 Hello and welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankar IS Academy. The news articles along with the page numbers are displayed here for your convenience. The PDF link of the handwritten notes and timestamping of the discussed news articles are given in the description box and also in the comment section. Let's begin with the first news article analysis. This oped article discusses mainly about issues related to Somalia. In this context, we will be discussing the geographical aspects of Somalia. In the brief history about Somalia, we will also discuss the recent dispute of Somalia and Kenya. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now we will start with the geographical aspects of Somalia. Somalia is part of Somalian Peninsula, which is also known as Horn of Africa. See, Horn of Africa represents countries like Ethiopia, Somalia, Dibauti and Eritrea. And this Horn of Africa borders with Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and also with Indian Ocean. Now if you look at the borders of Somalia, it shares borders with Ethiopia, Dibauti and Kenya. And the coastline of Somalia faces with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. Now we will also discuss the brief democratic history of Somalia. That is from 1960 until 1969 Somalia was a democratic state. But in the year 1969, a small group illegally overthrew the existing government which made Saeed Barre as the president of Somalia. But he was overthrown by opposing clans of Somalia in the year 1991. After this, the northwest part of Somalia uniliterally declared itself as the independent Republic of Somaliland. However, in the later days the clan was erupted and there was no stability in the country. By 1992, an estimated 350,000 Somali people had died due to various reasons like disease, starvation or civil war. In 2004, a new interim government called the Transitional Federal Government, TFG, was established to improve the governance in the country. But in the year 2008, Al-Shabaab, which has links with Al-Qaeda, gained control of most of the southern Somalia. But after a series of offensives or attacks by government forces and African Union peacekeepers and also a Kenyan army incursion in 2011, Al-Shabaab withdrew from Mogadishu, which is the capital city of Somalia. But still Al-Shabaab remains active in many rural areas. If you see the current political scenario of Somalia, the federal government of Somalia was formed in 2012, replacing the transitional federal government which was established in 2004. Under this federal government of Somalia, the new federal member states are Juba Land, Southwest Somalia, Isha Bele, Gal Mugudu and Punt Land. This is all about the geographical and political history of Somalia. With this information in your mind, now we will discuss about two crucial meters of Somalia mentioned in this editorial. The first meter is Somalia's maritime dispute with Kenya. Know that the area which is under dispute is roughly around 1 lakh square kilometers. It is said that as a seismic service, the region contains huge deposits of oil and gas. The background of this issue is that both countries are party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, i.e. Inclas. So as per article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a state party to the convention intending to establish the outer limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles shall submit information on such limits to the commission on the limits of the continental shelf i.e. CLCS. The role of the commission is to make recommendations to coastal states on meters related to the establishment of the outer limits of their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. But as per the rules of procedures of CLCS, the commission may consider submissions in the areas under dispute only with the prior consent given by all the states which are parties to such dispute. So the countries to grant each other a non-objection in respect of submissions on the method to CLCS signed a memorandum of understanding in the year 2009 and the parties also committed to find a settlement in accordance with the international law on the basis of the CLCS recommendations. However, the memorandum of understanding was rejected by Somalia parliament and the reason for this stated by authorities that Kenya dispatched its troops into Somalia to counter al-Shabaab. It is also said that Kenya is also backing for the semi-autonomous Jubalan region and has resulted distress in Somalia. So when Kenya made its submission to CLCS, Somalia rejected it. So based on this in the year 2014, CLCS determined that it will not proceed with Kenya's submission. But again in the month of July 2014, Kenya asked CLCS to allow it to make another presentation on the dispute. After this, in the month of August 2014, Somalia filed an application to International Court of Justice which is located in Netherlands to institute proceedings against Kenya. The application was concerning the dispute in relation to the establishment of the single maritime boundary between Somalia and Kenya in the Indian Ocean, delimiting the territorial sea that is an exclusive economic zone and also the continental shelf including the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Somalia has also asked the court to make Kenya to provide all seismic data acquired in areas under the jurisdiction of Somalia. Initially, the submission to ICJ by Somalia was objected by Kenya considering that International Court of Justice has no jurisdiction in the matter because a memorandum of understanding is already signed by the respective countries. However, ICJ ruled in favor of Somalia and said that the memorandum of understanding is not breached just because one of the parties decided on an alternative mode of dispute resolution. Now the reason development is that the public hearing at the ICJ regarding this issue has been again postponed to March 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Now we will discuss one more important issue that is the general elections in Somalia. Know that later this year the people of Somalia for the first time since the 1969 general elections were supposed to exercise their right to political participation under universal suffrage. It is a milestone in the country's gradual path to democratic governance but due to the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic there is a doubt that whether elections will happen or not in the coming days. This is all about the geographical and political history of Somalia. With this information, the displayed practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Let us proceed to the next news article. This news article talks about the Assam government has removed a foreigners' tribunal member on the grounds of unbecoming a member of the tribunal. In this contest, we will discuss in brief about foreigners' tribunals, mainly in UPSC prelims perspective. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See the foreigners' tribunals are quasi-judicial bodies established as per the Foreigners' Tribunal Order of 1964 and the Foreigners' Act of 1946. So as per the Provinces of Foreigners' Act of 1946 and the Foreigners' Order of 1964 only foreigners' tribunals are empowered to declare a person as a foreigner staying illegally or not. And if a person is declared as a foreigner staying illegally, they will be either kept in detention centers or will be deported to their home country. In this contest, it is very relevant to know about 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 which empower the central government and also the state governments to set up tribunals as per the inserted articles like 323A or 323B of the Indian Constitution. However, these foreigners' tribunals are constituted based on the Foreigners' Act of 1946 and the Foreigners' Tribunal Order of 1964. Therefore, these foreigners' tribunals are not based on the articles 323A or 323B of the Indian Constitution. Now we'll see important aspects of the Foreigners' Tribunal. That is, they have the powers of a civil court while trying to suit under the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 in respect to matters like summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person or requiring the discovery and production of any document or issuing commissions for the examination of any witness. Know that these tribunals have the power to regulate its own process. Therefore, we can say that the Foreigners' Tribunals are quasi-judicial in nature. With this information, now we'll see who can be selected as members of Foreigners' Tribunals in the State of Assam. In this contest, know that Foreigners' Tribunals are working only in the State of Assam. Therefore, in the State of Assam, a member can be a retired judicial officer of the Assam Judicial Service or a retired civil servant not below the rank of secretary or additional secretary with judicial experience or a practicing advocate not below the age of 35 years and with at least seven years of experience can be appointed as members of Foreigners' Tribunals. Know that the initial appointment of each member is for a period of one year which may be extended from time to time up to the age of 67 years and they are recruited by Gauhati High Court in case of Assam. Know that there are 100 Foreigners' Tribunals functioning in the State of Assam and in the last year, that is in 2019, Ministry of Home Affairs sanctioned around 1000 tribunals to be set up in the State of Assam. Further, the Union Government amended Foreigners' Tribunals order of 1964. Also, as per the recent amendment, it empowered district magistrates in all states and union territories to set up Foreigners' Tribunals. This is considered one of the important aspect because earlier the power to constitute tribunals was vested only with the Central Government. The amended order also empowered individuals to approach their tribunals which is also very important because earlier only the State Administration could move the tribunal against an illegal foreigner. We can say that in reality this amendment is going to be relevant only to the State of Assam because at present only the State of Assam has the working Foreigners' Tribunals. Now people who were left out of National Register of Citizens or NRC can directly approach these tribunals and we know that the Tribunal orders can be appealed in High Court. Furthermore, the orders against the High Court can also be appealed in the Supreme Court which was pronounced by Supreme Court in Chandrakumar case of 2006. This is all you should know about Foreigners' Tribunal, mainly for your prelims examination. With this information we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. The display practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us proceed to the next news article analysis. This news article is with reference to protests in Hong Kong and the protests are happening there in response to plans of Chinese government to curtail the freedom of people of Hong Kong by a new security law. In this context we will see in brief about the historical association of Hong Kong with Mainland China. We will also see the principle of one country, two systems and also the recent developments in China-Hong Kong relations. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now we will start with the historical aspects of Hong Kong that is the preamble of basic law on Hong Kong states that since ancient times Hong Kong has been part of territory of China but Hong Kong was occupied by Britain after the opium war of 1840 and Hong Kong was ceded to Britain as per the Treaty of Nanking which was signed in 1842. Know that there was another treaty in 1898. This treaty gave more parts to Britain in Hong Kong for 99 year lease hold to the British government and the lease hold was to end by the last date of June 1997 and the recovery of Hong Kong has been a common aspiration of the administration of Mainland China and the Chinese people. So by 1970s there were negotiations on the future of Hong Kong between the British and the Chinese governments. In December 1984 the Chinese government and the British government signed a joint declaration. This is called as joint declaration on the question of Hong Kong. It is also called as Sino-British joint declaration and this declaration was registered with UN as a legally binding international treaty in 1985. Now we will see why this declaration is so important because in this declaration it was agreed that the government of the People's Republic of China will resume sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1st July 1997 and it is to become a special administrative region of China. Know that this declaration is one of the main documents that has various commitments made by the Chinese government about Hong Kong. So as per this agreement Hong Kong is to defer a lot from the Mainland China. The declaration states that the government of the Hong Kong special administrative region will be composed of local inhabitants and the chief executive will be appointed on the basis of the results of elections or consultations to be held locally. The declaration also mentioned that the current social economic systems lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged. So we can say that this is the crux of the commitment made in declaration and the declaration maintained that the rights and freedoms were to be ensured by a law in Hong Kong region. Some of the important or foundational rights include right of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right to assemble and to form association were envisioned in this declaration. So these things and other aspects mentioned in the agreement were to be ensured by a law called as BASICLA. So this BASICLA was to be enacted by the National People's Congress of the PRC. Therefore the NPC adapted the BASICLA of the Hong Kong special administrative region in 1990. It was also promulgated by the president of China on the day of adoption itself and the law was to become effective on 1st July 1997. Here you should know that the National People's Congress along with its standing committee exercises the legislative power in China. Now we will see one of the important articles mentioned in the BASICLA which is Article 5 and this article mentions that the socialist system and policies shall not be practiced in the Hong Kong special administrative region and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years. Know that this period of 50 years was also mentioned in the declaration and this is what we refer as one country two systems policy of China. Know that in Mainland China socialist system is to be followed and in Hong Kong special administrative region capitalist system is to be followed and this is to be followed till the end of June 2047. Now if you see in recent times we were seeing lot of protest happening in Hong Kong. This is because there are two contrasting interests are brewing for the year 2047 or well before 2047. One is that the Chinese government's interest to revoke the special status of Hong Kong and to have absolute control over Hong Kong like Mainland China. And the second one is the desire of people of Hong Kong which is to have complete freedom or independence from China by 2047 or well before the year 2047. However Chinese government from time to time has been taking number of measures to curtail the freedom of the people of Hong Kong as a consequence of new curtailing measures by China. People of Hong Kong are resisting with committed spirit through democratic ways and means to end undemocratic rule of China in Hong Kong. So we can predict that these things will continue even in the years to come and these issues will come in your newspaper again and again. With this we have come to the end of analysis of this news article. The displayed practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us move on to the next news article analysis. This question is framed based on the news article which mentions that the massive reverse migration from urban areas to villages which is happening due to lockdown is one of the reasons to focus on ARIA scheme of the central government. In this context we will discuss all the important aspects of ARIA scheme and meet for full fledged implementation of this scheme. Here ARIA stands for Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture Sector. This scheme was initiated by Indian Council of Agriculture Research i.e. ICOR during the year 2015-16 and it was initiated by realising the importance of rural youth in agricultural development especially from the point of food security of the nation and also to empower rural youth. So the objectives of the scheme includes to attract and empower the youth in rural areas to take up various agriculture, allied and service sector enterprises for sustainable income and also to generate gainful employment in the selected districts. Then to enable the farm youth to establish network groups to take up resource and capital intensive activities like processing, then value addition including the marketing related aspects. The scheme also includes to demonstrate functional linkage with different institutions and stakeholders for convergence of opportunities that are available under various other schemes or programs. And this is for sustainable development of youth force in the rural areas. Under the scheme special efforts are also taken to attract the rural youth under the age of 35 years in agriculture to provide income generate opportunities and to engage them in the agriculture sector. See the scheme is operational in about 25 states through Krishi-Vignan-Kendras i.e. KV case. As per the scheme in one district about 200-300 rural youths will be identified for their skill development in entrepreneurship activities and also for establishment of related micro-enterprise units in the areas like mushroom cultivation, seed processing, poultry, dairy related activities then vermicompost and such other related activities. In this scheme KV case will involve the agricultural universities and ICOR institutes as technology partners. So at the KV case one or two enterprise units are also established to serve as entrepreneurial training units for the neighboring farmers. As per the news article the scheme is presently being implemented in around 100 districts in the country on an experimental basis. So in order to tackle the massive rivers migration of people from urban areas to villages there is a need for full-fledged implementation of ARIA scheme. With this information let's take up the given question that is consider the following statements with reference to ARIA scheme. They have given three statements and you have to choose incorrect statements. Here the first and third statements are correct whereas second statement is incorrect because no such guarantee is provided in this scheme. Therefore the correct answer for this question is option B2 only. Here the question is Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project sometimes seen in news is built across which of the following rivers. The correct answer for this question is option A Godavari. Know that Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project is built across Godavari river in the state of Telangana and the location of the project is important for your prelims exam. We have taken up this question because on the similar lines there was a UPSC prelims question in 2016 and the question is recently linking of which of the following rivers was undertaken. The answer for this question is option B Godavari and Krishna and the project is known as the Polavaram Irrigation Project which is a multi-purpose project declared as a national project and located across the Godavari river to link with the Krishna river in the state of Andhra Pradesh. So in the context of this question you should know about Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project which has been conceived from the erstwhile Pranahita Chevela Sujila Sravanti project. Know that originally the Pranahita Chevela Sujila Sravanti was supposed to utilize about 160 TMC of allocated waters of Godavari basin as per Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal Award but due to the objections from the state of Maharashtra this project was taken up for re-engineering so the location of Barres was changed to a place near Kaleshwaram so the name of this project is Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project and this project was inaugurated in the year 2019 and the project provides irrigation facilities in drought-prone areas of Telangana state it also provides drinking and industrial waters to the northern parts of Telangana also know that in terms of capacity Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project is claimed as one of the largest lift irrigation projects in the world this is all about Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project let's move on to the next news article this question is with reference to mountain passes and know that the mountain passes are very important for your trillions exam the background for this question is that the mountain pass known as Nakula in the state of Sikkim is reported in this news article the news article also presents the clarification given by Indian Army in response to some reports that claim that some of the Indian troops were detained by the Chinese Army the news article also talks about a 255 km road in the Union territory of Ladakh and this road connects Darbukh, Shayok and Daulatbeg Woldy in the Union territory of Ladakh this road is of strategic importance as it runs near the line of actual control in this context know that Daulatbeg Woldy is located at an altitude of 16,614 feet above the mean sea level and India has one of the world's highest age strips at this location the news article states that tensions have occurred between Indian troops and Chinese troops at four points and these four points includes three points on the line of actual control in the Union territory of Ladakh and one point is at Nakula Pass in the state of Sikkim the three points on the line of actual control in the Union territory of Ladakh includes near Pangangso Lake, then Galwan Valley and Demchak then the fourth point that is Nakula Pass in the state of Sikkim is located in the North Sikkim which is close to China in this context know that there is one more important pass in the state of Sikkim which is known as Nathula Pass which is located in Eastern Sikkim with this information let's take up the given question that is which of the following is the mountain pass in the Himalayas in East Sikkim district connecting the Indian state of Sikkim with China's Tibet Autonomous Region the correct answer for this question is option C that is Nathula Pass know that Lipu Lake Pass and the Kungri Bingri Pass are associated with the Indian state of Uttarakhand and they connect India with Tibet Autonomous Region of China Lipu Lake Pass plays a very important role in serving as a connecting route for Indian pilgrims to Kailas Manasarov temple Nathula Pass is associated with the state of Himachal Pradesh and the Union Territory of Ladakh and it plays a very important role in connecting Kailang and Manali of Himachal Pradesh with lay district of Ladakh with this information let's proceed to the next news article analysis this question is with reference to this news article which presents the views or the statements on environment clearances by former Union Environment Minister and the present Union Environment Minister the news article reports that during the lockdown environment clearances were given to some of the projects in ecologically sensitive areas so in this context the former Union Environment Minister has requested the Union Ministry of Environment to immediately put a moratorium on environmental clearances given to certain projects in sensitive and biodiverse areas and these locations are very important from the prelims point of view and you can notice in 2018 prelims exam one of the location based questions was asked that is in which of the following states is Pakwai or Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary located the correct answer for this question is Arunachal Pradesh now if you look at the news article it mentions locations like Dibang valley Dahing Patkai Elephant Reserve then Gir National Park and then Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary Dibang valley is a district in Arunachal Pradesh and the name of the district is derived from Dibang river know that a hydropower project of capacity of 3097 megawatts is proposed to be developed at etiline in Dibang valley of Arunachal Pradesh then the news article talks about Dahing Patkai Elephant Reserve and this Elephant Reserve is in the state of Assam and know that a coal mining operation is proposed at this site and there is a Dahing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary which is also known as the Jaipur Rainforest this Sanctuary is a part of Dahing Patkai Elephant Reserve the wildlife sanctuary is located in the districts of Diburgat and Thinsukiye in the state of Assam then there is also a mention about a proposed highway through the Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary and this wildlife sanctuary is located in the state of Goa the report also mentions about Gir National Park which is located in the state of Gujarat and the limestone mining is proposed in this national park this national park is very important for the conservation of Asiatic Lions so all the mentioned locations like Dibang valley, Dahing Patkai Elephant Reserve Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary and Gir National Park are important for your trillions exam with this information let's take up the given question that is in which of the following states is the Dahing Patkai Wildlife Sanctuary located the correct answer for this question is option C Assam this news article is about dark web the news is that fresh leaks of personal details have been detected on dark web see in our yesterday's news analysis that is on 24th May we discussed in detail about key terms like deep web and dark net also we saw that dark net is a small portion of the deep web in this context know that dark net is a network built over internet whereas the term dark web refers to websites on a dark net so remember this important difference between dark web and dark net if you remember that is in our yesterday's news analysis we saw that the details of 2.9 crore job seekers were available on dark net and the cyber crime agencies and experts are investigating the leak of personal details of these 2.9 crore Indian job seekers on the dark web meanwhile two more similar incidents have been reported in the last two levels that is about 2,000 other cards and details of 18 million Indians are available for free on the dark web the research is from a US based cyber intelligence firm cyber have said that the other cards and the job seekers details were posted by different entities and they are yet to be found out the complete details this is in brief about this news article and you can refer the yesterday's news analysis for more information with this information let us proceed to the other practice questions discussion let's take up this practice prelims question that is what is or are common to the countries in Africa known as Kenya and Somalia equated pauses through both the countries both share border with Ethiopia both are landlocked countries select the correct answer from the course given below here the first two statements are correct and the third statement is incorrect know that equated pauses through Somalia then Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo then Congo, Gabon and then Savatom and Prinsip in this context know that Ethiopia is a landlocked country and it shares border with Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan then Sudan, Eritrea and then Dibouti third statement is incorrect because Somalia and Kenya are not landlocked countries and they share border with Indian ocean so the correct answer for this question is option D, 1 and 2 only now let's take up these questions this question was asked in 2018 prelims examination that is the term two-state solution is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of the correct answer for this question is Israel know that the term two-state solution is related to Israel-Palestine conflict on the similar lines this practice prelims question is asked that is the term one country two systems is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of the correct answer for this question is Hong Kong in this context know that the two systems policy refers to the socialist system and policies in the Chinese mainland and the other system is capitalist system and the way of life in the Hong Kong special administrative region and this arrangement that is one country and two systems has started from 1st of July 1997 and remain unchanged for a period of 50 years and this policy will remain in force in Hong Kong till last date of June 2047 this is all about in the context of Hong Kong question let's take up one more practice prelims question that is consider the following statements with reference to foreigners tribunals in India here two statements are given and you have to choose correct statements statement one says a foreigner's tribunals are constituted under article 323 B of Indian constitution then the second statement says the recent 2019 amendment empowered district magistrates in all states and union territories to constitute foreigners tribunal the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct because foreigners tribunals as quasi judicial bodies established as per the foreigners tribunal order 1964 and the foreigners act of 1946 and know that the 42nd constitutional amendment act of 1976 inserted two important articles such as article 323 A and article 323 B dealing with administrative tribunals tribunals for other purposes but not related to foreigners tribunals the second statement is correct because the foreigners tribunals amendment order 2019 empowered district magistrates in all states and union territories to set up tribunals if it is required and this order also empowered individuals to approach the foreigners tribunals so the correct answer for this question is option B two only with this we have come to the end of analysis of today's Indian news analysis if you like the video please do like share comment and subscribe Shankara's Academy YouTube channel for more updates on UPSA examination thank you