 Hello learners, I welcome you all to this video session where I will be discussing the theories of development and behavior So in the human growth and development course, which is basically a foundation course of psychology We have seen that how psychological concepts are important for social workers therefore in this session, we will discuss What is the process of socialization of a child of a human being and then how the personality of an individual develops through various stages. We will discuss Freud's Psychosexual theory and Erikson's psychosocial theory and also we will look into the three constructs of the personality development from the psychoanalytic perspective of Sigmund Freud. We will discuss the different coping mechanisms that are important in the human human behavior and then how due to different conflicts in our conflicts If the conflicts are not resolved, they can give rise to certain antisocial or dysfunctional behavior within the individual personality So, let us see what is actually meant by the process of socialization Socialization is a continuous process where individuals interact within the members of the society They interact with others and it enhances the sharing of experiences, communication and these communication develop meanings The meanings found in particular experiences may be expanded through the process of socialization When a person moves out of that environment or into another social environment So here social environment means the surrounding that we live in And the socialization process continues. There are various adaptive behaviors that is Adjustmental techniques that are used and one learns through these experiences of interacting with the other members of the society They learn about other person's culture whether it is similar or different from them and it helps in building up their personality. The Psychosexual and psychosocial theories imply that there is a struggle within an individual and as the stages develop So in the different stages of development from his or her birth in the stages certain inner conflicts develop and accepting the realities of life dealing with each abstract and particular conflicts that develop in our psyche during the course of development it is important to actually form a Healthy personality in the individual. The sources of socialization Are firstly the family because that is when the baby directly comes into comes into contact first with the family members the mother the father and Then the extended family the siblings. So all are important in the socialization process of the child PRs and friends and That is the Fred the group outside the family that they are living in Community here also includes the neighborhood the relatives Okay, who maybe live in and around and who are in contact in constant social visits So it give it it advances the process of socialization and then through media different types of media electronic media print media and Then also the regional and national Culture where a child is growing up a enhances the socialization process for example if the child who is of Indian origin but born and brought up in Another foreign country then that particular culture will have a lot of influence in the socialization process of the child and now moving on to Freud psychoanalytic perspective that gives us an understanding of Actually, how individuals personality develops in order to survive and co-op in society Individuals have implicitly developed ego defense mechanisms. So here ego defense mechanism Now we'll see firstly the concept of it ego and super ego in the psychoanalytic theory Freud has talked about the different constructs of a personality It is said that it is the core of a personality as it is believed to be present and fully functional at birth It basically Signifies or symbolizes the basic instincts or the basic needs that the that require that Demands it demands immediate gratification of that particular need it remains in the unconscious mind and plays a role in the development of Unacceptable urges and desires and memories because these are not rationalized at that particular point of time when the child is born They may not be possible to implement in real life as the person grows that it is always present in the person But then we'll see we're going to ego and super ego But let us discuss this concept of it the expression of these basic urges and desires is based on hedonistic and pleasurable principles which may not be rationalized or accept socially acceptable then Comes the role of ego in super ego first. Let us see. What is super ego in contradiction to the concept of it? Super ego is conceptualized as the center of moral standards or it holds it It closely holds to the moral conscience Conscience of an individual suppose the eat demands and immediate gratification of a need Super ego is the moral conscience that says that wait you have to first look into these things It checks whether the various ways of satisfying it impulses are right or wrong Therefore the super ego sees that whether the eat demand is Socially acceptable or not ego plays a very important role ego acts as a reality checker for the eat Ego helps to meet the needs and wishes of it But by creating a connection between eat and reality so basically ego is guided by the principle of reality and Mostly resides in the conscious level that brings a balance the ego aspect brings the balance between the eat and the super ego now Moving on to this defense mechanism as we have seen in the previous part Then ego plays an important role in defending the certain actions But that is demanded by the eat and then superseded by the super ego and ego brings out a balance between the immediate Demand and the moral conscience. So now let us see how this coping mechanisms or defense mechanism of a human being function. These are the types Depression this technique is used unconsciously to keep away disturbing or threatening thoughts occurring in the mind suppose a person has committed a Particular action, which is not socially acceptable that person will try to not think about it and then try to Divert the attention so that the person is not disturbed or does not create any anxiety within himself So that individual knows what he or she has done and in order to deal with anxiety The person will divert the attention or will not think about what he or she has done This technique is used unconsciously to keep away disturbing or threatening thoughts occurring in the mind So that is the first way how a person deals or they defend his particular actions Then we go to projection. It is a technique through which individuals make Others responsible for their own thoughts feelings and motives So what this person does who has Suppose who thinks that he or she has committed an Socially unacceptable action he or she will try to make others responsible for their particular action that they have done and That is how they try to defend what they have done and that is how they try to Actually not have the guilt feeling or the anxiety which they would be living with now the displacement this is a Technique which most of us we must have seen maybe in our own family members or friends that when a person Is angry or is aggressive over someone else and that is directed to another victim so Basically displacement is the redirection of an impulse onto a powerless person or a target Which serves as a symbolic substitute for the person object causing the actual aggression for example you have a very Dominating supervisor or a boss at your workplace and when you go home You went out that particular frustration or the aggression that you have you have been victimized with on another member Maybe your sibling or maybe your spouse you tell let out your anger and frustration on that person and that That person on whom you let out your anger or frustration is actually will be The victim of your anger on someone else So that is why it is known as that it is a redirection of your impulse or aggression onto a powerless Substitute. Okay, so sublimation another technique It is similar to displacement But the emotional outburst that is caused to you because of any kind of disturbance or anxiety caused by another Individual it is let out through the form of maybe art music Okay, or in other In other constructive way not a destructive way when you let out your anger on another person Who is innocent and who is actually not the cause of your real anxiety or anger then you form a Destructive activity, but when you let out your frustration or went out your anger on In another way maybe through some creativity maybe through art or maybe through music Then it is known as sublimation. It is a concept. It is a constructive way of letting out your or it is a positive defense mechanism Denial suppose that person knows that he has done something wrong Denial involves blocking external events facts or knowledge from awareness by refusing to experience them for example and alcoholic and Alcoholic might always be in the denial stage that he has become completely addicted to alcoholism alcohol So here the person Uses the technique of denial the person completely denies that he or she is an alcoholic and will give various kinds of excuses that This much amount will is not alcoholism or this is not go leading towards alcoholism and things like that So denial is a technique not to accept the reality So that is also a defense mechanism Regression individuals respond to a threatening situation in the way, which is appropriate to their Earlier age and level of development for example a student Who has failed in an examination maybe due to? Not not studying or not submitting all the assignments in time And then what the student does is by to defend himself or herself goes to the teacher and tries to plead the teacher to the teacher to make him pass or Plead to the teacher that he should be promoted and starts crying So these that method is known as regression it is appropriate to the role and is appropriate to the age that the Individual is going through and rationalization It is the cognitive distortion of facts to make an event or an ample or an event less Impulse impulse and threatening. So here a rationalization means fire showing reasons to validate what you have done So basically if you have done something unacceptable, you will show various reasons or try to Create a scenario in your mind that what you have done was actually right. So that is known as rationalization and Reaction formation lastly. This is where the person behaves or reacts in a way Where the opposite? Actually the person wants to react in another way So socially he has to show that he has not done anything wrong and Therefore his reaction will be like he will give explanation and try to Show a different picture that is known as instead of reacting in a particular way in an apologetic way the person will be More you know defensive about what he has done that is known as reaction The reaction will be opposite to actually what the person is thinking So these are the types of defense mechanism that we see in human personality Now going to Erikson's psychosocial theory In Erikson's psychosocial theory, he has talked about different stages of development In which he has said that there are various conflicts that take place within an individual personality If these conflicts are not dealt with in a proper way then it leads to certain Behavioral issues in the next development phase. So in the next slide, we will see the different that eight distinct stages of development. So he developed this theory in 1959 and it assumes that a psychosocial psychological conflict occurs within the inner and inner conflict occurs at different stages of development and there are different needs of an individual and These needs will create conflict inner conflict in the mind of the individual and these conflicts need to be settled Or did these needs to be dealt with at that particular stage of development so that the individual can move on to the next development stage According to this theory successful completion of each stage of development is important to develop a healthy personality And if these conflicts are not resolved it will lead to disturbance It will lead to an anti-social behavior maybe and it will also lead to certain frustration and This may result in the development of more unhealthy personality sense of self The impact of different social roles like parents, schools, friends, teachers, office colleagues Then spouses play a distinct role in the life stages which shapes the personality of an individual From childhood to adulthood. These are the different stages Infancy, early childhood, preschool, school age, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood and then maturity. So You can have a look at this particular table, which is also there in your electronic ESLM Which is uploaded in our website, but here in the chart you can see that The basic conflicts that are stated here are in the infancy stage trust versus mistrust That is the child develop a sense of trust from the caregiver That is the mother and if the if the care is lacking at this stage It will lead to mistrust that means the child will develop a personality where he or she will not be able to trust anyone Therefore feeding is an important activity by the mother which creates the trust factor Early childhood here Autonomy versus shame and doubt the child has to be empowered to make his own decisions Sometimes too much controlling by the parent at this stage will lead to shame and doubt in his own abilities Therefore, it is important to give some kind some amount of independence and autonomy to the child preschool Initiative versus guilt the child needs to begin Asserting control and power over the environment that is the social environment in which he is living Success in this stage leads to sense of purpose and child who try to exert too much power Experience disapproval result in the sense of guilt and in the school age There is the child is working hard in the new social environment There are academic demands and success leads to They with a sense of competence while failure results in feeling of infinity inferiority Therefore the child is in competition with his peers and it boosts up his personality if the Child is working hard in achieving his goals. Otherwise, it will lead to some kind of inferiority complex Then we come to the adolescent stage, which is also a very confusing state a child Or the adolescent is always confused whether he is to be treated as an adult or a child So the teens needs to develop a sense of self Then personal identity and then success leads to ability to stay Prove to himself while failure leads to confusion and a weak sense of self So it will give it needs to Build confidence in the teenager the adolescent so that he or she can move successfully move to the next stage That is young adult So young adults need to form intimate and loving relationships Which is automatically formed in most cases and success leads to strong relationships in future While failure leads to idleness and isolation So the person will also develop inferiority complex and isolation if he or she is not able to have any intimacy with the maybe the person of another gender or Maybe the same gender so therefore they need to develop relationships of different kinds So coming to the stage of middle delab group We will see the generativity versus stagnation the person needs to develop from by creating Things and individuals which will outlast them So here may basically means procreation of children looking after them and being busy with the Children and then or the work or the career that they are involved in it leads to a sense of satisfaction if these needs are met and then Work and parenthood found form the main focus of this particular age That ranges from 40 to 65 years of age Failure or conflict in this stage leads to a sense of shallowness and less involvement in the worldly activities And then moving on to the maturity stage Here ego integrity versus despair at this age the person looks back into his or her life and Should have a feeling of fulfillment and success at this stage leads to feeling of wisdom and Maturity to accept the reality of that while failure results in regret until That is confronted therefore at this stage one has to actually Look back into the things that he or she has done and maybe feel proud about it and satisfied about it Or might have certain regrets about the life activities that he had been involved in So these are the eight stages of development as put forth by Ericsson And he has talked about how the basic conflict to between these two three elements It is important to resolve these These conflicts because only then it will lead to a successful Proceeding to the next stage of development and now let us move into another important theory which is Sigmund Freud's Psycho-Sexual theory according to this The famous psychology Sigmund Freud talked about the personality of an individual starts developing from his birth And it Develops it keeps changing until the later stages of one's life Freud identified five childhood stages in which there is development of personality through a theory which is known as Psycho-Sexual theory it says that The psychosexual energy of a child is the driving force behind his or her personality development so Freud relates the different developmental stages of personality to the sexual desires which are in the subconscious or Conscious level in the person psyche a child encounters particular Conflicts in each of the stages and these conflicts must be resolved before the child can successfully advance to the next stage Now, let us see the different stages put forth by Freud He has talked about the oral stage and it is the first stage of personality development Where the baby's pleasure she is seeking activity is directed through the mouth so since Freud relates this development of personality and development of actually the person's life through the different unconscious and conscious sexual activities and urges in the in the in the infant stage the it is seen that the oral state or The gratification of the sexual need is basically through the baby's mouth Freud said that too much of oral stimulation can lead to oral fixation and develops a person can develop the Problems like smoking nail biting finger chewing and thumb sucking more so such habits become more prominent at times of stress so if this Stage if the sexual needs are not met in the form of maybe breastfeeding or you know any other form of oral Sexual urge then it is seen that it can lead to certain bad habits or addiction in the particular person In the anal stage that is one three years a child develops to control his or her bodily functions through toilet training the anal Stage asserts that In this particular stage the child learns to control the bodily urges and toilet training is an important aspect Yes, but if the parent is too controlling or you know At this particular stage it may lead to certain Negative personality in the particular child for example a child may develop less confidence or The child may have problem and decision making so at this stage though or toilet training and other Controlling activities are important on the part of the parent Didn't this needs to be restricted also to some extent the fell phallic stage during this stage a child Unknowingly struggles with his or her sexual desires towards the opposite sex or opposite pair a sex parent for example Boys are unconsciously Physically attracted to the mothers and girls are Attracted to the father's it is not one only physical attraction. It is also physical plus the personality Attraction towards the opposite gender in the parents too. So this was a very contradictory State of statement made by Freud during that age of time where he first developed this Psycho-section theory because it talked about Odi bus complex Electra complex in Odi bus complex It is said that the mother the boy is attracted to the mother and the girls are attracted to the father So that is how I it is said that unknowingly or unconsciously the child may be Attracted to the parent of the opposite gender a Boy child is attracted towards his mother and sees his father as a competitor for the mother's attention This is known as Odi bus complex a girl's desire for her father's attention Wish to take her mom's place and is known is known as Electra complex a term coined by Carl He is another Psychologist latency during this stage implicit sexual feelings subside and the superego or consigns Begins to develop in a child So here the child is conscious about the sexual urges But the superego or the moral consigns try to control the basic or instinct of the Particular child the child begins to develop moral values by adopting Adopting some of their parents and other important adults behavior. So here the child superego Actually comes in way of immediate gratification of the needs by the demanded by the Eid and here ego also balances the rationality of the in and the superego In the genital stage where you see that it starts from age of 12 that is the onset of teenage During the stage explicit sexual urges re-emerge Where it is no more an unconscious or something to be hidden about and there are explicit sexual urges that re-emerge in other stages If these are successfully met adolescence engage in appropriate sexual behavior and that is said to be a healthy one So instead of repressing all these various sexual desires It is seen that starting from the oral age and then age fairly Latency and genital The sexual urge is always there and it is in the form of either unconscious or the conscious state of mind Therefore Freud has termed this theory as the psychosocial theory The word psycho means of the mind and the sexual urges that are always there It is either in the inactive or the active form of our conscious mind So that is all and so here today we have seen that How in the development of personality these stages are important and where these inner conflict and urges needs to be fulfilled for Positive personality form formation and socialization process is also important here So today we have discussed the different types of coping mechanisms and then development of personality and the theories of personality and How these conflicts are important to be resolved for the for a good personality formation So, thank you so much And hope you have understood the different concepts in relation to theories of behavior