 Fi angen i gael eich gweithio ar y cyfnodd, ac rwy'n meddwl y bobl. Ond o'r rhan o'r 15-mini gweithio, rydym yn fwy o'r cyfnodd, felly rwy'n meddwl i'r cyfnodd. Y cwerthu'r ystod o'r ffordd a'r ffordd o'r llwyth, o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd, o'r cyfnodd o'r ffordd o'r agentau, o'r ffordd o'r llwyth, o'r llwyth o'r ffordd o'r llwyth. y cyfrifio cyfrifio a'r cyfrifio cyfrifio cyfrifio cyfrifio cyfrifio. Y dromethys Strinbur, efallai, sefyddo'u cyfrifio sy'n cyfrifio'r ysgolffau o'r marbl i'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio yma. Leonardo da Vinci yn ystod yw'r prentysau i ddylo'r ysgwysigol o'r llunseidio, ymgyrch o'r mwyllgor o'r wals ymlaen. I don't know how apocryphwll that account is, but you never know. An ancient eyes saw it in the topography, in the actual landscape. Now here's a word we're getting used to. Thank you, Torrell, for a full explanation of this. The human mind is geared to seek patterns even in randomness and the neuro-psychological process involved in such perception is called paradolea. Couple of quotes there referring to this mode of vision one by Antonin Arto, other by William Blake. Today we treat such observations as mere curiosities but the willingness to culturally engage in such double vision enabled in ancient society to see its mythology emblazoned on the landscape, to see its deities, culture heroes, or some religious symbolic icon in the very lie of the land. It mythologised a country giving it meaning. The Australian aboriginal perception of topography as being formed by dream time beings is a classic example and nowadays probably the best known. The scale of simulacra recognised by this dream time mode of perception can range from a small boulder to a rock outcrop or to a whole hillside or mountain range. So in the next few minutes available I'll whip through a few examples. It's all simple, I am a simple man. First of all, semantropomorphic and suomorphic examples. Rounded peaks located near Kilani on the west coast of Ireland are known as the Paps of Anu. They rise prominently due to their relative isolation and symmetry and roundness. In Gaelic, paps means breasts. In myth, Anu was the mother of the last generation of gods who ruled the earth. A similar type of simulacran on the Scottish island of Jura allows us a direct glimpse into the neolithic mind, as we shall now see. They are the Paps of Jura. How do I go back? On the west coast of Scotland is the Mull of Kintair and on it stands three standing stones known as Balacroy. Now the centre stone has a perfectly flat surface and it aligns directly to the paps. It points to them where the midsummer sun sets behind the paps of Jura. Presumably, it means that these neolithic people saw something like an earth goddess or whatever in those paps. This is not an entirely wild speculation because on the isle of Jura, almost touching, sorry, the isle of isle, almost touching Jura, there is the Loch Finlaygan and around it are all sorts of neolithic and mesolithic remains. Now there is this standing stone that still survives there, it is a very large stone and archaeological investigation has shown that there was a row of stones leading up to it. They have gone, they are not visible now except by geophysical means. That line of sight points straight to the paps on Jura and they are very isolated, very clear to see. So we are looking actually clearly at something that was important in neolithic eyes and those hills were it. This is a holy hill in Wales, Carningly, hill of angels and it's a sixth century anchorite used to go up there to see visions of angels. It's also highly magnetic and all sorts of unusual phenomena occur around it. This naturally-weathered granite outcrop on top of Carnbrae hill in Cornwall is known as the Carnbrae giant and an early neolithic settlement was located next to it, adjacent to it. A legend is attached to the rock that is worthy of any Aboriginal dream time story. Far away in Manitoba, the Ashinanabi Indians continue to make offerings at buffalo rock, a buffalo at rest, a boulder presenting that coincidental likeness. It's a very important area but we haven't got time to go into it and I've seen the Indians making offerings at it. A curious similacrum obtrews from one of the tall, weirdly-weathered fingers of sandstone in the Tuttoburger world in Germany. It's a rocky configuration that looks like a human figure with its arms outstretched as if tied to the rock, as you can see. This natural feature has long been the source of speculation including suggestions that it was seen as being a naturally-occurring similacrum of the pagan North European God Odin hanging on the Norse version of the primordial world tree. Other people, other commentators have argued that the feature was seen as Christ on the Cross and it was Christianised by the addition of an artificial hole representing the spear wound made in Christ's side as he hung on the cross. If this is correct, then it means it was the only known case, as far as I know anyway, of the Christianisation of a similacrum. This whole area is very, very rich in similacrum all around the Externsteiner. Situated in Dear El-Bahari in the Valley of the Kings opposite Luxor is the vast new kingdom temple of the female pharaoh Hatsheth Sat. This happens to be positioned at the foot of a rock column which obtroves from a cliff face behind it. No one saw anything special about this cliff face until 1991 when Egyptologist V.A. Donoghue suddenly perceived that the forms within the rock column quote, simulate the configuration of a statue group in which the cobra, its eyes and the lateral markings on the underside of its distended hood clearly observable, rears to the full height of the cliffs behind a standing anthropomorphic figure, either sovereign or deity who wears the headdress and beard of a pharaoh, end quote. This rock configuration is badly eroded but still discernible. It's worth noting that Hatsheth Sat was distinguished for her landscaping skills and that the main axis of Carnac temple aligns from across the Nile towards her temple. Interestingly, a figurine was unearthed at Carnac that perfectly resembles the grouping of a pharaoh with the cobra rearing up behind. Donoghue has gone on to note that several pre-dynastic temples in Egypt have been located where cliff face and malacra of various kinds can be identified. Now, a couple of examples of iconographic simulacrum. A quite startling example of an iconic simulacrum is to found inside the Mayan ritual cave of Balancanche in the Yucatan, Mexico, near the ancient ceremonial city of Chichen Itza. In the central cabin there is a giant fused stalactite stalagmite looking remarkably like a tree trunk with the impression of foliage created by countless small spiky stalactites. This calcite tree is surrounded by stone and wooden figures, pottery and sense furnace, small pots and other votive objects. Carbon dating of choc charcoal from a censor and a harp suggests a ninth century date for the placing of these objects. The whole cave was sealed up as it happens by a rockfall and was only opened fairly recently. This striking tree-like formation was therefore clearly worshipped by the ancient maya, who doubtless would have seen it as a representation of the Mayan world tree concept, Wachacharn, raised up sky. The American art historian Vincent Scully put forward the idea that cleft or saddle peak mountain summits were originally seen as representing a landscape goddess. He wrote, quote, these features create a profile which is basically that of a pair of horns, but he may sometimes also suggest raised arms or wings, the female cleft, or even at some sites a pair of breasts, end of quote. The Bronze Age Minoans of Crete indeed had an iconic relationship with cleft peak mountains, which had been venerated even before the Minoans arrived. Palace temples are lined to or stand in sight of such distinctive peaks, and they built shrines on their summits as here at Nossus. I won't tell you what it took to get these photographs up on the top there, but there's a cleft running right across the summit rock in which we found neolithic votive objects, so before the Minoans. But the Minoans built the shrine around it, the wall and there's an altar and so on. Scully suggested that cleft peaks may have been the inspiration for the idea of the Minoans symbols of the so-called horns of consecration and the double-bladed ax or labris. Either that or they saw the peaks of Simulacra of their pre-existing symbols. OK, we've all shared a few brief minutes. I'll give you hundreds of examples. Of the kind of dream time perception widely engaged in around the ancient world. But I stress we're talking culturally here, not just individually. It was the way cultures interacted with their landscapes. It was part of their spirituality. This form of perception serves to remind us that before we built monuments and places of the worship, it was the land itself that taught us the idea of the holy. Thank you. I just put this blurb up here because if you go to the tailor in France to stand at this conference, you'll see reference to our journal Time and Mind. Thank you.