 H dahod, mae gennym eu Sam Ilingworth. Rydw i'n meddwl am cymdeithasol ysgolwyddaeth yn yma ar fy ysgolwyddaeth ym Mhwyllgor Newydd. Rydw i'n meddwl am gael y Gweithdeithasol Gweithlu Gweithdeithasol. Mae hynny'n ei fawr yn ymgyrch yn ei fawr, ac ydych chi'n rhaid i gael gweithio i'r gweithio gwneud o'r ysgolwyddoedd a'r gweithdoedd ar y Mhwyllgor Newydd i'r gweithwyr yn ymdwy'r gweithwyr i'r cyfnodd o'r cyfnodd, a'r cyfnodd i'r cyfnodd, a'r diolch yn ymddangos. Yn ymdyn nhw'n gweithio'r cyfnodd, dr Jeff Hanson yw'r lefwyr yn y Ffwrdd Sgolwyr i'r cyfnodd yw'r cyfnodd. Jeff yn ymdyn nhw'n cyfnodd yw'r Cymru yn 2011, a'r cyfnodd i'r cyfnodd i'r Cymru yn 2013, ddiw i'r cyfnodd o'r cyfnodd ar y ddweud o'r cyfnodd o'r cyfnodd o'r cyfnodd. Mae'r cyfnodd yw'r cyfnodd dim yw sefyllfa a'i lleidgaredd o'r cyfnodd o'r cyfnodd, a ddim gweithio'r cyfnodd o'r cyfnodd yn ymddangos. Mae'r cyfnodd yn erbyn yn hyd y cynnig i'r gael a'u hynny. Bydd dr Jeff yn gallu gymrytro i'r ddweud o'r Cymru. Felly, Jeff. Dyma sut yw hynny am weithio'r cyfnodd. Mae'r cyfnodd yn ein hirymau Nouf, ym Gweithio'r Gweithio, oes i ni'n gweithio ychydig o'r cyfrifio gyda'r proses ymgyrch yn south-westod ar Australia. Felly, ddweud i'r ddilog hefyd, ac ydych yn gynnwys gweithio'i ymgyrch. A os ydych yn gweithio'r cyfrifio gyda'r ddweud ynghylch yn gweithio'r ymgyrch yma, ond yn ymgyrch yn llunio'r gael, ond ond mawr yn gweithio'r ddweud. this is a sort of an extreme example from a colleague at UNSW. But if you go down to the beach every day to walk your dog or whatever, you'll notice that the beach is almost always different. That's really what makes trying to understand coastal processes and coastal management quite difficult. This slide from colleagues at the US Geological Survey provides a good overview of the challenges that people that are in charge of managing the coast, really what they face. So basically the coastline changes over scales from seconds to centuries and from sort of individual sand grain size to hundreds or thousands of kilometres. But if you're a coastal manager, you're probably most interested in the areas, the scales in that sort of red maroon box. So from say individual beach a few hundred meters up to maybe an area of coast, a couple of hundred k's. And you're probably not interested in things happening on scales less than a single storm or more than a few decades. But the difficulty is that basically the changes that occur in that red box really reflect the integration of the movement of individual sand grains, right? Because if you go to the beach and the only way that the beach changes is based on the individual movements of sand grains. So that's a very important scale, but it's very difficult and impossible basically to really think on that scale. So just to point out really that managing the coast is very difficult because of this vast range of time and space scales. If you go down to the beach, I think the best way to think about what the beach looks like is it really reflects a number of things that are acting to make the beach look that way. And I'll sort of go through those really in no particular order, but a sand supply and size of the sand. So beaches need a consistent and sort of reliable source of sand and the size of that sand really determines how the beach looks. Sort of all else being equal for larger sand grains are going to make the beach sort of steeper, whereas smaller sand grains are going to make the sand flatter. What's the average energy input? Are you on a coast that experiences large waves and has big tides or on a site that has little to no wave energy and small tides? And similar to the sand size, basically, on average sites that have larger waves and bigger tides are going to have flatter beaches. So what's the sea level? Sea level is very important in determining what the very minimum where the shoreline is, but what's the present sea level and also what the past sea level has been, and that ranges over recent and more historic times. What's the underlying geology is very important. So in Perth, we tend to have a lot of what are called Perth beaches where there's sort of a thin veneer of sand, so about a meter of sand sitting on top of rock. And that's sort of what you saw on the title slide, or you go to some places and there's sand that would go down tens of meters. So what the underlying geology is really important is the beach essentially has to have a place to be. What are the previous conditions? What was there a storm yesterday or was there a cyclone a few years ago? And those previous conditions impact what the beach likely looks like right now, as well as the present conditions. So how big are the waves at this moment? Is it high tide? Is it low tide? So if you can kind of incorporate all of those, then you can get a reasonably good understanding of what the beach is doing. And I'll go through a few of those in more detail that really reflect my area of research expertise. But another and really important point that I like to make in presentations like this is that what you see when you go to the beach is just actually a small fraction of what we call the beach profile. So the beach profile sort of what incorporates the area from say behind the dunes out to what we call the wave base, which is the water depth at which the waves are able to actively sand around. And in Perthur, around the coast of WA, that goes out to say about 20 meters or so. And so when you go to the beach, you're really only looking at just that part that's above the waterline, which is quite a small part of this overall beach profile. But what the beach looks like and where the shoreline is really reflects the movement of sand over that entire beach profile, which in many cases is going to extend for more than a kilometer. Do you can't just consider what's happening above the water because often the processes below the water are just as if not more. So now I'm going to really kind of get into it and go through the drivers of beach changes. And I'm sure I focus on Perth, but really most of what I'm going to talk about is relevant to much of the southwest WA coast and a lot of other locations globally. So the main drivers of beach changes in Perth are really the variations of wave height and the direction at which they come from. So that's on the sort of seasonal to storm scale and changes in the sea level and that's over hours, two years. So we're looking at this contemporary times scale. So in Perthur or in southwest WA more generally, we sort of have three dominant sources of waves. And the biggest and most consistent is the southern ocean. So this is an image I took from a forecast output yesterday. You see four sort of red blobs to the south of Australia, and that's four separate storms marching across the southern ocean from left to right. And each one of those storms is sending out large waves indicated by the areas of red up into the Indian Ocean. And those waves are impacting the coast of WA and then also extending all the way up into Indonesia. Because there's no land in the southern ocean until you get to Antarctica, it's actually really the most active area of wave generation in the world. And the southwest WA is actually one of the most exposed areas to waves of anywhere in the world as well because of that. So the second source of waves that we have is from actually local winds. So the storms that are in the southern ocean are generating waves in the southern ocean, and those waves are emanating away from the storms that have been impacting the coast. But if we have quite strong winds out our coast, we're able to generate winds actually out the coast. And this is output of the wind that I took yesterday during that sort of storm that we had. So on the front side, so just as the storm is first arriving on the coast of WA, we tend to have quite strong northwest winds. And those winds from the northwest make waves coming from the northwest, and those are really important and probably the most damaging to our coast. And finally, in the summer, if you go down to the beach almost any afternoon, you'll notice that there tends to be quite a strong sea breeze, and that's almost always from the southwest. And those winds, just like the northwest winds, make waves that approach the coast from the southwest. And those waves tend to not be very big, but they are very, because of their consistent, are very important in redistributing the sand across the beach. And if you sort of integrate this all together, what you see basically is that we have a very cyclic nature of the wave height in this part of the world. So this is just a time series from the Cape Naturalist wave buoy over the last eight years or so, showing basically that on average, we have the largest waves in the wintertime and much smaller waves in the summertime. And then also notice that during some years, for example 2013, the waves tend to be much bigger than they are in other years, say 2015. And so because these wave conditions are constantly changing, we see corresponding continual changes in our beach. And this is just an animation I made for Trig Point over the last few years. And you can see basically the width of the beach is changing dramatically. And that's associated with the sand being taken from the beach by the waves, and that sand moves offshore. And by doing that, the waves break further offshore, and that's a means by which the beach sort of detects itself from those large waves. So the sand is being exchanged from the part of the beach above the water to the part below the water, and then moving back and forth. And that's a result of the constantly changing wave and water level conditions. So jumping into the water levels shortly, but first it's important to point out because of our regional geology here, that the coastline at Perth particularly is actually pretty protected from those really large southern ocean southwest swells that occur in the winter. And that's because, as you can see in this image here that we have a chain of islands going from Point Parin up in Sholes up to Rottness Island. And if the waves are coming from the southwest, they have to cross over all of those sherry shallow areas, go around the islands. And as a result, by the time that they get to the coast, they're a fair bit smaller. So we're reasonably well protected from those big consistent southwest swells, but not so much from those northwest winds because they're able to sort of shoot through from the north of the Rottness and come along the coast. And this is a picture from that storm we had on the 25th of May that I'll talk about a little bit more from City Beach. So water levels are probably as important or in some cases maybe more important locally in determining where our beaches respond. And so in Perth, we have quite a unique sort of sea level climate, if you will. So we have our tides, which are about a half meter, and that's every 12 to 24 hours, but there are actually tidal variations that are as large as 18.6 years. We get a lot of storm surge, and that can be on the order of say half a meter as well, associated with the storms. And we had a bit of that yesterday, which I'll show. We have seasonal water level changes, and that is around the order of 20 to 25 centimeters. And those are mainly due to variations in the strength of the Lluan Current, which is the warm water current that comes along the coast of WA. And we also have inter-annual changes in sea level, mostly due to El Niño, El La Niño events, and those affect sea level by about 10 centimeters. And so if we lived in a place that had a tide range of say three to five meters or something, we wouldn't necessarily notice all of these other things, but because the tide range is only 50 centimeters, all of these other processes, the storm surge, the seasonal and the inter-annual water level variability, because they're all about the same order of magnitude, they really impact our coast. And those last two, the seasonal and the inter-annual variability are actually quite unique globally and sort of quite interesting processes. And finally, as we would all be aware, the sea level globally is rising in NWA that tends to be about three and a half millimeters a year. So all of these other processes are sort of superimposed on that longer term trend of sea level rise. So those northwest winds that we get, not only do they bring larger waves that impact the coast, they also bring quite strong storm surge. And the northwest winds cause the most storm surge because of the Coriolis force, which is the force that results as a result of the earth spinning. So the same reason that a cyclone rotates clockwise. So when we have winds from the north or the northwest, they actually result in water being transported to the left of that wind. And if you go to the left of that northwest wind, you run into the coast and they also sort of pile the water up against the coast down, particularly in Geograph Bay. So on the right there, you can see a screen grab that I got yesterday from the Port Geograph tide gauge at high tide around lunchtime. So you can see, if you can see my mouse there, you can see that the predicted tide was meant to be about a meter. And that's the black line on the graph. And then the blue line is actually what the observed tide was. And the difference between those two is what we call the residual. And in this case, that was just storm surge, which was about 50 centimeters. So we had a 50 centimeter increase in the water level yesterday compared to what we would expect from the tide, which is a big difference when the tide range is only about 50 centimeters. So we're effectively doubling the high tide. So the seasonal variations are mainly due to changes in the strength of the loon current. The loon current is this as a unique in that we normally have warm water currents on the east coast of continents, but the loon currents that comes flows, it's warm water current on the west coast of a continent. And for the same reason that the Coriolis force causes storm surges to be the strongest during northwest winds, because the loon current is coming from north to south, when the loon current is the strongest, which happens in the autumn in the winter, as more water is coming down the coast, it gets pushed to the left. And when it gets pushed to the left, it runs into the coast and that causes an increase in sea level. And the reason that it's the current stronger in the winter is mainly due to a reduction in the southerly winds that we have during much of the rest of the year. So here is a 90 day running average of the water level from the Port Geograph tide station. And what you can see is a very distinct seasonal signal, not unlike we saw on the waves, but we have the highest water levels in the winter and they're about 20 centimeters higher than the water levels in the summer. So this is effectively increasing the mean sea level at a location by 20 centimeters for a couple of months, which is actually quite unique globally, quite interesting. And then we have the lowest sea levels in the spring and the summer. And that's because we have really strong southerly winds that sort of hold that warm water up to the northwest. And if you would have looked closely, you also see quite big fluctuations year to year in that water level. And those are due to Launinia and El Nino events because those events affect how strong the loon current is. So during Launinia events, we tend to have a very strong loon current and that strengthening of the current causes higher sea levels. And so that can change sea levels by another 10 centimeters or so. And that's really quite a unique thing as well. But this really impacts our coast because if you increase the sea level by 30 centimeters from different seasons, for example, you really affect where the shoreline is and how far up the beach the way it's able to go. And this effect from Launinia and El Nino in Launinia is not just at the coast. This is really a regional over much of the eastern Indian Ocean. And this is just a plot from satellite of Altimetry showing basically that this increase in the red or the decrease in sea level during El Nino versus Launinia is really over the entire eastern Indian Ocean, but concentrated out the coast. So now getting more into the research, now we have an overview of the sort of processes, the sort of modern day processes. Can we use that knowledge to really try and develop a system that will predict what the beaches are going to do from these storms? Not unlike you would predict how strong the wind is going to be from a storm like the pure of meteorology does. To get at this, we have an Australian Research Council linkage project with partners University of New South Wales, Bureau of Meteorology, and locally the city of Mandara and the Department of Transport. And that's to really test whether or not we can come up with a system that will develop an early warning system for coastal erosion. And that includes two components which I'll run through quite quickly. And the first is basically a regional scale medium resolution first pass. And that's sort of based on knowing which way the waves are going to come, how big they're going to be. So we predict the areas that are going to have the biggest waves and therefore likely the most erosion. And the second is really at a few sites, can we apply very detailed models to try and predict essentially how much of the beach is going to change, how much sand is going to move where the shoreline is going to go. And the storm that we had on the 25th of May really provided us with our first data set for this project. And it was quite an impressive storm. I think the sort of consensus is about a one in a 10 year event and it was quite unique in its broad spatial extent. So the left figure there should is essentially output from a Bureau of Meteorology model basically where you have large waves and indicated by the dark green extending more or less all the way from Albany up to Xmouth. And that's quite uncommon. And on the right there is a sort of similar model that we've set up specifically for this project to predict the waves and this is during the height of the storm. And this essentially showed us that waves offshore were upwards of about 10 meters. And this also then is feeds into that regional first pass because from this we can look at the areas along the coast that have the largest waves. And the biggest waves from this storm came more from the west, actually. And so you can see that the areas to the north of Rodness Island there, north of the Swan River actually were getting a fair amount of wave energy more than they would if the waves were more from the southwest. Whereas the areas to the south were still reasonably protected. And then once you get south of Point Pair and everything was pretty well exposed until you get down into Geograph Bay. And we were really quite lucky with this particular event because we were able to get a couple of other data sets that we normally wouldn't get from a storm like this. And the first of that is that we operate a couple of drifting or a couple of wave boys, two of which are drifting. And those drifting wave boys happen to be sort of in the perfect spot to record the waves from this particular storm event. So the first is sitting about 500 kilometers to the southwest of Cape Llewyn. The second is sitting about 500 kilometers northwest of Geraldton. And they were floating more or less in those same locations when that storm came by and gave us a pretty impressive direct measurements of how big the waves were during that storm. And so this is sort of the time series from those two locations. So the red is that wave boy to the northwest of Geraldton. The black is the one to the southwest of Cape Llewyn. And the one off Cape Llewyn exceeded nine meters on the sort of 25th of May there. And the one to the northwest of Geraldton got up to about eight meters. Now waves that large aren't that uncommon in this part of the ocean, but what was quite impressive about this event is particularly for that location to the northwest of Geraldton is how big the waves were, but how long they persisted for. So the waves were more or less in excess of seven meters from more than 24 hours, which is actually quite uncommon. And then you can see for that location to the southwest of Cape Llewyn and the black line, the waves were sort of between six and seven meters for another several days. So essentially over almost over six meters for about a week. And the second unique data set that we have for this event is that with our partners, the parent naturalist partnership, which is the consortium of local councils from Rockingham down to Busselton. We for them fly the coast that section about 200 kilometers of close twice a year in a helicopter and take photographs essentially out of the helicopter to document the changes in the coast. We sort of did our normal bi-annual flight in early May as sort of scheduled. But then after this event, we were lucky in that the parent naturalist partnership was able to fund another flight for us to do that. And I'll sort of highlight some of the pre and post storm imagery now. And all of that imagery is available on a website that we maintain, as well as the wave data is available on another website that I showed a few slides ago. And the URLs are both on that presentation there. So just looking at a few different sites. So this is Busselton Jetty actually sort of before the storm. And this section of beach actually wasn't looking that great. And that's because we actually had quite a big storm in late April and early May. Some of you may remember. And all of that brown stuff on the beach is beach racks. So that sea grass that's sort of been ripped out of the water and washed up on the beach. So this is the sort of pre storm. And then a few weeks later, we can see the beach to the left of the jetty got pretty well eroded, as well as to the right on the far right. You can see that water is right up against that riprap that those rocks. And we also have a lot more rack on the beach. Moving further down the coast. And what was particularly interesting about this event is that water levels were quite high because of that storm surge. And the dunes down and once you get into Geograph Bay are quite low, about two meters. And so what we saw is quite a lot of evidence of overwash and inundation. So if you look particularly at the house with the swimming pool there and the ones the next to the right of it, you can see that they have nice grass in their backyards. And now if we go to the photo after the after the event, you can see quite a lot of sand has been pushed into the backyards of those houses. And that shows a significant evidence of overwash from that event. Just not too far down the straight sort of similar thing. We have some houses here that actually show some evidence of inundation prior to the storm. But then if we zoom through, you can actually see quite a lot more evidence of inundation. If you look at that vacant block there in the middle, you can actually see what looks like a fan as the sand ran over that dune and then sort of washed out and spread out as it got into that calm open area. And as sea levels increase, then these events like this are going to become increasingly common. And you can see in these last two photos, the water essentially was right almost at the back of some of these houses. And this was only a one in 10 years. Moving up the coast to Mandra, so the section from Mandra down to Bunbury is fronted by much, much higher dunes. And the dunes from that event were really significantly eroded. So just looking at this photo of Mandra before and after, we see all the dune vegetation cut back and quite a significant cliff there on the edge. And similarly in Cable, if you just sort of focus on the areas near that stairway in the center of the image, that's the before and after, the dunes are quite cut back. And then actually if you look at a photo of that stairway from after the event, you can see basically the footings for three of the posts holding that stairway are either exposed or totally ripped off. And you can see all that fresh vegetation on the beach indicating that that dune has been totally undercut. And the second thing that we did at our very focused site in Mandra, we did pre and post storm drone surveys. And for those of you that would have seen Nicolo's science exchange talk a few weeks ago, you've provided a great overview of how you can use drones to calculate or to produce very detailed digital elevation models. And in the coastal space since about 2015, drones have really taken off and replaced much more time consuming methods of serving in the beach. So we were able to get out just before the storm and then after it again. And essentially what happens is the drone flies up in the air, takes all of these images and you're able to stitch those images together using a technique called structure from motion to produce a very detailed digital elevation model of the beach. So this is the site in Mandra just to the south of Dawsfield Channel. So we're able to stitch those images together and this allows us to survey almost two kilometers of beach in about 40 minutes, which would have taken hours and hours and hours with sort of the older techniques we used to use. And from an event like this, we can do our pre storm survey or post storm survey and then take the difference of these elevation models and that will give us the elevation change. From this event, we essentially saw a pretty significant erosion of the dunes upwards of a meter and a half in some locations indicated by the red there in broad areas of excess of a meter of elevation change. And the dune erosion I'd like to end on really this is the last slide, but basically a lot of people, it can be quite distressing to see the dunes get eroded like this. But I'd like to think about the dunes as really being the beaches savings account. So when the times get tough that the beach can draw down the sand that's stored in those dunes to buffer against the storms and protect more. And that's part of the natural system and you know the dunes will hopefully come back, but when you get into the big problems is when you have development on those dunes or the dunes are otherwise sort of eroded. But you know what the dunes eroding like this are really providing their sort of natural buffering capacity and so long as they're able to perform this natural they this natural cycle, they really provide a natural buffer for the beach. So that's all I have. Hopefully that was enjoy one and provided some good information about what happens along our coast. That was great Jeff. Thanks so much for that interesting talk and got quite a few questions coming in. So if people can just add their questions to the Q&A at the bottom, then we can and we can pick those up as we go. So the first question we've got from is from Leslie and Leslie says some council trucks some councils trucks sand into popular beaches after erosion. Is there any value in that? Yes, there is so that's what we would call sand nourishment and so sand nourishment can be a good way to alleviate temporary erosion. And that's become quite a popular way to avoid having to build seawalls and other hard engineering structures. The disadvantage of it is, is that it's sort of a continual process. It's not something that you can usually do once and then forget about it. You have to kind of commit to continue to do that, but it is much more of a softer sort of more natural means of coastal protection. Okay, great. Thank you. So the question from Emma, Emma says, why is there such a large amount of rack and debris on Kotoslo beach? Is it a result of the storms or are there other ocean conditions that are influencing the debris? No, it's it's purely a result of the storms. I mean, there's been a couple pretty big storms this year already. And at the end of the summer, all of that sea grass and other aquatic vegetation is all is all grown up. And as those big waves come along, they have provided make strong currents and a strong current to rip all of that off the sea floor. So it is, it is quite a natural process. The problem is when you have structures that catch all of that, like jetties and like. Okay, loads of questions coming in now. So from Karen, Karen asks, is there any evidence that the storm events on coastal erosion are getting more severe with time? Well, the general consensus is that the storm intensity may increase. And this is speaking more globally rather than locally. But the frequency may decrease. So locally, generally speaking, in a warmer world, you would expect the storms to be pushed further to the poles. And so generally the expectation is that that WA will get less storms because more storms will be passing south of Australia. But the storms that do hit because they're over a warmer water may be more energetic. But it's still a very active area of research and debate within the community. Great. Eva's got a question that I'm desperate to know as well. Where do you source the sand that you put back on the beach? Do you get that from another beach? And then is it like just a continuously never ending process? Yeah, that's an excellent question. And it's a question that people have thought about for eternity. So it sort of depends where you are. A lot of places it's very common to actually dredge sediment from offshore areas and put that on the beach. That's not done in WA that I'm really aware of. Usually it's from quarries or other inland sources to most of my knowledge. But in some places, yes, they do take it from one beach and take it and put it on the other. And actually in Mandara, in a lot of places where there's natural or artificial structures that block the movement of sand, they often will pump it so they make a slurry and they pump it from one location to the other to get it around the jetties or various structures. Loads of really nice comments just saying what a great presentation it was as well, Jeff. Question here from an anonymous attendee. What is unique about the West Coast of Western Australia to allow the presence of a warm current rather than a cold one as usually happens? It just has to do with the sort of geography of the Indian Ocean basically. So you get quite a lot of warm water trapped up in the Gulf of Carpentaria. And that water, as it sort of spills out of that area into the ocean, it wants to flow to the south. And normally when you would have it, you normally just don't have that warm water up there, but because it's flowing to the south, and the Coriolis force forces it to the left, it runs into the continent of Australia. So it really has to do with sort of just the geography of the Indian Ocean basin. And Guns got a question. Is there a way of knowing if the sand washed out will return in part at least? That's more difficult to predict, but Perth or in the southwest coast of WA is actually quite lucky in that there's really a massive offshore reservoir of sand. And so while there's been isolated areas, pockets of long-term erosion, most of the coastline around Perth particular has actually been fairly stable. And that's largely because there's an offshore reservoir of sand, and that sand continually migrates on shore. OK, great. So Simon's got a question saying the shape of the coast shows geomorphology that suggests both south to north sand transport, and then big storms that also head north to south. So in your opinion, which is the geologically significant vector likely to lead to long-term preservation over thousands of years? Simon, we can talk about that potentially later, but you're about three orders of magnitude beyond my attention span with thousands of years. Fantastic. So Robin's got a question here saying rock groins constructed 30 to 40 years ago at Sorrento beach have contributed to unnatural sands movement. Should and can these be removed, do you think? Well, I mean, they certainly could be removed. The should is a more difficult question. So, I mean, the groins there are actually just sort of part. I mean, the whole Hillary's Harbor is a natural structure that's blocking sand transport. So the groins there are kind of more of the sort of bandaid to protect the much larger injury, which is the harbor. So I think you have to would have to consider that whole system rather holistically rather than think about the individual groins. And in a related question here from Meg, she says that to protect coastal assets close to June's being eroded. Is it recommended to use some engineering treatment e.g rock walls at the base of the June as well as planting on the June as well? Well, I mean, certainly if your objective is to not allow the shoreline to erode past a certain point, then rocks or sea walls or whatever are kind of your only option. But I mean, I think that, you know, the dunes are there naturally, like I said, and they feed in the beach, you know, interact with each other. So I think, you know, dunes naturally erode, and then hopefully they come back. But if you make a decision that you don't want to allow the coast to erode any further, then the solution sort of is has to be those hard structures like that. Great. And then final question from Aggie, which is saying that there are citizen science means of collecting data, for example, through Flucopost or the Photomon app. Would you be interested in data gathering through these means and which areas of our coastline are the most dynamic and least studied where this would add value to your research? So that's a great question. And actually next, well, in the next few weeks, we're going to be launching a program called Coast Snap. And so that was this initially started by colleagues at Uni of New South Wales, but essentially at nine sites in the coast from Rockingham down to Busselton, including on the Busselton jetty were installing these photo brackets. And the idea is that you put your cell phone in the photo bracket so we can then you take a photo and then you upload it to one of our sites. And similar to as what we do with the drone to were able to, by knowing in known position of a few sites locations within that photo, actually get quantitative information on the shoreline position out of those photos. So yes, these are very valuable. And stay tuned in about two weeks. These are all going to be active at nine sites from Rockingham down to Busselton, and hopefully we're going to expand that. We'd like to do it at some sites on the south coast, because the coastal processes on the south coast are really been much less studied in an area that I would really like to expand into. So I'd just like to thank Jeff very much again for such a fascinating talk. So many questions, Jeff, but you didn't see it, but a really, really active chat going on as well with people coming up with some great suggestions for how to manoeuvre sand effectively between the different beaches. Also to the attendees for such a really, really rigorous series of questions and a great chat all the way through and everyone stay safe and look forward to seeing you at the next exchange series. Thanks and goodbye.