 Section 16 of Stops or How to Punctuate, a practical handbook for writers and students. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Philippa Willett. Stops or How to Punctuate by Paul Allardice. How to correct a printer's proof. Explanation. 1. Where a word is to be changed from small letters to capitals, draw three lines under it and write caps in the margin. 2. Where there is a wrong letter, draw the pen through it and make the right letter opposite in the margin. 3. A letter turned upside down. 4. The substitution of a comma for another point or for a letter put in by mistake. 5. The insertion of a hyphen. 6. To draw close together the letters of a word that stand apart. 7. To take away a superfluous letter or word, the pen is struck through it and a round top D made opposite, being the contraction of deliator or expunge. 8. Where a word has to be changed to italic, draw a line under it and write ital in the margin. And where a word has to be changed from italic to roman, write rom opposite. 9. When words are to be transposed, three ways of marking them are shown, but they are not usually numbered unless more than three words have their order changed. 10. The transposition of letters in a word. 11. To change one word for another. 12. The substitution of a period or a colon for any other point. It is customary to encircle these two points with a line. 13. The substitution of a capital for a small letter. 14. The insertion of a word or of a letter. 15. When a paragraph commences where it is not intended, connect the matter by a line and write in the margin opposite, run on. 16. Where a space or a quadrant stands up and appears, draw a line under it and make a strong perpendicular line in the margin. 17. When a letter of a different size from that used or of a different face appears in a word, draw a line either through it or under it and write opposite WF for wrong found. 18. The marks for a paragraph when its commencement has been omitted. 19. When a word or words have been struck out and it is subsequently decided that they shall remain, make dots under them and write the word STET in the margin. 20. The mark for a space where it has been omitted between two words. 21. To change a word from small letters to small capitals, make two lines under the word and write SM caps opposite. 22. To change a word from small capitals to small letters, make one line under the word and write in the margin LOCA for lower case. 22. The mark for the apostrophe and also the marks for inverted commas. 23. The manner of marking an omitted passage when it is too long to be written in the side margin. When this occurs, it may be written either at the top or the bottom of the page. 24. Marks when lines or words are not straight. When corrected, the passage given above would read as follows. Antiquity, comma, like every other quality that attracts the notice of mankind, comma, has undoubtedly votaries that underscore reverence, it, comma, not from reason, comma, but from prejudice, full stop. Some seem to admire indiscriminately whatever has been long preserved, comma, without considering that time has sometimes cooperated with chance, colon. All perhaps are more willing to honour past than present excellence, semicolon, and the mind contemplates genius through the shades of age, as the eyes surveyed the sun through artificial opacity, full stop. The great contention of criticism is to find the faults of the moderns and the beauties of the ancients, full stop. While an author is yet living, we estimate his powers by his worst performances, semicolon, and when he is dead, comma, we rate them by his best, full stop, new paragraph. To works, comma, however, comma, of which the excellence is not absolute and definite, comma, but gradual and comparative, semicolon. To works, comma, not raised upon principles demonstrative and scientific, comma, but appealing wholly to observation and experience, comma, no other test can be applied than capitals, length, small letters, of duration and continuance of esteem. Full stop. End of section 16, recording by Philippa Willett. End of Stops or How to Punctuate by Paul Allardice.