific types of problems. So what we're going to do is we're going to take a look at those patterns and what you should do whenever you're doing mathematics, whenever you're solving certain types of problems, you should remember the structure of that problem, okay. You should remember how that question, that problem plays out and is going to play out. Because if you know that, then the odds are you know how to solve those problems. You know how to answer the question. You know how to graph those functions, okay. And that's what we're going to do with tip number 6.