 I don't care what type of typing it is for Maya Plus left, outside the quotation After publisher comma again the quotation Till large time, quotation fades Quotation and the outside text is mixed Every time they answer, under that we have to keep on changing What happened is what he is saying underlined It should be in roman script, it should be written Anybody who hasn't got Okay, why have we given two sheets with the same matter We expect you to Keep the small sheet in a folder And keep it for your ready reference While you are writing or checking And the big sheet behind your writing table If you have wall or something you can put it up on the wall So we expect that you will preserve both these sheets May be you can copy and keep the original So we have given you a handout Instead of you printing out from the web or something And this is not available anywhere This has been compiled by us It won't be available anywhere as a ready made sheet So now what we will do is We will first see why commas are used And then we will start going through this If we run out of time we will stop there And in the next session we will continue Since you have this you can study in any case But next time we will go through So can anybody tell why commas are used We have seen all the other punctuation marks You have learnt commas in school Even before semicolon or colon or anything So why are commas used To separate fridges So what is a fridge Fridge is a part of a sentence Which is self-contained That it has a meaning by itself Actually what you should have said is not fridge But clause Because clause is a grammatically complete part of a sentence So it is normally to separate clauses Not fridges Fridge can be just a combination of words Having some composite meaning But it may not form a large part of a sentence So it is to separate clauses Then next is that the only use You will find that if you have long sentences In a text It will tend to have commas And many vernacular text books say that Why speaking We do not speak continuously We stop at some point And then continue And where we stop We put commas So it works both ways That where we pause while speaking We put commas And where we put commas We are supposed to pause So if you are reading out a text Wherever there is comma You are supposed to pause Or is there some other reason He is saying sometimes to avoid ambiguity That is one possibility But even if there is no ambiguity What happens is The way we perceive speech Is that when there is a The brain waits for a complete Unit of meaning Like we do not see individual letters while reading We see words And even words themselves do not Have meaning except in the context You will find that when A certain bunch of words Is read together It suddenly makes a meaning It is called That the meaning explodes in your mind When you reach that threshold If you cut out that sentence It does not make a meaning So meaning comes in bursts Normally the bursts are sentences That is why we put Full stop At the end of a sentence To indicate that one thought is complete And that is a signal to the brain That now you can process this If the sentence becomes too long The brain's short term memory collapses And then you get confused That is why you should not use very long sentences You should break it up into different sentences Within a sentence What we call as a clause What we call as a phrase The clause has its own meaning So the comma indicates That one unit of meaning is complete So you can process it And proceed So commas The purpose of commas Is to enhance meaning Even without that You would have made out Even if you had not put commas You would have made out the meaning anyway But this facilitates The understanding And one extreme example is It avoids ambiguity Because you may have to Re-read the sentence many times To make out what the author Really means So as authors You are communicating To your audience And it is your audience Is like your customer So you are What you write should be Customer friendly You should be in The customer's shoes To find out How he will find this Whether he will find it Easy to read Or he will curse the author For writing ambiguous things Or confusing things So you should Write in such a way That it facilitates understanding And without re-reading The sentence Somebody should be able To zip through your text This somebody might be Your examiner If the examiner Has to re-read What you have written He will get irritated And as Dr. Patak said Finally the whole thing Could make difference Of one great point It is always in your interest Because in future life When you become teachers Or administrators Or managers Or consultants You will always have to communicate And most of the times You will be communicating In writing So if you can Write clearly And unambiguously It will be a great help So commas is Half the portion of Proof correction Of good writing That is why we have devoted A separate session to that Now We will try to Go through the table We will not finish it You can read at home And next time We will continue We also have One more handout Which will give you How to prepare a manuscript Or shall we Go through that And commas You read the table And next time We will discuss So she will distribute a handout And we will just discuss You will notice that Every session we conduct We are giving you a handout It is to facilitate your life Otherwise you could have said Everything is on the web You download and print If you want So we expect That these handouts Will be useful permanently And you are expected To preserve them So you copy them And use only the copy And preserve the original And while coming to the class Henceforth You bring all the previous handouts Because you will have to refer to them Everybody has got On this side everybody has got We will start In any case we are displaying it here So this is Manuscript preparation procedure Though this says manuscript That is written by hand It also applies To tiescript PDF And hard copy So for all media The rules are the same So first is drafting Drafting your Matter So first is use Good quality Writing paper Avoid ordinary notebooks The kind of long books Which people use The paper is not Of good quality It is not Use a ruled paper With lines Or squares Like the graph Which I showed you Had made on a Square ruled Sheet Which are available Because on that You can draw tables Also by hand You can make diagrams You can make mechanical drawings Because the grid is accurate So if you can get Square ruled in Our cooperative stairs You get I think physics department Assignment sheets Which are square ruled Or use the ruled backing sheet Means You take a cardboard Draw parallel lines On that Keep it below Keep your sheet on top You will be able to see The lines through As guidelines And you can write on top Okay Mark and leave 25mm margin On all four sides Especially left side Margin is compulsory Because If this sheet is punched And put in a file Some of your Matter will go away You have to leave One inch on left But you have to leave One inch on all sides If this is going to be Proofread and corrected Because you need space In the margins And for footnotes To write your comments Then use blue Or black fountain pen If possible This you won't believe But If you use a fountain pen How many of you Use a fountain pen Nobody See Dr. Patak always uses A fountain pen I always use a fountain pen Prof. Gayathonde always There are many old timers Who use a fountain pen And if you use Even a cheap fountain pen Costing 40-50 rupees You will realize the difference So use double spacing To enable in situ correction That is wherever The correction is to be made Right in that place You can make the correction You don't have to look up In the margin And use only one side This is called recto When you open a book If this is your book What you see here is called the recto And this is called verso You should use If this is going to be filed Like this You use only this side Leave the other side blank If you run short of space Or if you have to put comments While correcting You attach a sheet And give cross-reference But don't try it on the back Then checking After drafting This is very important Let it cool overnight Don't try to correct it Immediately you will Tend to make the same mistakes Of course this goes against Reality tradition Because you do the submission The previous night And you never have time To finish it But if you follow this For your important submissions You will find it Makes a lot of difference You slip over it Next morning When you see the manuscript You will see things Which you hadn't realized before So next day Always check yourself Though you may be confident You may be competent It is always worth checking It doesn't take much time To check Then use a red pen Or fountain pen I use a pen Which is This pilot pen This is easier to use Than fountain pen You invest in this This will last your lifetime You won't be using Too much reading Though I have finished This pen So this writes smoothly When you are writing Isolated matter Like you do While proof correcting A ball pen doesn't work well Have you finished our time So you have this sheet You go through it Everything is simple to understand Henceforth When you make submissions You have to follow these guidelines