 So we look at the membrane protein from the top in a membrane. What we did in the detergent that we ripped this one out and then we just took the protein. But what I would ideally like to do is ripping out a slightly larger part. Maybe include a small disc of the membrane around it. Now this is of course a pipe dream because this part would now have the edges exposed to water here. It wouldn't really work so I can't do it that way. But I can get pretty darn close. This is a lifted nano disc. What I've done here is that to tell the truth I have ripped the protein out first. But then we reconstituted not in detergent micelles but in actual lipids. These lipids are then mixed with protein here and this protein is an amphiphatic protein so that on the inside both the blue and the green helixes here are hydrophobic. They and their side tears will completely cover the lipids. I just don't show the side tears here. The outside of them on the other hand are hydrophilic. So this entire small disc here will be water soluble. But I can now put with a bit of black retain my protein in the middle here and make sure that the protein has a completely or almost native membrane around it. So it's not going to be fully fully fully native in the sense that I actually have to do roughly what I did with detergent rip this out reconstituted and stabilize it. But it's certainly a much more realistic environment than detergent if we need it. So when I spoke about this a few years ago, five years ago, I had a very talented student in this class who got excited and said she wants to do this for our ligand gated iron channels. My only problem is that at the time we were not doing structural biology. But thank God that student, Urska Rofsnik, she didn't take no prior answer. So she decided to do this anyway with us. And I'll show you some of the work she did. Not with nulled discs but with pure detergent. So Urska took a bacterial protein called Glick and she overexpressed it and then reconstituted it in detergent and then she put it under a cryea microscope that we have here at PsyLifeLab. And this is what a micrograph looks like once you've done all your homework. If you average and magnify those small dots there, they're going to look roughly like this. You can probably count the five subunits here. We see the pentameric iron channel from the top and the hole we see is the actual iron pore. You're not going to be able to get a structure from only these. We also need some side views. And the side views would look roughly like these when you got them later. And here you can, I'm still in shock and awe that we can actually see atomic structure with a microscope, even if it's an electronic microscope. So 10 years ago we wouldn't have been able to use cryeum to get that type of detail because it was just, the resolution was too low. We would get rough blobs and then we should somehow try to fit this into blobs. But with structures of this class, Urska has been able to determine electron densities with a resolution of roughly 3 angstrom. And with that type of resolution, she can literally trace out the individual alpha helices in the transmembrane region, the beta sheets up here in the extracellular domain, and then examine what happens if this undergoes a change in pH, which for this particular channel corresponds to the opening. Awesome work that I'm so impressed to see. And that's thanks to Urska that we're now doing structural biology in the group.