 Yesterday, we had talked about this frustration, aggression, hypothesis. Today, we are going to talk about a model, Andersen's and Bushman's model, which basically tries to explain this whole process of aggressive retaliation, aggressive reactions in the light of the information processing model. If you look at the different schools of thoughts in psychology, the whole theories in psychology, the whole nature of research in psychology, they were influenced at times in the history by different different schools of thoughts. At one point in time, behaviorism was very strong, the Fredian thought was very strong. So, similarly a time came when the information processing model became extremely important. And what Andersen and Bushman did was that they try to look at the social cognitive information processing of aggression. So, now you have a social dimension to it, you have a cognitive dimension to it and then it is with respect to how the information is processed. If you look at the whole basic premise of the information processing model, all it says is that you have an input, you have an output and then some processes take place in between. And therefore, how the input will lead to certain type of an outcome, that primarily depends on how it is processed. So, Andersen and Bushman what they did was that they were also trying to implement the same model, trying to suggest that when you have a source of anger in your environment, there would be some social factors and there would be certain things that you already have experienced. Today, you remember towards the end we were talking that even with more and more of experience, the sight of the sound of frustration can also trigger the same amount of anger. So, it is not that every time the real threat has to be present in front of you. So, what this model suggested was that by that time it was established that memory is a complex associative network of nodes characterizing cognitive notions and emotions. You have certain now memory of what led to what in the past and therefore, you have a good network of certain nodes, the primary factors that had triggered aggression within the environment that were the source of frustration, that were the source of aggression that you already have. So, life experiences what it does is that it will facilitate the linkage among those nodes. So, you have different different episodes and then based on your earlier experiences, you start establishing relationship and this is how you start saying that this is a troublesome group, X is a troublesome boy. So, that is how the networks are formed and then they say that strongly interconnected set of concepts make our knowledge structure. So, what leads to anger you have that type of understanding depending on the connectivity between these types of nodes which is again dependent on the life experiences. Now, these knowledge structures guide our interpretation. So, I already have a past experience when a new situation comes to me, I am guided by my earlier experience and that helps me know analyze whether this situation can invoke similar type of anger or not. Person and situation related variables affect the present internal state of the individual and in turn this state influences the appraisal and the decision making. Once again we have come to appraisal if you recollect for long we had been talking about the goal congruent and incongruent emotions and how appraisal of emotion is important. So, here also you realize that the this state where you have person where you have situations you have your earlier experiences which helps you judge the new situation. All of this they influence your appraisal mechanism and then once you go for an appraisal then you turn angry and this is in fact the model that they had suggested. So, according to them you have your present internal state. In the present internal state you have your cognitive things the memory would be the part of the cognitive structure. This boy was the source of you know problem in earlier Tech-Krithi also. This group was you know troublesome in that episode also. So, you have that memory you have that affect the emotional component attached to it and then you have the arousal factor how much it puts you under unrest. And these three things gets you know you have certain inputs. So, these three things the present internal state gets influenced by the incoming inputs which could be person dependent which could be situation dependent. So, usually what happens people whom you do not like people who always trigger certain degree of anger in you will continue to trigger that anger. Because your present internal state interacts with that individual in that format certain type of situations you do not appreciate it triggers anger in you. Imagine a situation when you are not allowed to do what you love to do. It creates certain degree of aggression within you. Every day you come late by 5 minutes 10 minutes and then one day suddenly your 5 or 10 minute delay has you know not given you or deprived you of the opportunity of responding to all the 10 questions in the quiz. The situation could be a source of anger for you. If the same is repeated twice the person who administers the quiz becomes the source of aggression for you. So, this is how person in situation will interact and they will influence your present internal state. And if my delay by 5 or 10 minutes have not deprived me of the opportunity of certain grades for remaining 42 lectures in the course why I should be punished only for the 3 sessions. You have different ways of this experience, but then this is what happens. Then this encounters a social reality. Now you evaluate and you say that see if I argue this way that I have always been late by 10 minutes. Look at my records this is a consistent phenomena and because I have been consistent in my approach in terms of coming late by 10 minutes therefore I should not be deprived of the 10 questions of the second quiz because today also I am consistent I am late by 10 minutes. Your social interpretation says this is not appropriate. There are multiple loopholes if I argue this way and therefore you know once you have the person in the situation in front of you that invokes certain degree of aggression that puts your arousal mechanism go up your internal state does not remain what it was. You first look at it also from the social appropriateness point of view. And then there could be two possibilities one you have thoughtful actions. So thoughtful action would be that once everybody goes out I will quietly come and say that you know I was in fact on time, but I happen to fall down from the bicycle while I was entering the gate and that was the reason I was late today or you could come and say that I was you know not talking about anything I was not asking about any question or any answer or I was not even trying to take out the mobile phone out of my pocket to send a source message to my friend that quiz has begun do come. So why did you ask me to encircle my roll number? These are thoughtful actions. That could be an impulsive reaction keep your quiz with you and you walk out of the room. That is not a thoughtful action that is an impulsive reaction. And then these two things will have appraisal and the decision making process. So you evaluate you come forward with the decision and this in turn will give feedback to your input. So if you are angry you keep voiling for some time. This is Anderson's and Bushman's model of aggression how right from the normal state internal state of saturation you have a person you have a situation you have a social interpretation you have thoughtful action you have impulsive reaction then you have the appraisal mechanism you have the decision making. And many a times it might happen that you turn angry to realize that this is not appropriate because the quantum of anger that you receive from the recipient is much more than you. And then you decide not to show your anger imagine situation say the child shouts at the mother or the father that is in a state of anger and then suddenly the father or the mother shouts more louder and the child decides no perhaps I should not have tried this option because the return that I am getting is far intense and you decide not to shout. You shout and immediately the one the parent on whom you have shouted slaps you and decide oh the quantum of anger shown from the other end is much more intense and therefore you would draw even in social exchanges especially in buses trains where people fight for getting seats finding space for themselves you would realize that you may shout and if the other person also shouts you would realize that gradually the situation very quickly comes down because both of them realizes that the opposition is mightier. And therefore appraisal mechanism always tells you that what is a is it appropriate for you to continue with your aggressive reaction or should you try to tame your behavior. Now this is know the type of anger which usually would be considered to be a normal pattern of reaction. One thing that we left there in the thread was the impulsive behavior impulsive behavior we would come little later again but with respect to with respect to not the usual impulsive reaction but cases where individuals experiences inability in terms of containing their impulses. Usually what happens most of us are like know you would boil within and you would say I feel going and hitting him but then you only say this you do not do it. So you have your ability to contain your impulse there are few who do not have this control mechanism and that is considered to be a disorder that we would be talking about the faggot. Now we come to two interesting type of aggressions indirect aggression and direct aggression. Indirect aggression like telling stories about the target of aggression in their absence. So say the instructor who has not allowed you to respond to all ten questions in both the quizzes because you were late is the source of anger for you. Now you are sitting somewhere where the source of anger is absent and then you construct new stories about your source of anger. So now the target in his or her absence you start know fabricating new new stories and you share it with the group. The basic idea is to tarnish the image of the individual. Now such narrations could be element of lie or exaggeration in order to put the target in trouble because I do not like the source I do not like the target because I have my own you know process of interpreting the target I have tagged him as a source of aggression. Therefore I would cook all type of stories that would be full of lies that will be no extra exaggeration of you know a very small episode that had happened. But then this is how you reflect your emotion. This is a form of indirect aggression. Once again researches showed that this is you know the form of aggressive reaction mostly used by women. That does not mean that women do not show direct aggression but largely indirect aggressions are shown by women. Direct aggression basically is a state where the aggression is manifested in the presence of the target. And once again this would be like say I know the target I know who is the source of my anger and I go and have a head on experience with him or her and in turn there could be calculation errors and I myself would become a victim of it. Again this is something shown mostly by men. And that is the reason you would find that most of the situations where some degree of brutality is involved in the aggressive phenomena where somebody becomes a victim fracture, cut wounds, blood shed. You will always find men being involved in the action not the women. You could have multiple ways of looking at it. One way could be that find you know the way women are brought up in the society. Basically teaches them not to get engaged in such type of brutal acts compared to males. Another interpretation could be you know that the testosterone is basically responsible for instigating impulsive reaction in you. Men have you know extra amount of testosterone usually in their body compared to women and therefore they will always be more aggressive and impulsive compared to women. This is an endocrinological interpretation of this aggressive retaliation. And third and very beautiful interpretation comes from the neuropsychological researches which say that women have little refined brain compared to males. And therefore their ability to calculate you know the outcome of the situation is superior compared to males and therefore they can comprehend what is the point in getting and hitting you twice when I know that I might also get something in return. So in turn why not to cut you very quietly and nicely very sharply so that you do not even realize that you are being murdered and then my work is done. I do not get even scratch and you have been completely behaving. I should not say this I am not saying you know that males are better or females are better. I am just trying to know look at it intellectually from multiple viewpoints. Even in the history of the mankind if you look at how one ruler dominated the other kingdom you would realize very interesting phenomena that the men rulers were those who used to be killed in the war. And in many cases you would realize that the queen of the deceased king would marry the new king who has taken the throne. It is a very common type of you know in the history it is very common anywhere in the world history earlier days if you look at this phenomena you will find that this is how the process existed. How you can interpret your way that it is the act of bravery go and get behave it and somebody said what is the beauty in getting behave it retain your head and live a decent life. So these are interesting phenomena I will just touch upon that issue we had once shared here in this class that the earlier phenomena of what was called as fight flight reaction there is a new set of research indicating that there is something called tend different reaction you remember this. And there also we had a distinction fight flight common to both men and women but tend different is a new pattern which is seen only in women not in men. So in terms of indirect and direct aggressive reactions also it has been observed that indirect reactions mostly seen by women and direct reactions mostly seen in men. Now we come to an interesting thing where we would be primarily talking about the correlates of aggression what are the factors that basically precipitates greater degree of anger in you that makes you much more aggressive compared to others. One once parental rejection you somehow realize that you are an unwanted child your parents do not love you and this can right from the earlier days of childhood can you know make you keep boiling within such individuals are likely to be much more aggressive in their approach compared to others. Fiscal discords you have all types of push and pulls in the family and there was a great degree of disharmony that existed between the members of the family especially the two parents. If one has experienced painful punishments in life or did not experience it but always had the looming danger of physical punishment. So if you have been repeatedly physically abused for minor of the errors you were punished by the parents for slightest of the error in the classroom the teacher punishes you. For some type of reactions that you show in your group some members of your own play group also beats you. If you have been know the one who has repeatedly received painful physical punishment in life that can make you extremely angry within. If you have not received it personally but if there was always a danger imagine situation when the mother gives you a glass of milk and says pio pio. Now a mother lovingly telling you that oh please my son or please my daughter have it have it. It is tasty I have added born with I have added all legs I have done this I have done that. The mother allows you for most of the kids you would see know that kids will take longer time to eat small quantity of food half an hour 45 minutes it could be irritating for the care taker. But then if you start using threat as a module have this milk you have just two minutes two minutes two two two and then you do not apply it but there is always a danger know. So, the concentration is never on the milk but it is always on where is the palm right now. Such type of situations can really know precipitate you know extreme degree of anger in you. If one has received inconsistency in that treatment means you have said something you have done something and today one of the parents appreciates you the other day the other the same parent does not appreciate you. Say you have passed from one class to the other class your friends told you your teachers told you very good your report says no you were a meticulous student you have done your work with precision and your hard work is worth appreciating. You receive all this in your report card you show it to your parent who says you need to study more and then you never get an idea that how much should I score so that those who really know are very close to me those who matter they would appreciate it. You must have come across parents know especially after 10 12th exams parents whose kids would know achieve very high percentage but they would not be very happy. So how much has your son or daughter secured and you say 95 percent and why are you not happy see Verma's son 98 percent. So such comparisons never allow you to be happy the worst is when you start not showing inconsistency say the child has used a slang for the first time the child does not know the meaning. You listen to that word but you ignore for whatever reason second time the child uses the word and you score third time the child uses the word you slap four time the child uses the word again you ignore and child would never understand whether it is appropriate to use the word or not appropriate to use the word. So if you have that type of an inconsistency even inconsistency in terms of treatment by the two parents one parent scolds you for the same thing other parent appreciates you for the same thing you do not know what to do. Evening when you know go for playing in the ground if father looks at you that you are playing he scolds you mother says no no go and play and you are utterly confused know whether playing is good or not. So one comes with some type of a logical deduction which might not be accurate like playing in the absence of father is good. In many families you would see know the child is still playing with video game online games watching movies all of this will continue till the father comes and the moment the father comes there is absolute discipline and silence in the family. It reminds me of my own childhood experience I had a friend in my neighborhood we used to play cricket in the evening they were kids of my age know in approximately all the house there. So we would all assemble there we would play and we had one friend who would always come and request that please allow me to do the batting first. As you know know in the childhood days you take more pride in batting rather than doing anything else in the game and therefore all of us would say no to him and he would every day come and know beg that no no please please please I would be the first one to bat and the whole reason was that his father would come sometime midway when the game was on from the office and he would stand in his corridor shout at the loudest of his voice. I still remember his name because of that sound when I am explaining it I could my memory tells me know how the father used to pronounce his name in the state of anger. So he would just shout the name of that child and this child wherever he is will just drop even if he is doing like this he will drop the bat and run every day it happened and this was know when we were in somewhere in class 6 7 that stage when studies are not that important but his father was very particular know. So no games you have to study when we came to class 10 that level his house was located at a place where know if I get out of my house take a turn and go for getting something from a shop his house would fall in between right from morning 7 o'clock I do not know if he used to sit before that you would find him sitting in the varanda on the table with books whatever time you go right from 7 o'clock afternoon evening consistently x would be sitting in the varanda but what was very interesting was that whosoever will cross the road which one or the other guy will always cross he will wave his hand know come close whisper so he would sit you know following the dictates of his father he would sit on the chair but would never read the book he would keep the book open and then this story continues know I am not going to that but this shows great degree of inconsistency when the father does not allow you to play and mother was a housewife would always allow him that go and play with your friends this is the evening time all of them have gathered in the playground. So such inconsistency will again know make you utterly confused and can again trigger anger in you parents permissiveness of aggression as a small child you show certain degree of aggressive behavior and parents allow you to do that the worst can happen when the parents admire you for showing that you remember we have been talking that if you are brought up in a society where the male member of the family takes liberty of shouting at the female members the growing male child also starts doing that. Now imagine the situation when the father sorry the mother says he is just like his father when the grandparent says and then you realize oh there is a beauty in imitating the aggression of my father so keep shouting so the way parents allow the kids to know show their aggression can make them further continue with this act in a much more consolidated manner if the parental expectation is low parents do not expect too much from you if the parents they do not supervise you well if you have your parents who themselves are social deviants if parents have consistently been showing their dissatisfaction with respect to whatever you have achieved in life whatever you have shown in life if you have been continuously receiving punishment we have discussed this if threat has constantly been used and if you realize that after doing this much also in life your parents did not accept you. Now if you look right from top to bottom it is all parents parents and parents and therefore it is always said that the first formative phase that you experience plays the most important role in terms of no deciding the base line for your aggressive behavior. Now we come to another form of aggression where you do not exhibit your aggressive reaction to the actual source rather you displace your anger the person responsible for the thwarting act is always the primary target so if whosoever is responsible if you are able to identify your aggression will always and always be directed to him or her the good part is we had discussed it study also no cultural and hostile aggression that you realize that person is important but then his or her possessions are also important his or her reputation is also important his or her ideals are also important his or her friends are also important so if I cannot target you I can target your positions I can target your reputation I can target your ideals I can target your friends so if not you okay your friends there have been constant no disturbance in our family sorry in our society at least in the past few years we have not heard it so much but I would say that five years before this timeline repeatedly every in every day there happened to be a news that the statue of one of the well-known freedom fighters of India who is also given the credit of being instrumental in getting our constitution form his idols were pulled down okay so you have say if X is the person okay his statues were made throughout the country okay and because a small group of people identify with him consider him to be the ideal so no people will know pull down the statue they will turn the statue into rubbles apply something on the face of the statue so throw some dirt on the statue this was very common five years ago and uniformly uniformly throughout the country and I must tell you that that was the time when people who belonged to this set of castes okay they were gradually also becoming more and more politically powerful okay and this no tug of war continued for very long very long more than two three years it continued and then gradually stabilized to certain extent now this is like say targeting your ideals okay so you have been enjoying this privilege because the government has passed this ordinance okay you identify yourself you consider him to be your ideal you have put his your his statue there and pull it down so you are by pulling one statue okay you are hurting the sentiments of large number of killing the reputation cutting the reputation of an individual into pieces I have I have known this man for last five years indirect aggression no very nicely you make slice of the character of this individual what we popularly called is called as character assassination no you have seen only this side of this man no see the other side oh and you fabricate stories no so you cut short on the reputation or no target the positions of the individual okay so especially those of you who have been to boarding schools okay I am sure you must have experienced many such things okay where the lead the lead boss from the student group his positions are made the target when hostile wardens positions are made the target okay this is seen usually in the adolescent age no 8th 9th 10th 11th then it goes down very when you take pride in doing this bullying is no again very big area of research in psychology especially if you look at the content of adolescence related stuffs in psychology you would find great amount of research in bullying also here we are discussing bullying in a very small fashion with respect to displaced anger bullying basically is a mechanism where you find a scapegoat somebody on whom you can express your anger okay and usually that person is supposed to be weaker than yourself okay the one who will not retaliate who will not give you the reciprocal response take situations like persecutions by gang or a group so a group of people decide to persecute you being cruel to weak and defenseless okay it could be done at a smaller level it could be done at a very larger level also you remember long time back there was some problem in Odisha when very draconian act took place a group of people had put a vehicle on fire a jeep where no somebody was sitting inside okay and that somebody happened to be a foreign national who was working as a Christian missionary in the state of Odisha okay and this story you know Graham Stanley was the man no and this was in the limelight for very long okay and the person who had really who was caught by the police that he is the one who should be held responsible for that kept on no negating that he is repent less and he had his own way of looking at it now a group of people can go to this extent no where you decide to persecute an individual okay when you become extremely cruel to somebody who cannot defend oneself okay so you find that you can shout at your servant you can slap your servant you can punish your servant it is very common no in the urban areas you would repeatedly find reports of physical abuses of maids okay beating maids chained maids okay if you look at the archives of the newspaper I will say that every 15 20 days one such news appears I am sure that they these are under reported cases okay but certainly there are many more such things at a larger level look at the present political no disharmony that has taken place no one political party within country asking the government to vote for an issue that is going to be debated in the United Nations no whole of no the youngsters Tamil youngsters who are defenseless okay and you kill them you shoot them saying that fine they were killed in the battlefield and now after these many months the new report shows that fine they were caught somewhere else they were without firearms they were brought to somewhere and then they were shot from a very close range okay I do not know if you have seen this video there is a documentary film no I think what is the name of the documentary do you remember the Sri Lanka battlefield or battlefield in Sri Lanka something like this no which basically shows the atrocity of the Sri Lanka armed forces on the Tamil rebels okay the whole argument is that from those who have made the documentary the channel which is telecasting it it was even screened in the UN okay showing to our rest of the nations let us see this is actually what happened okay so the justification is that say if you are killing somebody who had arms in the hand okay who were fighting you and therefore they were killed in the operation fine but somebody even though he is a rebel but then was without a fire weapon should not have been persecuted persecuting one's pet so I cannot know confront you but you your dog always goes for a walk no so I will hit the dog write something on the dog okay cruelty towards less member of your own group okay four or five members usually this is what the gang formation is in the adolescent years so within your group itself you find somebody who is the source of aggression for the remaining have you seen this movie shoot out at Lokhandwala remember in that gang there was somebody know who everybody would comment on that is basically you know a weaker identifying a weaker member in within your own group who otherwise enjoys the privilege of being your in inward inside member but then is also the source of frustration for others and then aggression towards other small subgroups so you are dominant and you take smaller subgroups you show anger towards them so this was all about displaced anger now when we meet next we would be talking about pathological side of anger when anger does not remain normal at all.