 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss religion and society from three major perspectives point of view. Functialist perspective views religion as a social institution that helps to maintain social order and social cohesion in society. Functialists chonke iss chees ke upe belief rakti hain ke whatever or whatever institution exist in society, exist because of its functional nature, aur us object ka ya us institution ka main maksat hota hain, wo muashre ke andar amnua man ki surat-e-haal ko barkara rakhna hota hain. To iss hi tara se religion hain, iss ka bhi wo important function yeh dekhne hain ke religion se we hain social order ko maintain rakhsekhne hain aur logo ke dramean wo yagangat aur humangi ka ek taluk banane mein help karta hain. On the other hand, conflict perspective views religion as a tool used by the dominant groups to maintain their power and control over subordinate groups. To jab hum conflict perspective ki baat karte hain to chonke yeh her chees ko critical point of view se dekhte hain aur inke khyaal mein, her society mein ya her institution ke andar ek continuous tension yeh tussle hoti hain doh groups ke dramean power ki khater aur resources ki khater. To iss hi wajah se religion ko bhi yeh ek tool ke tara pe dekhte hain saa ke ek group dominating position ke upara hota hain wo dominated group ko ya subordinate group ko iss mazab ko use karte huye as a weapon ya as a tool use karte huye un ko us subordinate position ke upara berkara rakhsekh. Jiseke hum dekhte hain ke mazab ke andar bohse aise aqaidh hoti hain, jeen ki wajah se log yeh samishne hain ke hum jis kondition ke andar peada huye hain shahid yeh khuda ki raza ya marzi thi aur iss wajah se hume iss ke hawaale se jiddu jahid nahi karne chaye. Aur yeh humani takdeer ya kismat ka hissa hain. So, from a functionalist perspective se jib iss ko dekhah jata hain to boh yeh kate hain ke iss tara ke aqaidh hain jo ke logon ko motivate nahi karate revolution ki tara aur log jo hain wo apni usi kondition ke hawaale se apne aap ko zemidaar thairana shuru kar deta hain ya khuda ko zemidaar thairana shuru kar deta hain jib ke asal zemidaar unki iss halat ka jo hain wo shahid asa tabka hota hain jo unko continuously exploit karte hain. Then we have interactionist perspective which focuses on how individuals interact with religion and how religion shapes their beliefs and behavior. To yeh chonke use of symbols aur unke meanings ki upar belief rakte hain interactionist ka khayaal hain ke mwaashri ke andar jo bhi aqaidh, nazriyaat, khayaalat ya tohsavurat payda hota hain wo humare ek dosre ke saath interaction ki badawalat payda hota hain unshared symbols aur meanings ki wajah se payda hota hain jo ke hum means of communication ke thru jo hain ek dosre ko transmit karte hain. To religion ya religious beliefs bhi jo hain yeh bhi socially constructed hota hain aur social construction of reality ke andar jo ahem role hota hain wo humare ini communication patterns ka hota hain. Pakistan ke andar majod jo humara predominant religion hain Islam wo usko agar humin tino perspectives ke point of view se dekhain. To functionalist ke point of view se yeh hain ke annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, jisko hum Haj bhi kayaate hain, is considered an important religious obligation in Pakistan and serves as a way of bringing together people from different parts of the country. To chonke yeh kayaate hain ke it's a whatever existence society exists because of its functional nature to Haj ka bhi ek boht important function hain aur Haj ki wajah se log jo hain wo social cohesion ke andar hain ek dosre ke saad bhai chare ke andar hain aur is tara se group behavior me jo hain unka cooperation berkarar rahata hain. Conflict perspective se agar dekhain to jo ongoing sectarian violence hai Shia Sunni ke dharmean aur is tara se aur baaki grohon ke dharmean to wo isko is sandal se dekhain ke mazhab ko jo hain wo humesha exploit kayaate hain, use kayaate hain as a tool ta ke logon ko joh hai subjugate rakh hain sa ke unko exploit kayaate hain sa ke political purposes ke liye. Isi tara se agar hum symbolic interactionist ki baat karein to wo kayaate hain ke iske andar majo different jo rituals hai, jo rasumat hai, jo religious practices hai wo unki madad se hum asal me apne zingi ke rose mera jo okaat hai, ye apne zingi ke rose mera avamil jo hain, unki andar unka istimaal karte huye hum apne interactional patterns develop karte hain. Aur yahi interactional patterns jo hain wo symbolikali humaari different religious practices ke andar reflect hota hain. To it's very important to see ke it's a food for thought for you as well ke ye dekhah jaya ke Pakistan ke andar jo mazhabi aqaite hain unki religious practices hain wo kis tara se reflect hota hain aur unki kya symbolic value utility ya significance hai aur khas toh pe hum dekhain ke masjid ka jo ek mahal hota hain uske andar kaun kaun si ase symbolic values hoti hain jinn ke zariye mazhabi aqaite jo hain wo symbolikali interactional point of view se jo hain wo ek dosre ko naa sehruf communicate ho rahe hote, balki uske zariye jo hain wo hum ek kisam ka spiritual experience bhi gain kar rahe hota hain. So it's a food for thought for you to have an observation, a deep observation from symbolic interactionist point of view when you go into the mosque.